Aim: reinforce monarchies

·         Discussed what a post Napoleonic empire would look like

·         Main leaders: Tsar Alexander I

·         Klemins von Metternich

·         Charles Maurice de Tallerand

·         The Congress of Vienna was convened in 1815 by the four European powers which had defeated Napoleon. The first goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic Empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers. The second goal was to prevent political revolutions, such as the French Revolution, and maintain the status quo.

·        On June 28, 1914, a young Serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in Sarajevo, Bosnia. Taking place against a backdrop of escalating tensions in the Balkans, the assassination set off a chain of events that would lead to the start of World War I barely one month later

one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

 countries of Europe colonized Africa

·         as a period of rapid colonization of the African continent by European powers.

·      Consequent to the political and economic rivalries among the European empires, in the last quarter of the 19th century, the partitioning of Africa was how the Europeans avoided warring amongst themselves over Africa and it was from 1875-1901

how do we respond to the negative changes in our society due to the industrial revolution?

·         Responses – INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

o   Factory acts, gas lamps, working hours, central park (to bring greenery), building sewers, elementaries.

Social Darwinism 

“White Man’s Burden” (1899)

·         Common phrase, racist sayings

·         The supposed or presumed responsibility of white people to govern and impart their culture to nonwhite people, often advanced as a justification for European colonialism.

Arthur de Gobineau

·         “The inequality of the races” book

o   talked about how race shaped the world

o   blood dictates how people behave

NATURE over Nuture

·         Otto von Bismarck Iiron chancellor) – 19^th century

o   A political philosophy that argues that achieving and maintaining power is more important than moral or ideological goals, especially but not exclusively, in foreign affairs

New Economic Policy (NEP) – (1921)

For Russia

·         State owns major industry and finances

·         Individual can own property and trade

·         Peasants can farm land for their own benefits

·         Leader – Nikolai Bukharin –

·         Declared by lenin

·         was introduced to replace the failed policy of WarCommunism. The NEP advanced with almost a capitalist approach to economic growth. Wages were paid in cash not kind and surplus staff were dismissed. Under War Communism, Lenin employed the communist belief that everybody had the right to a job and people were employed regardless of whether they were actually needed or not.

Joseph Stalin (1879 – 1953)

·         His rise is swift and unpredictable

·         Wasn’t popul ar or a front runner to be the leader

·         Got ride of major figures

·         Issued orders to get people who didn’t pay dues (collectivization)

·         Politburo – what governed the state

·         highly centralised command economy

Russian Civil War 

·         was a multi-party war in the former Russian Empire fought between the Bolshevik Red Army and the White Army, the loosely allied anti-Bolshevik forces. Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army, notably the Allied Forces and the pro-German armies.[4] The Red Army defeated the White Armed Forces of South Russia in Ukraine and the army led by Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia in 1919.

o   Bolsheviks wanted extreme reformes

·         The civil war occurred because after November 1917, many groups had formed that opposed Lenin’s Bolsheviks. These groups included monarchists, militarists, and, for a short time, foreign nations. Collectively, they were known as the Whites while the Bolsheviks were known as the Reds.

(July 19, 1870–May 10, 1871), war in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France. The war marked the end of French hegemony in continental Europe and resulted in the creation of a unified Germany.

brought about the end of the war between Russia and Germany in 1918.

·         marking Russia's exit from World War I.

April 20 1889 - 1945

·         Leader of Nazi Party

·         Feared communinism and bolshevism

·         Anti-semitism

·         Wanted to become an artist, but rejected from art school

·         Pan germanism – all german speakers should be united within a place

·         Ran the nazi part

·         While in prison wrote “mein kampf” – my struggle

·         Led the holocaust – a sacrifice consumed by fire (1941)

o   They called it “the final solution to the question of do Jews fit into society”

o   Over 40,000 killed

Hitler's invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, and World War II had begun.

Cold War

·         often dated from 1947 to 1991, was a sustained state of political and military tension between powers in the Western Bloc, dominated by the United States with NATO among its allies, and powers in the Eastern Bloc, dominated by the Soviet Union along with the Warsaw Pact.

Nuclear weapons