Oporation Overload

allies were going to land a surprise attack on the Germans in Normandy

June 6, 1944

Casablanca Conference 1943

-Churchill and Roosevelt in Casablanca, Morocco. To set up the

Roosevelt meets Stalin at Tehran 1943

-Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin meet at Tehran, Iran

-1926 became the new Soviet dictator after Lenin

-Communist

~"my struggle"

~wrote it while in prison

~called for the unification of all Germans under one government

~Germans belonged to a blonde hair blue eyed race called the Aryan race

~argued that Germans needed more lebensraum or living space and needed to expand east into Poland and Russia

~believed that Slavic ppl of eastern Europe belonged to and inferior race and could be enslaved but his strongest hatred would be toward Jews

~US,Britain,France, and the Soviet Union created the International Military Tribunal

~Nuremberg, Germany the International Military Tribunal tried German leaders suspected of committing war crimes

~LA racism against Mexican Americans became linked to the zoot suits

~zoot suit-very baggy, pleated pants and an overestuffed, knee length jacket with wide lapels, wide brimmed hat and a long chain angered many americans

~many wore victory suits a suit with no vest, no cuffs, a short jacket and norrow lapels- worn to save money for the war

~California Mexican Americans adopted the zoot suit- after hearing a rumor that these teens attacked a group of sailors, many people attacked the Mexicans, cutting their hair and tearing of their zoot suits.  Police did not intervene and the violence continued for several days. LA responded by banning the zoot suit

~disfranchised meant that AAs were denied their right to vote

~in 1941 the National Uraban League set two goals for its members

1)to promote effective participation of AAs in all phases of the war effort

2) to formulate plans for building the kind of US in which we wish to live after the war is over

in the Double V Campaign, the paper argued that AAs should join the war effort in order to achieve a double victory -- a victory over Hitler's racism abroad and a voctory over racism at home

~Roosevelt ordered the army, airforce, marines, and nacy to start recruiting AAs

~also appointed Benjamin O. Davis, the highest ranking AA officer in the US Army, to the rank of brigadier general

~ 1942

~ the federal government arranged for Mexican farmworkers  to help in the harvest

~continued until 1964

On March 12 1947 Truman went brfore Congress to ask for $400 million to fight Communist agression in Greece and Turkey

Truman Doctrine's goal was to aid "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures"

immediate effects- stabalize the Greek government and ease Soviet demand in Turkey

Long term effects- pledged the US to fight communism world wide

in Jume 1948  Soviet troops cut all road and rail traffic to W. Berlin

Truman ordered the Berlin airlift to begin

for 11 months cargo planes supplied berliners w/ food medicine and coal

Stalin finally lifted the blockade on May 12 the Berlin airlift symbolized American determination to stand by Berlin

George C. Marshall

would give European nations American aid to rebuild their economies

~the soviet union and their satilites nations rejected the offer and developed their own economic program

the MP pumped billions of dollars worth of supplies, machinery and food into W. Europe

~W. Europes recovery weakend the appeal to communism and opened up for new markets of trade  

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

~included 12 countries initially; US, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg and Iceland

~agreed to come to the aid of any member who was attacked

6 yrs later W. Germany joined

The desicion of W. Germany joining NATO alarmed Soviet leaders

they responded by making a military alliance with E. Europe  which became known as the Warsaw Pact

The communist countries of E. Europe came to be called satellite nations- although not under communist rule they had to remain communist and friendly to the SU

~with the iron curtain separating the communist nations of E Europe from the West WWII era had come to an end and the Cold War began

head of the General Intelligence Division, which later became known as Federal Bureau of Intelligence or FBI

~went before the House un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) to investigate both Communist and Fascist activities in the US

found because of accusations that American Communists had sold secret of the atomic bomb

A NY couple who were members of the Communist party; the government ccharged them with heading the Soviet spy ring

~denied the charges but were condemed to death for espionage

Cause: American and Soviet troops entered Korea to disarm Japanese troops stationed there

~Communist Korean government was in the north while the Americans backed the government in the south

~the SU provided extensive military aid to the North who quickly built up a large well-equipped army in the north

~June 25 1950 N Korea invaded into the South

Outcome: Preident Eisenhower went to Korea

he threatened a nuclear attack

July 1953 negociators signed an armistice

american troops still helped S. Korea defend its borders

on April 17 1961 1400 armed Cuban exiles landed at the Bay of pigs on the south coast of Cuba

~the invasion was a disater- La Brigada's boats ran aground on the coral reefs, Kennedy cancelled the air support to keep Americas involvement a secret and the expected popular uprising never happened

~Castro's forces captured and killed almost all of La Brigada

outcome made the US look weak and disorganized

~Television played a huge role in this election

~Kennedy a Catholic came from a wealthy influencial Mass. family

~Nixon a Quaker came from a Californian finacially struggling family

~Kennedy believed there was a missle gap- meaning the US was behind in weaponry and argued that "its time to get the country moving again" while Nixon believed the nation was on the right track with its current government.

~4 televised debate strongly influenced the outcome of the election

~Kennedy Won

~America learned that the Soviets had secretly planted long-range missles in Cuba and this posed a huge threat for the US because of how close Cuba was to Florida

~Kennedy ordered a naval blockade to stop the Soviets for delivering more missles, demanded that they dismantle existing missle sites, and warned that if any missles were launched against the US that the US would go fully against the Soviets.

~US promised not to invade Cuba and to privatly remove the missles out of Turkey, and the Soviets agreed to remove their missles from cuba 

When: Nov. 22 1963

Where: Dallas, Texas

By Whom: Lee Harvey Oswald

Jack Ruby killed Oswald when he was still on trial

~by 1956 was leader of the SU-attacked Stalin's policies and insited there were many ways to build a Communist society

~although this speech was secret the CIA got ahold of it and brodcasted it to E. Europe

~sent young Americans to provide humanitarian services in less developed nations

~after rigorous training they would spend two years in countries that requested service

~Laid sewage systems, were medical technicians, taught english and built roads

~Sargent Shriver is the director

Khrushchev wanted to stop the flow of Germans out of Communist East Germany into west Berlin

~he built a wall through Berlin blocking movement b/w the Soviet sector and the rest of the city

~for nearly 30 years the Berlin Wall stood as a visible symbol of the cold war division b/w E. and W. Germany

~was strongly against communism and fought against anyone who he thought was a member of conspiracy

~distributed "The Party of Betrayal" and accused democrats of being corrupted and being communist protectors

~became chairman of the Senate subcommittee on investigations

~McCarthy turned the investigations into a whitchhunt

-his tactic of damaging reputations w/ vague and unfounded charges became known as McCarthyism

~has the army conduct investigations to look for soviet sies, when they found none McCarthy brought it to television and questioned and challenged officers in a harsh voice, harassing them about trivial details and accussing them of misconduct

~Millions of Americans watched him bully the officers (Army-McCarthy hearings) and popular support started to fade

~Senate pased a vote of censure or public disapproval against McCarthy

~many of their oporations took place in developing nations-nations with primarily agricultural economies

~the CIA staged covert oporations to overthrow anti-american leaders and repllacethem with pro-american leaders

~secretly trained La Brigada

~NAACP continued to challenge the courts

~from 1939-1961 the NAACP's chief counsel and director of its Legal Defense and Education Fund was Thurgood Marshall

~Linda Brown was denied admission to her neighborhood school in Topeka Kansas because of her race; she was told to attend an all black school across town

~1954 the SC unanimously ruled that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional and violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment

~applied only to public schools but the ruling threatened the entire system of segregation

~endorsed "separate but equal" facilities for AAs

~Brown vs Board of Education turned this around

~was the chief counsel and director of Legal Defense and Education Fund of the NAACP

~became the first AA on the Surpreme Court when Pres. Lyndon Johnson appointed him in 1967

~Outraged by Park's arrest Jo Ann Robinson, head of the Woman's Political Council  called on AAs to boycott Montgomery buses on the day Rosa Park appeared in court

~elected Martin Luther King Jr. to lead

~continued for over a year

~Dec 1956 the SC affirmed the decision of a special three-judge panal declaring Alabama's laws requiring segregation on buses to be unconstitutional

Martin Luther King Jr.

Life and Assassination

~worked to lead the bus boycott and many other peaceful marches and protests to end segregation

~gave his "I have a dream" speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial in 1963

~April 4, 1968 he stood on his hotel balcolny in Memphis Tenn. he was assassinated by James Earl Ray

~founded People United to Save Humanity (PUSH), a group aimed at registering voters, developing AA businesses and broadening educational oportunities

~tried to run for pres. but didnt get it

~applied for the transfer to the University of Miss.

~when he tried to register gov. of Miss Ross Barnett was standing in his way

~Pres. Kennedy sent in 500 marshals to escort him into the school; a full scale riot broke out

~Kennedy then sent in several thousand troops and Meredith went to school under federal guard

~Sept. 1957

~Gov. of Arkansas Orval Faubus was moderate on racial issues although b/c he wanted to be re-elected he began to defend the whites

~he had the National Guard block the nine students from entering the campas of Central High

~Eisenhower sent in the Army to protect the student while they went to school

~ governor of Alabama

~for segregation; stood in the way at the University of Alabama's admissions office not allowing two AAs to enroll

~also ran against Nixon in the 1968 election

~worked with Ceasar Chavez and organized two groups that fought for farmworkers

~merged their two organizations in the United Farm Workers and put together a boycott of table grapes

worked for the rights of farmworkers and organized a boycott against table grapes

United Farm Workers

~Student Nonviolent Cordinating Committee early leaders Marion Barry and John Lewis

~played a key role in desegregating public facilities

Read pg 874

~turning point

~a March to push the Civil Rights Bill

~Aug. 28 1963 went and marched to the nations capital

~this was the day he gave his "I have a gream" speech

~he was for civil rights

~helped to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964

~although when Martin Luther came and spoke out against the Vietnam War he dropped all support

Louis Farrakhan

~symbol the the black power movement

~used to be called Malcolm Little

~joined the Nation of Islam led by Elijah Muhammad

~ran their own businesses, organized their own schools, established their own weekly newspaper, and encouraged their members to respect eachother and strengthen their families

~advocated self-defense

~1964 broke with the black Muslims b/c he was dicouraged by the scandals; began to criticize the Nation of Islam

~Feb 1965 three members of the Nation of Islam shot and killed him while he was giving a speech in New York

1966 Okland California

~huey Newton, Bobby Seale and Eldridge Cleaver- Black Panther Party for Self-Defense

~adopted the Ten Point Program which called for bllack empowerment an end to racial oppression and control of major institutions and services in the AA community such as schools, law enforcement housing and medical facilities

~Eldridge Cleaver wrote Soul on Ice

road buses to draw attention to the South's refusal to integrates buses

~first ones when they arrived in Alabama an angry white mob attacked them

Bull Connor (Public Safety Commissioner) had contacted the KKK to beat the freedom riders when they arrived

~later they were arrested under orders of Kennedy so the violence would stop

Jan 1965

SCLC and King selected Selma to be the plpace they demonstrated for voting rights

~whites were armed again

~King and the SNCC put together a freedom march from Selma to Montgomery

when they went to cross the Edmund Petus Bridge many people were attacked by a white mob

~this day became known as Bloody Sunday

~8 days later Johnson televised that he wold be introducing a new voting right law

~spring of 1963 King ordered a demonstration in Birmingham Alabam knowing that the government wouldnt step in unless there was violence and he knew a protest would lead to violence

~King was arested, Bull Connor was again part of the violence used police clubs, high powered fire-hoses, and police dogs, this violence was seen on TV an shocked american people

Vietnam Laos and Cambodia

the french ruled it until WWII

~the Vietminh wanted to drive out the French

~US helped France because of two reasons; 1)the fall of China to Communism and 2) the outbreak of the Korean War

"Bringer of Light"

one of the leaders of the nationalist movement

became communist helped found the Indo Chinese Communist Party and worked to overthrow French rule

~organized a nationalist group called Vietminh and this group united communists and noc-communist in the struggle to expel Japanese forces

~organized a new gurilla army the Vietcong was od N. Vietnam's side

group united communists and non-communist in the struggle to expel Japanese forces

~N. Vietnam and geurilla warfare  

organized to reunify the nation

North as well headed bu Ho Chi Minh

During the Vietnamese New Year guerilla fighter attacked virtually all american airbases in S. Vietnam and most of the South's major cities and provinces

~Military advantage for americans; political and psycological for te N. Vietnam

authorizing the president to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression

~in other words congress handed its war powers over to the president

Eisenhower

that if one country in Asia fell to communism so would the  others

~stood along side his brother in the civil rights movement

~was running for the presidency when he was assassinated in a hotel in California during the Democratic primary by Sirhan Sirhan

~pres. Johnsons VP

~was chosen to run in the 1968 presidential campaign against Nixon

Daniel Ellsberg leaked what became known as the Petegon Papers to the New York times

revealed that many governtment officials during Johnsons administration privatly questioned the war while publicly defending it

confirmed that the government have not been honest with Americans

May 4 1970 Ohio National Guard soliders armed with tear gas and rifles fired on demonstrators without an order to do so

killed four students and wounded 9 others

~leader of South Vietnam

~pro-western and anti-communist

~would not allow free elections because he knew that Ho Chi Minh would have won

~began discriminating against Buddists and banned the traditional flag, when they began to protest Biems police killed 9 ppl and injured 14 others

~nov. 1 1963 he was overthrown and executed

a cemical that strips leaves from trees and shrubs turning farmland and forest into a wasteland

used during Vietnam War

~1973

~required the president to inform congress of any committment of troops abroad w/in 48 hours and to withdraw them in 60-90 days unless congress explicitly approved the troop committment

~broke into the DNC (Democratic National Committee) during Nixon's re-election campaign

~officials destroyed incriminating documents and provided false testimony to investigators

~burglers went on trial

~people wanted acess to the tapes from the white Hose and Nixon refused to give them up

~in 1974 Nixon released edited versions of the tapes claiming they proved his innocence

He finnally handed over the tapes

~Congress voted to impeach him Aug 9 1974 Nixon resigned his office in disgrace

Gerald Ford took office

became president in 1974 because Nixon resigned

~Sep. 8 1974 Ford announced he would grant "full, free, and absolute pardon to NIxon for the crimes he committed or may have committed or taken part in.

~Ford wanted to avoid the division that charges against Nixon would cause

~this pardon dropped his ratings

Election=Gerald Ford against Jimmy Carter the election was close but Carter won

Democratic elected in 1976

~believed the nations most serious problem was the dependece on foreign oil

~proposed the national energy program to conserve oil and to promote the use of coal and renewable energy sources such as solar powerand persuaded Cangress to create a Department of Energy and also asked americans to find ways to reduce the use of energy Read page 967

~the Shah had become unpopular in the Middle East and the Islamic clergy fiercly opposed his reforms

~a new regime headed by Ayatollah Khomeini distrusted the US b/c of its ties to the Shah 

~the US embassy in Tehran was taken over by revolutionaries of the American taken captive 52 were held for over a year, this led to his defeat in the1980 presidential election

~helped broker a peace treaty known as Camp David Accords b/w Israel and Egypt  2 nations that had been bitter enemies for decades; formaly signed in 1979

~Work Today...

First Democratic then he became Republican

Served two terms

 Sandra Day O’Connor- Reagan appointed Sandra as the first woman justice. Before appointed, she was an appeals court judge in Arizona. Had broad political experience. Practiced law privately an dwas appointed to a state sentorial vacancy in 1969 and became the first woman majority leader in 1972. Won election as superior court judge in 1974 then was later appointed to the appeals court (by Reagan).

Relationship w/ Soviets-

Gorbachev- became the new Soviet leader in 1985. Believed that the SU had to reform its economic system or it would soon collapse. Reagan and Gorbachev disagreed on many things. Although Gor. Agreed to cut back nuclear forces if Reagan would agree to givr up SDI(Strategic Defense Initiative)(Star Wars as it was called, called for the development of weapons that could intercept and destroy incoming missles). Reagan refused.

Reagan said that if SU seeked prosperity they should break down the wall. Read more ch. 33

Foreign aid to Afghaniistan-

Iran-Contra affair-

Tiananmen Square Massacre- 1989 Chinese Students and workers held demonstrations for democracy. Government tanks and soliders crushed their protests  in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Many were killed and hundreds arrested and others later sentenced to death. Many countries stopped arms sales with China.

End of Berlin Wall- on Nov. 9, 1989 the Berlin wall was knocked down and E and W Berliners were finally able to mingle freely.

Saddam Hussein sent his army to invade oil-rich Kuwait

~UN demanded the Iraqians withdraw; Iraq refused to withdraw on Jan 16 1991 launched Oporation Desert Storm

~missles and bombs fell on Iraq destroying its air defenses bridges artillery and other military targets

~then launched a massive ground attack

~killed thousands of Iraqi soliders; Bush declared uwait to be liberated and Iraq accepted the cease fire terms and American troops returned home

PLO- 

Madeleine Albright- appointed by Clintoon to be the first woman secretary of state, dealt w/ peace negotiations in the Middle East to improving trade relations w/ china.championed women’s rights in developing countries.

involvement in Kosovo- Serbs and Albanians many of the Albanians wanted Kosovo separate from Serbia. Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic ordered a crackdown. Albanians then organized their own army to fight back. Clinton convinced European leaders that NATO should again use force to stop the fighting. 1999 NATO began bombing Serbia. Serbia pulled troops out of Kosovo.

involvement in Samalia-

impeachment hearings and trial

VP

Bush proposed much larger tac cuts than Gore, both promised to improve education, and suppport plans to help senior pay for prescription drugs.

~Bush promised to restore dignity to the White House Ralph Nader entered the race as a Green Party- with strong environmentalist views

Secretary of State- Hillary Clinton

Speaker of the House- Nancy Pelosi

2 Senetors from California- Barbra Boxer and Dianne Feinstien