Economic and cultural changes eroded customary paternal authority. Previously property owning parents had arranged their children's marriage to protect the family's welfare. but as landholdings shrank, fathers lost control because they had no farms to hand down. Young people chose their own partners. originated in europe and spread through to america. celebrated the importance of feeling. many authoritative fathers became watchful paternists to gaurd against free spending son-in-laws. 

love marraiges conformed more closely to republican principles than did arranged marriages. this gave wives and husbands true equality both of rank and fortune. but husbands continued to dominate most marriages because male authority was deeply ingrained in the culture. Reasons to file for divorce became more broad 

centered on the belief that patriots' daughters should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism. Protestant miniters were blaming men for sexual misconduct and claiming that purity and spirituality were part of women's nature. Christian ministers readily embraced the idea of "Preserving virtue and instructing the young are not the fancied, but the real 'Rights of Women'". Reverends urged audiences to dismiss the public roles for women such as voting or serving on juries. Instead women should care for their children.

writer who believed that education should raise the nation's intellectual reputation. Thought that America should be independant in literature and should free themselves from dependance on foreign opinions and manners. Wrote the Dissertation on the English Language (1789) which helpfully defined words according to American usage. Also wrote "blue-back speller" a compact textbook 

white antislavery advocates and black abolitionists hoped that slavery would die out naturally as the tobacco economy declined, but it didnt because the cotton boom increased demand for slaves and Louisianna, Mississippi, and Alabama joined the union with state constitutions that permitted slavery. This prompted influential white americans to found the ACS in 1817. Slaves had to be freed and sent back to Africa. Henry Clay feared that emancipation without removal would lead to chaos. Did not have a great response and among the 1.5 million Blacks in the US in 1820, only 6000 resetlled in Liberia, the society's colony in Africa

When MO applied for admission into the union they were denied because they wanted a state constitution that permitted slavery and NY congressman James Tallmadge and other northerners said no. Then southerners used their power in the senate and withholded statehood from Maine. Then Henry Clay came up with the MO compromise. It prohibited slavery in the vast northern section of the LA purchase and the lands north of 36 30 latitude line. To maintain an equal number of senators from free and slave states the compromise provided nearly simultaneous admission to the Union of MO and MA. 

a decades long series of religious revivals made the US a genuinely Christian Society. Evangelical Methodist and Baptist churches were by far the most popular; they developed a religious culture marked by communal singing and emotional services. They became popular in the 1790s as they were drawing converts from cities and backcountry of New England. After 1800, enthusiastic camp meeting swept the South. They began new churches by searching out devout families, bringing them together for worship, and appointing people to lead the congregation and enforce moral discipline. To retain white men in the churches, Methodist and Baptist preachers adapted their religious message to justify slavery. But they still converted lots of slaves. It fostered coperation among denominations and religion became an important new force in political life. 5 interdominational societies that ministered to the nation, dispatching hundreds of missionaries. 

The advance of capitalism; they wanted governments to solidify capitalist cultural values and create a dynamic market economy

 all adult males within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. The opposing political parties just wanted everyone to vote 

A classic example would be the trade of sugar from the Caribbean to Europe or New England, where it was distilled into rum. The profits from the sale of sugar were used to purchase manufactured goods, which were then shipped to West Africa, where they were bartered for slaves. The slaves were then brought back to the Caribbean to be sold to sugar planters. The profits from the sale of the slaves were then used to buy more sugar, which was shipped to Europe, etc.

Network of secret paths and safe houses used in the 19th C by slaves to escape to free lands. 

previously workers did their business in small shacks at their own pace but after DOL....merchants hired semiskilled journeymen and set them up in large shops cutting leather into soles. Then the soles were sent out to dozens of rural Mass. towns and women would sew them. Then other journeymen would finish the work and return the shoes to the central shop for inspection, packing and sale. Turned empolyers into powerful bosses and eroded workers' wages and independance. But increased output, cut prices, and created lots of jobs. 

Francis Cabot Lowell sneakily went to Europe and got the drawings for their machinery and Paul Moody (American mechanic) improved their designs in America. Lowell joined with outher people formed the Boston Man. Comp. and built a textile plant in Waltham Mass. Waltham's power looms operated at higher speeds and needed fewer workers. The BMC recruited lots of young women from farming families as a source of cheap labour, and provided them with rooming and strict but good way of life (Waltham Plan). Waged work gave young women a sense of freedom. BMC made lots of money bc of tariff protection, improved technology, and cheap female labor. 

innovator for machine tools. he was a tutor on a plantation in georgia and came up with the cotton gin: separated the seeds in a cotton ball from the delicate fibers, work that was previously done by hand and took a long time. Then in 1798 he built machine tools that could rapidly produce interchangeable musket parts, gave him lots of wealth

insured the economic success of the Midwest's river borne trans. syst. Robert Fulton built the Clemont which he piloted up the Hudson River. broadened the steamboat's hulls to reduce draft and enlarge their cargo capacity. Halved the cost of upstream river transport. Dramatically increasd the flow of goods, people, and news 

J Marshall (The U.S supreme court justice) voided a NY law that created a monopoly on steamboat travel into NYC and established federal authority over interstate commerce. Decision meant that no local or state monopolies or tariffs would impede the flow of goods, services, and news across the nation. 

NY decision in 1817 to build it. 364-mile waterway to connect the Hudson River and Lake Eerie. was accomplished because of the support of NY's merchants and governor and gentle terrain west of Albany. Workers were Irish immigrants. altered the ecology of the entire region, caused erosion. brought prosperity to the farmers. Manufactureres shipped goods to farming families and in return they shipped grain, cattle etc. barges were pulled by two horses =30 miles per day: cut transportation costs and accelerated the flow of goods. 

In 1806 Congress approved funds for a National Road, constructed of compacted gravel to tie the Midwest to the seaboard cities. Began in western ML reached WV, and ended in IL in 1839. carried migrants and their heavy loads westward and people brought livestock herds to eastern markets. 

by 1850's could replace canals. capitalists in Boston, NY, and LND invested in railroad routes and by 1860 they were the main carriers of stuff from the MidW to the NEast. All the railroads connected the Atlantic ports with the rapidly expanding GL cities. expanded commerce into a vast territory around chicago. Trains carried lumber from Michigan to treeless midwest to build houses and cities. 

Presbyterian minister in 1823 began to conduct emotional revival meetings and stressed converesion and declined Calvinism and stressed that God would welcome any sinner. Moved his revivals to Rochester NY and preached and won over the influential merchants and maufacturers of Rochester, who pledged to reform their lives and of the workers. 

1857: overproduction and speculation trigger a financial panic. By the 1850s workers in many mechanized industries faced unemployment as the supply of manufactures exceeded the demand for them. this chaos was sparked by the bankruptcies of several railroads. unemployment rose to 10 percent and taught people the social costs of the new and successful system of industrial revolution. 

One of the republican candidates in the election of 1824. From Kentucky was the Speaker of the HOR. Clay based his candicacy of the American System. : program for national economic development. wanted to strengthen the Second Bank of the US and use tariff revenues to build roads and canals. got support from the West (needed better transportation) but no support in the SOuth. he was appointed SOS under Adams by using his influence as speaker of the HOR. 

Martin Van Buren

Political Machine

From New York, relied on the Van Ness clan to become a lawyer. His goal was to create a new political order based on party identity, not family connections. Supported the idea of various political parties because they check an elected offficials inherent disposition to abuse power. Van Buren's "Bucktails" who purchased a newspaper and used it to promote his policies (political machine) they won control over NY legislature and appointed all their friends (patronage/spoils system) and later became SOS under Jackson 

Won the election of 1824, was the son of John Adams. he called for bold national leadership. (Nat univ in WA, scientific exploration in the west, a uniform standard of weights and measures) and endorsed American System: protective tariffs to stimulate manufacturing, federally subsidized roads and canals to facilitate commerce, and a national bank to control credit. Did not appeal to people in the South bc tariffs raised the price of manufacturers and they had to buy high cost shit which enriched northeastern business and highly dutied British imports which payed the expenses of the NAtional gov. People criticized Adams kindness to the native americans. In the election of 1828, Adams "stood" for reelction. but he lost to JAckson 

Martin Van Buren handled Jackson's campaign. John. C. Calhoun (Jackson's runningmate) got the support of ppl from South Carolina and Jackson's friends in Tennesse rallied voters. had a massive publicity campaign in NY. (newspapers, mass meetings, torchlight parades, and barbecues). People celebrated his fronteir origina nd rise to fame. Jacksonians called themselves democrats. J's message of equal rights and popular rule appealed to many people. (didnt like clay's american system) and he ended up recieving 178 of the 261 electoral votes. 

Was the secretary of war, one of the republican candidates in the election of 1824 then dropped out because he realized Crawford had a lot of support in the south. (from SC) then he endorsed Jackson's campaign. 

Jackson's informal group of advisors. Francis Preston Blair:edited the Washington Globe. Amos Kendall: wrote JAckson's speeches. Roger B. Taney: attorney General. and MArtin Van Buren: SOS. 

The Second Bank's most important role was to stabilize the nation's money supply; it kept the state banks from issuing too much paper money and depreciating its value. Americans worried that the Second Bank would force the closure of state banks, leaving people holding worthless paper notes. Clay and Webster persuaded Biddle (boss of the bank) to request an extension of the bank's charter. Jackson vetoed the rechartering bill and declared that Congress had no authority to charter a national bank. Jackson's attack on the bank helped his victory in 1832 bc lots of ppl blamed the second bank for high urban prices and stagnant farm income. many ppl who prospered, thousands of middle class american wanted an equal opportunity to rise in the world and cheered Jackson's attack on priviledged corporations. When the second bank's national charter expired in 1836 Jackson prevented its renewal.  

President of the Second Bank and was very arrogant. Thought he had more power than the president

South Caroline strongly opposed the high tariffs. they feared a slave revolt and they feared the abolition of slavery. So they attacked the tariff, both to lower rates and to discourage attempts to use federal power to attack slavery. South Carolinians called a state convention and adopted the Ordinance of Nullification decalring the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 to be nullified and void. their arguments came from Calhoun's The South Carolina Exposition and Protest. Senator Webster of Massachusetts was against Calhoun. Jackson needed to find a middle bw Webster's strident nationalism and Calhoun's radical doctrine of localist freedom. Congress passed the Force Bill: authorized the president to use military means to compel SC's obedience to national laws. eventually SC convention gave up its constitutional demand for the right of nullification. 

 Whites wanted the Indian people to be resettled west of the Mississippi River in the late 1820s. Indians didnt want to leave their ancestral lands and lots of them assimilated into white culture in order to protect their lands. Jackson pushed the Indian Removal Act of 1830: created Indian territory outside of the bounds any state and promised money and reserved land to Native American peoples who would give up their old land east of the Miss. River. Chief Black Hawk vs. Jackson....Cherokee Nation v. GA....Worcester v. GA....trail of tears.

Marshall and the Court sided with the Cherokees against Georgia. The court voided Georgia's extension of state law over the Cherokees, the court held that Indian nations were "distinct political communities, having territorial boundaries" within which their authority is exclusive and is guaranteed by the United States. 

Whigs

arose in 1834 as a group of congressmen banded together to opposed Andrew Jackson's policies. (Webster,Clay, and Calhoun). Like the Federalists, the Whigs wanted a political world dominated by men of ability and wealth. The whigs celebrated the entrepreneur and enterprising individual. Attracted lots of people in the northern middle class. The Whis won a majority in the HOR in 1834 by appealing to evangelical Protestants and upwardle mobile families. 

The Bank of England decided to boost the faltering British economy by sharply curtailing the flow of money and credit to the United States. The Brits extended credit to south. planters. to expand cotton production and had purchased lots of canal bonds. Deprived of British funds Americans had to withdraw gold from domestic banks to pay their commericial debts and interest on their foreign loans. Within two weeks, every bank in the United States had stopped trading specie and curtailed credit turning a financial panic into a economic crisis. 

William Henry Harrison 

Log Cabin Campaign

Whigs organized their first national convention in 1840 and nominated William HH of Ohio for President. ran against Martin Van Buren. It became a "log cabin campaign" the first time two well organized parties competed. Harrison lived in a log cabin. Harrison was voted into the white house 1840.

New England essayist and and philosopher who celebrated the liberation of the individual. leading coive of transcedentalism. rejected all organized religion. believed the ideal transcendental discovery was under an open sky in solitary communion with nature. His individualistic ethos spoke directly to the experiences of many mid class americans. who left their family farms to make their way in the urban world. inspired many American literary people. Thoreau, Fuller, Whitman, Hawthore, Mellvile. 

New England intellectual, built a cabin in Walden and lived alone for two years and published Walden, or life in the Woods: an account of his search for meaning beyond the artificiality of civilized society. "different people hear different drummers" he advocated social non conformity and civil disobedience against unjust laws. 

Like Thoreau, Fuller was exploring freedomg for women. born into a wealthy family, embracing emerson's ideas she started the transcendental conversion for Boston women in 1839. edited the leading transcendental journal The Dial and published Women in the 19th C. new era bw the changing relationships of men and women. believed people dhouls develop a life-affirming mystical relationship with God and every women deserved psychological and social independance. 

writer/poet who worked as a printer, a teacher, a journalist, an editor of the Brooklyn Eagle. But poetry was his favorite: Leaves of Grass: collection of poems. the center is the individual and believes collective democracy is a sacred character. 

novelist who sounded powerful warnings that capitalism could destroy individualism. wrote the The Scarlet Letter (about excessive individualism) Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale didnt give a fuck about what society thought. 

novelist who explored the limits of individualism in more extreme way than Hawthorne. Moby Dick (1851) Ahab's obsessive hunt for white whale but he ends up dying...the quest for spiritual meaning in nature brings death, bc Ahab did not have inner discipline and self restraint. but did not gain commercial support bc people thought he was like individualism gone mad. 

to escape America's emerging market society, transcendentalists and other reformers created ideal communities/ utopias. Brook Farm:founded outside Boston in 1841. Emerson, Thoreau, and Fuller were all frequent visitors/residentsbut it was an economic failure, residents could not be self sustainable and only the cash of affluent residents kept the Farm going. after a fire in 1846 it was disbanded. failure of Brook Farm= Emersonians abandonded their quest and accepted reality of the industrial order. 

first successful American communal movement (Ann Lee Stanley) in 1770 moved from England to America after she had a vision that she was an incarnation of Christ. established a church near Albany NY and bc of their ecstatic dances that were a part of their worship, the sect became known as the Shakers. disciplined religious community, embraced common ownership of property, abstained from drugs and stuff. believed God was a dual person both male and female. so they repudiated male leadership. they were self sustaining and abtained from sex so they relied on adopting lots of orphans to keep the religion going. but as the supply of orphans went down, the shakers virtually disappeared. 

Charles Fourier: French reformer who predicted the decline of individualism and capitalism. Arthur brisbane = number 1 follower believed in utopian socialism. bc wanted to free workers from shitty system of hired labor and labor for wages. instead men and women would work in cooperative groups called phalanxes and they would own property in common. thought men would share women's domestic labor...promoting sexual equality. Brisbane's book The Socail Destiny of Man (1840)....people who yearned for economic stability joined but the communities collapsed within a decade bc of disputes over work. revealed the difficulty of establishing a utopian sommunity in the absence of a charismatic leader or strong religious vision. 

John Humphrey Noyes: was influenced by the Shakers and their "modern socialism". turned to perfectionism:evang. Protestant movement (ppl could aspire to sinless perfection). rejected marriage and embraced complex marriage (everyone in the comm. was mariied to one another). and rejected monogamy. Formed a community in Oneida NY. by bid 1850's had 200 residents. but Noyes fled to Canada bc he was going to be charged with adultery. then the comm. did not do complex marriage but retained its cooperative spirit. 

J.S: born to a poor farming family, believed God singled him out to recieve special revelation and published The Book of Mormon which he claimed to translate from ancient hieroglyphics on gold plates shown to him by an angel. then organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. wanted a church directed society that would ensure moral perfection. went to Jackson County MO (City of Zion) then Nauvoo IL (murdered by anti mormons) bc he advocated polygamy then Brigham young (number one disciple) fled US and went to present day Utah and he became governor. President Buchanan dispatched army into Utah to end polygamy but Mormon militia killed 120 ppl. Buchanan let it go bc didnt want to influence the abolition of slavery....lived their lives under strict religious controls. 

reform movement to end slavery. drew on religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening and the language of protest changed accordingly. belived human bondage was contradicting republicanism and liberty. 

inspired by David Walker (radical abolitionist). was a slave in VA staged a bloody revolt. as a child he taught himself to read and hoped for emancipation but he was forced into the field and separated him from his wife. he became very spiritual and viewed the slavemasters as serpents and rose in rebellion and killed 55 white ppl. He thought more slaves would join him in the revolt but they didnt (only 60 slaves). lots of black ppl died and their heads were put on poles to scare ppl. consequences: white ppl toughened slave codes, limited black movement, prohibited slaves from learning to read

the most determined abolitionist. published Genius of Universal Emancipation, and The Liberator . and founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society. demanded the immediate aboliton of slavery. in 1833 with other abolitionists he founded the American Anti-Slavery Society.  (women= lucretia mott phil. female anti-slavery society). Plan.. 1: appeal to religious believers (The Bible against Slavery published by Weld used Bible passages to discredit slavery). used mass communication with the post office to send anti-slavery pamphlets. 2: aid fugitive slaves (Underground railroad). Some people hated Garrison, the GA legislature offered a 5000 reward for kidnapping Garrison. Garrison inspired other reform movements (pacifism, womens rights, abolition of prisons...etc). 

1833 Garrison, Theodore Weld and other abolitionists established it. used mass communication the AASS printed lots of literature and launched "great postal campaign" flooded nation with millions of antislavery pamphlets. aided fugitive slaves with the underground railroad. launched a political campaign: bombarded Congress with lots of petitions demanding the abolition of slavery in DC. Garrison later demanded that the AASS support womens rights...created a divide and opponents formed the American and Foreign Anti Slavery Society. 

a group of religious middle class women in NYC founded the Female Moral Reform Society and elected Lydia Finney as pres. tried to curb prostitution and protect single women from moral corruption. demanded chastity for men and women. grew into a national assosiation, employed only women. provided moral guidance for young women away from their families. members visited brothels where they sang hymns, offered prayers, and searched for runaway girls. 

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized a gathering of women's rights activists in the small NY town of Seneca Falls. men and women both attended. issued a Declaration of Independance to women= Seneca Falls declaration. they staked out claims for equality for women in public life....repudiated both the natural inferiority of women and the idea of sep. spheres. 

was an important preacher during the Second Great Awakening of the early 19th century. He was first ordained a Presbyterian Minister then was expelled from the church after the Cane Ridge, Kentucky revival for his stated beliefs in faith as the sole prerequisite for salvation. Cane Ridge: site of large camp meeting that drew lots of people during the Second Great Awakening

was the religious scene in the western and central regions of New York in the early 19th century, where religious revivals and Pentecostal movements of the Second Great Awakening took place.

The term was coined by Charles Grandison Finney who in his 1876 book Autobiography of Charles G. Finney referred to a "burnt district" to denote an area in central and western New York State during the Second Great Awakening. The name was inspired by the notion that the area had been so heavily evangelized as to have no "fuel" (unconverted population) left over to "burn" (convert)

was a Seneca religious leader of the Iroquois people. He was a half-brother to Cornplanter, a Seneca war chief. ^[2]

Handsome Lake, a great leader and prophet, played a major role in reviving traditional religion among the Haudenosaunee (People of the Longhouse), or Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy. He preached a message that combined traditional Haudenosaunee religious beliefs with a revised code meant to revive traditional consciousness to the Haudenosaunee after a long period of cultural disintegration following colonization. This message was eventually published as the "Code of Handsome Lake" and is still practiced today.