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“politics of reality”
Respect power and the use of it.
Dismissed liberal ideals as illusory, noble sentiments that impede effective action.
Political counterpart of positivism and realism.
Desire to view things coldly and objectively as they are, rather than how idealists would like them to be.
Exemplified by Bismarck (Prussia) and his unification of the German states. |
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1870-1871 Used by Bismarck as a way to unify the South German states with the confederation of North German states Prussia already controlled
Altered a telegram regarding a conversation between King William (Prussia) and a French ambassador which made it seem as if they had insulted each other.
Enrages French and German public, and as planned, South Germany comes to the aid of Prussia in the fight against France.
Commanding victory over France, Prussia was awarded the Alsace Lorraine territory and large settlement from France.
Created a new, powerful German empire in central Europe led by Prussia.
This upsets the balance of power, creating fear, tension, and rivalries which would culminate into the First World War. |
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“Europe Recovery Program” (1947-1952)
Called the Marshall Plan after Secretary of State George Marshall.
Supplied a devastated and wore torn Europe with a total of 13.15 billion in aid.
A huge success, it was followed with great economic prosperity in Europe.
The European recovery developed strong allies and trading partners for the US.
Opposed by Stalin, the US offered aid to Russia and they refused.
Berlin airlift is a great example of the kind of aid the US was willing to give.
Strengthens US presence in Europe as a way of monitoring the Soviet Union. |
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early 1900’s
Alfred Von Schlieffen 6 week plan for Germany in WWI.
The Schieffen Plan was Germany's key war plan to help protect Germany from a two front war (Russia and France having an alliance and being on either side of Germany). In this plan, Germany would go through neutral Belgium (violating the Belgium
Neutrality act) to take out France quickly then turn around and fight Russia. Unfortunately their violation made Britain mad and they allied with France to fight off the Germans.
Germany to go through Belgium (neutral) to get to France (take Paris), (preparation for Europe wide war and preventing a two front war (France in West, Russia in East)
France begins to mobilize
British backing Belgium, declares war on Germany
War starts and goes on for next 4 years |
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| Transvaal was one of the independent colonies of the Boers. The Boers, or Afrikaners, were descendants of the Dutch settlers of Cape Town, and had colonies in Northern South Africa. The Boers territory was between British colonies and was known to contain gold and diamonds. Britain’s imperial presence in South Africa had caused high tensions between British leader Cecil Rhodes and the Boer president of the Transvaal Paul Kruger. In 1895 a close friend of Rhodes attempted to spark an uprising against Kruger, but the raid failed. Eventually the Boer War (1899-1902) broke out, ending Britain’s long period of isolation. The war was brutal with the guerilla warfare and concentration camps. The Boer War caused a great deal of internal and external criticism of the morals of Britain. Unified Britain’s South African holdings. |
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| Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War caused its people to rebel against the tsarist regime in the revolution of 1905. Autocracy survived, but it was now forced to work with Russia’s first parliament, called the Imperial Duma. Under this new government there were agrarian reforms, and the Russian economy and the arts began to flourish. Despite these changes the people were still resentful of government sponsored modernization and Tsar Nicholas II would be Russia’s last tsar. On the eve of World War I Russia is backward and delusional about Russia’s power. |
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| Decisive Allied victory of WWII in 1943. US lead troops push Italians out of North Africa. Push continues to Sicily where Mussoloni is ousted and Italy joins Allies but Germans still entrenched in North Italy |
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the architect of the new West Germany. Adenauer was Germany’s chancellor from 1949 to 1963. Sought to restore respect for Germany in cooperation with the leading states of Western Europe and the United States
- Shouldered responsibility for the crimes of the Nazi regime and assumed the payment of indemnifications and pensions to the Jewish victims and survivors of the Nazi era, and aid reparations to Israel
- Under guidance, the West Germans threw themselves into rebuilding their economy
- Oversaw economic miracle- rapid increase, people had to be brought in 0 unemployment
- As a result democracy put down roots among the West German people, strengthening their solidarity with their former European enemies.
- West Germany was admitted to NATO in 1957, and together with East Germany in 1972 to the United Nations – promoting the European Community.
o Reunited with E. Germany in 1990 had more problems than W, unemployment and bad economy |
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| Causes/Effects of World War I: |
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Causes:
-Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo August 1914 by Serbia’s “Black Hand.”
-Triple Alliance( Germany, Austria, Italy)
-Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia)
-Austria-Hungry declares war on Serbia 1914
-Russia has alliance with Austria-Hungry and consequently mobilizes. Causes Austria-Hungry and Serbian dispute to elevate to global war.
-Germany comes to Austria-Hungary’s defense.
-sinking of the Lusitania by German U boats (100 Us passengers aboard) sparks US involvement with allied powers.
Effects:
-Treaty of Versailles 1919. Germany is forced to sign War Guilt Clause and pay large reparations. Fuels German anger and leads to the rise of Totalitarian Nazi Regime.
-Prohibits further development of German weaponry and army.
-Economic Depression within Germany (high levels of inflation and unemployment).
-Liberal Reforms within European Gov’t.
-Allied occupation of the Rhineland. Alsace and Lorraine returned to France.
-League of Nations (Woodrow Wilson) |
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-1798-1857
-Positivist-knowledge dervived from observed facts and empiraclly verifiable.
-scientific approach to history and society. (application of the scientific method on study of society)
-Law of Three States- theological, metaphysical and scientific. Comte believed that sciences evolved through the natural process of these three stages.
-Principle founder of Sociology. |
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-1894
-French Jewish Artillery Officer (Captain Dreyfus) wrongly accused of selling military secrets to Germans.
-Receives life imprisonment.
-Increased anti-semetic sentiments in France.
-lead to a dived France.
-Ultimately he was exonerated. |
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