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| George III hired 30,000 mercenaries from Germany. These hired soldiers were known as --- because they came from a part of Germany called Hesse-Cassel. |
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| The money shortage was particularly hard on farmers who could not earn enough to pay their debts and taxes. In Massachusetts, judges ordered farmers to sell their land and livestock to pay off their debts. Led by Daniel Shays, a hero of the Battle of Bunker Hill, Massachusetts farmers rebelled. Shays and his followers closed down courthouses to keep judges from taking their farms. Then they marched on the national arsenal at Springfield to seize the weapons stored there. |
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| Drafted by James Madison and proposed by Edmund Randolph, the ----- called for a strong national government with three branches, or parts. Congress was to be made up of two houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate. The number of lawmakers that a state could send to Congress depended on the state’s population. |
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| Called for a government with three branches. However, the legislative branch would have just one house, not two. Each state would have an equal vote in Congress, no matter how big or small. Proposed by William Paterson |
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| Madison suggested to count each slave as three-fifths of a person when determining a state’s population for representation in the House of Representatives. |
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Has the power to make laws. a bicameral, or two-part, national legislature called Congress. The two parts, or houses, of Congress are the House of Representatives and the Senate. Thus, while every state gets two senators, representation in the House is based on population. If a majority in one house votes in favor of the bill, it is sent to the other house for debate. If both houses approve the bill, it goes to the president. The bill becomes a law if the president signs it.
The president can veto any proposed law. Congress can override the president’s veto. For example, only Congress can decide how to spend the money raised through taxes. Other congressional powers include the power to raise an army and navy, to declare war, to pay government debts, and to grant citizenship. |
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The president is often called the chief executive. To win the presidency, a candidate needs a majority of the electoral vote.
The president serves a four-year term. Under the Twenty-second Amendment, a president may be reelected only once.A president must be a natural-born American citizen and at least 35 years old. the president is commander in chief of the nation’s military forces. He or she can, with the consent of the Senate, make treaties, or formal agreements, with other nations. The president nominates, or recommends, ambassadors (official representatives to other countries) and Supreme Court justices (judges). Finally, the president can grant pardons to people convicted of violating federal, or national, laws. |
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| Federal courts also have the power to resolve disputes that involve national laws, the federal government, or the states. People accused of breaking national laws can be tried in federal courts. These lower courts are called district courts and appellate courts. The Supreme Court is the last stop in the judicial system. Its decisions are final, and they are binding on all lower courts. Congress has set the size at nine members, who are called justices. A dispute goes directly to the Supreme Court only if it involves a state or an ambassador from another country. |
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| ----- defined the power of judicial review[judicial review: the power of the ----- to decide whether laws and acts made by the legislative and executive branches are unconstitutional]. This is the power to decide whether laws and acts made by the legislative and executive branches conflict with the Constitution. Judicial review gives the ----- great power in its role of protecting the “supreme Law of the Land.” |
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| Ten Amendments to the Constitution. First Amendment. These are the freedoms of religion, speech, the press, and assembly and the right to petition the government. Second Amendment: The Right to Bear Arms. Third Amendment: Quartering Troops in Homes. The Fourth Amendment protects people and their belongings from “unreasonable searches and seizures.” |
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| First, this amendment gives people who are accused of serious crimes the right to a grand jury hearing. Second, the amendment protects citizens from double jeopardy[double jeopardy: putting a person on trial more than once for the same crime]. Third, the amendment prohibits self-incrimination[self-incrimination: giving testimony that can be used against oneself]. Next, the ------- says that a person cannot be deprived[deprived: to withhold or take away something] of “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” Finally, the ------ says that the government cannot take someone’s private property for public use “without just compensation.” |
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| It begins with the right to “a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury.” The jury must be impartial, which means that jurors are not prejudiced (influenced) against the defendant. A defendant also has the right to hear and question all witnesses who testify at the trial. Lastly, a defendant has the right to an attorney to assist in his or her defense. |
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| Some trials decide civil cases, or disputes between people or businesses. Civil cases typically involve money, property, or family matters, such as divorce. The ----- says that, in all but the most minor cases, people involved in a civil case have a right to a jury trial. |
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| The -----protects an accused person’s rights both before and after trial. Before a trial, it forbids a judge from demanding “excessive” bail. After a trial, if the person is found guilty, the ------ forbids “excessive fines” and “cruel and unusual punishments.” |
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| It says that even though “certain rights” are listed in the Constitution, other rights and liberties not listed there are also “retained [kept] by the people.” |
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| The -----, or reserved powers clause was included to protect the states from excessive federal power. It says that powers not given to the national government by the Constitution are “reserved to the states . . . or to the people.” |
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| The ------ is made up of electors who cast votes to elect the president and vice president every four years. Each state has as many electors in the ------ as the number of senators and representatives it sends to Congress. |
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| The first law closed Boston Harbor to all shipping until the ruined tea was paid for. The second law placed the government of Massachusetts firmly under British control. Colonists in Massachusetts could not even hold a town meeting without the colonial governor’s permission. The third law said that British soldiers who were accused of murder would be tried in England, not in the colonies. Finally, more troops were sent to Boston to enforce the new laws. |
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| The new laws placed a duty, or tax, on certain goods the colonies imported from Great Britain. These goods included such popular items as glass, paint, paper, and tea. |
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| A new law called the Tea Act prompted more protests. One of them was the incident that became known as the -----. Lord North may have thought he could persuade Americans to buy taxed tea by making it so cheap, but colonists weren’t fooled.Sons of Liberty dressed as Mohawk Indians boarded the three ships. About 90,000 pounds of tea were dumped into the sea that night. Nothing else on the ships was touched. |
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| As the mob pressed forward, someone knocked a soldier to the ground. The troops panicked and opened fire. Samuel Adams saw this event as a perfect opportunity to whip up anti-British feeling. He called the riot a “horrid massacre” and had Paul Revere, a local silversmith, engrave a picture of it. Revere’s engraving shows soldiers firing at peaceful, unarmed citizens. |
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| Declaration Of Independence |
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Governments are formed, Jefferson said, “to secure these rights.” Their power to rule comes from “the consent of the governed.” If a government fails to protect people’s fundamental[fundamental: basic] rights, “it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it.” The people can then create a new government that will protect “their Safety and Happiness.” In all these actions, Jefferson claimed, George III had shown he was “unfit to be the ruler of a free people.”
The time had come, Jefferson concluded, for the colonies’ ties to Great Britain to be broken. “These United Colonies are,” he declared, “and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States.” |
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| the Second Continental Congress sent a petition[petition: a formal, written request made to an official person or organization] to George III asking him to end the quarrel. |
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a Patriot named Thomas Paine published a fiery pamphlet entitled Common Sense. Paine scoffed at the idea that Americans owed any loyalty to King George. American trade had suffered under British control. Americans had also been hurt by being dragged into Great Britain’s European wars.
Paine ended with a vision of an independent America as a homeland of liberty |
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One officer reported to Washington that the troops’ guns were too wet to fire. “Use the bayonets,” the general replied. “The town must be taken.”
When the Americans reached Trenton, they found the Hessians happily sleeping off their Christmas feasts. Caught completely by surprise, the mercenaries surrendered. Washington took 868 prisoners without losing even a single man. A week later, the Americans captured another 300 British troops at Princeton, New Jersey. |
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| In April 1775, a spy told General Gage that the colonists were hiding a large supply of gunpowder and weapons in the nearby village of Concord. General Gage decided to strike at once. The general ordered 700 of his best troops to march to Concord and seize the weapons. Soon Paul Revere and others were galloping through the countryside, warning colonists that the British soldiers were coming. By breakfast time, the British were in Concord, searching for gunpowder and weapons. But the colonists had hidden them. The British expected the Americans to break and run. To their surprise, the Minutemen stood their ground and fired back. Two minutes later, it was the redcoats who were running away in panic.The retreat back to Boston was a nightmare for the British. More than 4,000 armed and angry Minutemen lined their route, shooting at every redcoat they saw. By the end of the day, 74 British soldiers were dead and another 200 were wounded or missing. The colonists counted their own losses as 49 dead and 41 wounded. |
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| It became even harder when Great Britain began impressing American sailors—kidnapping them and forcing them to serve in the British navy. The British claimed that the men they impressed were British deserters. This may have been true in some cases, as some sailors may well have fled the terrible conditions on British ships. Yet thousands of unlucky Americans were also impressed. |
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| Life without governmetn and laws |
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| An agreement made among people to create a government to govern them |
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| When citizens and their leaders both lead modest lives |
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| The idea that sovereign power is vested in the people and that those chosen to govern, as trustees of such power, must exercise it in conformity with the good will of the people |
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| It was decided that the House would have proportional representation and the Senate would have equal representation |
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| It organized the courts system. It stated that a cheif justice would lead and be assisted by five associate justices. |
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| A former slave who became a women's rights leader and an abolitionist |
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| a philosophy stating that in order to achieve higher thinking, one must transcend logical thinking. |
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| he published his book Walden; or, Life in the Woods. It accounted for his two years of solitude. In the book, he writes about his medition on the meaning of his life, society, nature, and human spirit |
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| A boston woman who lead a campaign for better prison conditions and prisoner treatment. |
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| Government where citizens can govern and promote common welfare |
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| The power is spread among several branches of government |
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| The powers of those branches are balanced. No branch has more authority than the other. |
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| Area of life that the Government cannot control |
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| He believed that people should give up some of their rights so that their life and liberty could be protected. He promoted natural rights. |
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| He believed that the powers of the republican government should be separated because it would promote common welfare. |
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| He was the ideal example of having civic virtue. He was a war hero, and had enough fame to become a supreme ruler of his country, but instead went back to his modest life on his farm. Also, he was a dictator of Rome unitl the crisis was over. When the battle was over, he didn't stay as a dictator. He went home. |
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| Washington knew that the United States was not prepared for war. Instead, he announced a policy of ---- Under this policy, the United States would do nothing to aid either France or Great Britain in their war. |
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| A policy of not choosing sides in a dispute or war between other countries. |
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| President Adams sent three envoys, or representatives, to France to ask the French to end the attacks. French foreign minister Talleyrand refused to speak to the Americans. Instead, they were met by secret agents, later identified only as ------. The agents said that no peace talks would be held unless Talleyrand received a large sum of money as a tribute. A tribute is money given to someone in exchange for that person’s protection. Shocked by the request, the American envoys refused |
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| Washington sent John Jay, chief justice of the Supreme Court, to London to settle things with the British.In the treaty signed in 1794, known as the ----,the British finally agreed to pull their troops from the Ohio Valley. |
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| Complete halt in trade with other nations. |
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| Three of the laws, the ----, were aimed at aliens, or noncitizens. The first law lengthened the time it took for an immigrant to become a citizen with the right to vote—from 5 to 14 years. Since most immigrants voted Republican, Jefferson saw this law as an attack on his party. The other two ------ allowed the president to either jail or deport aliens who were suspected of activities that threatened the government. The fourth law, known as the ------, made sedition[sedition: the crime of encouraging rebellion against the government]—encouraging rebellion against the government—a crime. Its definition of sedition included “printing, uttering, or publishing any false, scandalous and malicious [hateful] writing” against the government, Congress, or the president.Alexander Hamilton approved of this law. |
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| Two years later, under President Martin Van Buren, more than 17,000 Cherokees were forced from their homes in Georgia and herded west by federal troops. Four thousand of these Indians died during the long walk to Indian Territory, which took place in the winter. Those who survived remembered that terrible journey as the Trail of Tears[Trail of Tears: the removal of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory in 1838 and 1839]. |
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| After the war, ---- decided to become a lawyer. He went to work in a law office in North Carolina.He soon earned enough money to buy land and slaves and set himself up as a gentleman farmer. Despite his success, ---- never outgrew his hot temper.---- entered politics in Tennessee, serving in both the House and Senate. But he did not become widely known until the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. His defense of the city made “Old Hickory” a national hero.In 1824, ---- ran for president against three other candidates: Henry Clay, William Crawford, and John Quincy Adams. ---- won the most popular votes as well as the most electoral votes.----’s supporters used the time between elections to build a new political organization that came to be called the Democratic Party.---- thought that the bank benefited rich eastern depositors at the expense of farmers and workers, as well as smaller state banks. He felt that the bank stood in the way of opportunity for capitalists in the West and other regions. He also distrusted the bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle, who was everything Jackson was not: wealthy, upper class, well educated, and widely traveled.As a frontier settler, ----- had little sympathy for American Indians. During his presidency, it became national policy to remove Indians who remained in the East by force. |
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| -------, Jackson’s vice president, called on southern states to declare the tariff “null and void,” or illegal and not to be honored. |
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| In 1789, the French people rebelled against their king. The leaders of the French Revolution dreamed of building a nation based on “liberty, equality, and fraternity [brotherhood].” Three years later, France became a republic and declared “a war of all peoples against all kings.”Cheered on by angry mobs, France’s revolutionary government began beheading wealthy nobles. Some 20,000 men, women, and children were killed. |
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| Period between 1800-1894 when religious feeling and belief was revived |
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| Favored by Federalists. This gave more power to the federal government |
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| Favored by Republicans. Limits the power of the federal government. |
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| In 1810, --- visited England. When he returned to Massachusetts, he built even better ones. By 1815, he and his partners had built one of the first American textile factories, along the Merrimack River outside Boston. This factory combined spinning and weaving machinery in the same building.To run his machinery, ---- hired young women, who jumped at the chance to earn cash wages. |
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| Yale graduate named ------ took a job tutoring children on a Georgia plantation. There, he saw his first cotton boll. Observing the way cotton was cleaned by hand, Whitney had an idea. ------’s “cotton engine,” called the cotton gin[cotton gin: a hand-operated machine that cleans seeds and other unwanted material from cotton] for short, was a simple machine that used rotating combs to separate cotton fiber from its seeds. |
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| A hand-operated machine that cleans seeds and other unwanted material from cotton |
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| This legislation admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time, so as not to upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation. It also outlawed slavery above the 36º 30´ latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory. |
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| In 1849 California requested permission to enter the Union as a free state, potentially upsetting the balance between the free and slave states in the U.S. Senate. The other territories of Utah and New Mexico got to choose whether or not they would hold slaves. |
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| It required citizens to assist in the recovery of fugitive slaves. It denied a fugitive's right to a jury trial. |
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| The---- were a group of about twenty Democratic Republicans who persuaded Congress into supporting a declaration of war against Britain. |
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| The Continental Army arrived at ---- on December 19, 1777, after a tough campaign of battles with the British. Since early fall, the General had problems with getting supplies to his troops. As winter approached, the problems became worse. Feeding the 12,000+ men at the encampment was only one of the problems facing the Commander-in-Chief. General Washington also was having a tough time getting support from Congress |
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| It stated that the British Parliament’s taxing authority was the same in America as in Great Britain. Parliament had directly taxed the colonies for revenue in the Sugar Act (1764) and the Stamp Act (1765). |
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| Across the Mississippi River lay the unexplored territory of -----. This immense region stretched from Canada in the north to Texas in the south. First claimed by France, it was given to Spain after the French and Indian War. In 1800, the French ruler. Napoleon Bonaparte convinced Spain to return ---- to France.Napoleon had plans for -----. He hoped to settle the territory with thousands of French farmers. These farmers would raise food for the slaves who worked on France’s sugar plantations in the Caribbean.In addition, France and Great Britain were on the brink of war. Napoleon knew that he might lose Louisiana to the British. Rather than lose ----, it made sense to sell it to the United States.On April 30, 1803, he signed a treaty giving ---- to the United States in exchange for $15 million. in the East fretted that they would lose power.Others objected to the $15 million price tag. |
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| On July 19, 1848, nearly 300 people, including 40 men, arrived for the ------[------: the gathering of supporters of women’s rights in July 1848 that launched the movement for women’s right to vote]. |
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| Declaration Of Sentiments |
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| The convention organizers modeled their proposal for women’s rights, the -----[-----: a formal statement of injustices suffered by women, written by the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention. Sentiments means “beliefs” or “convictions.”], on the Declaration of Independence. |
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| In 1755, Great Britain sent 1,400 British soldiers to Virginia to finish the job that Washington had begun. They were led by a general named Edward Braddock. The soldiers’ job was to clear the French out of the Ohio Valley. ------- raged for seven long years. The turning point came in 1759, when British troops captured Canada. In 1763, Great Britain and France signed a peace treaty, or agreement, ending the war. In this treaty, France ceded, or gave, Canada to Great Britain. |
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| When the Americans reached Trenton, they found the Hessians happily sleeping off their Christmas feasts. Caught completely by surprise, the mercenaries surrendered. Washington took 868 prisoners without losing even a single man. A week later, the Americans captured another 300 British troops at Princeton, New Jersey. |
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| Burgoyne finally reached ----- Springs on the Hudson River, the area was swarming with militia. Although the rebels outnumbered his army, Burgoyne ordered an attack. Again and again the rebels beat back Burgoyne’s troops. On October 17, 1777, Burgoyne accepted defeat. |
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