increased wealth, agricultural production, and population

went against Ming and Qing goals

confucian value

cornerstone of family values showing that society was hierarchical, patriarchal, and authoritarian

emperor to subject

husband to wife

older brother to younger bro

father to son

friend to friend

1. silk

2. porcelain

3. lacquerware

4. tea

immunity from being witnesses in legal proceedings

immunity from corporal punishment

exemption from labor services and taxes

imperial courts promoted confucianism but urban residents didnt have advanced education because they were merchants.

they were literate but preferred popular novels to intellectual writings

shogun = temporary ruler that sought to monopolize power

emperor = ultimate source of authority but in reality they were just the figure head

16th century Japan

"country at war"

tent government by shoguns

  Shogun, daimyo, samurai, peasans, artisans, merchants

Without war, samurai and daimyo became govt leaders causing them to lose their rank in society and fall into financial decline

Sunni Ottoman and Shiite Safavid

Ottomans didnt like Safavid because of their spread of twelver shiism propaganda

who used gunpowder?

Ottomans or Safavids

restored safavid empire from battle of chaldiran

increased use of gunpowder

leader of safavids during peak

Adham was a military commander of the mughal army that akbar defenestrated and killed

shows that akbar didnt like to be challenged

leader during height of mughal expansion

was not religiously tolerant - devout muslim

emperors believed it was personal possession

emperor owned all land and rented it out

emperors did as they pleased like the kanun by suleyman

succession problems

most mughal

least ottoman

1. enourmous size

2. productivity of the domestic indian company

3. mughal leaders concentrated on land and not maritime affairs

imposed jiza on dhimmi so that dhimmi could be autocratic

monopoly on education

involvement in everyday lives and legal affairs

high cost of maintaining an expensive miltary and administrative apparatus

expansion = profit

slow expansion = problem

wars were expensive causing mutinies

didnt want to fund new technologies

couldnt keep up with europe

thought they were better than europeans and didnt think they had anything to learn from them

only wanted gunpowder but werent interested in anything else

helped spread cluster of enlightenment ideas concerning freedom, equality, and popular sovereignty

consolidated nation states as the principal political organization

democratic vs republican govenments

aristocratic

democratic = all citizens participated in political affairs

republican = delegates represented various constituencies

aristocratic = rich people supervised affairs (placed with weak leadership)

said they associated with divine powers

china - mandate of heaven

england - divine right of kings

popular sovereignty

life liberty property

resented persecution of religious minorities and the censorship of royal officials

individual freedom man

equality guy

identified with simple working people and deeply resented privileges by elite

wrote the social contract

members of society are sovereign and without elite the general will of the people will carry throughout day

common birth

wanted to spread their ideas so they could climb social ranks

did not envision society where they would share poliical rights with women, slaves, children, coloreds, etc

7 years warwas expensive

taxes

no taxation without representation

war

french assembly that represented entire french population through groups known as estates

1-clergy

2-nobles

3-everyone else

this articulated social and political reform of france by national assembly

what were the three ideals

declaration of rights of man and the citizen

security, property, liberty

what were the three ideals of the declaration of rights of man and the citizen

what were the three ideals of national assembly

property, security, liberty

liberty, equality, fraternity

convention

legislative body that abolished monarchy

-instituted mass levy which drafted people and resources for war

-used guillotine to persecute traitors

jacobin radical that lead committee of public safety

known as incorruptible

church

closed them, made priests have wives, "cult of reason", changed calendar so there were no observed religious days, granted rights to women

conservatives under the directory

wanted a compromise between ancien regime and revolutionary actions

King with Estates General

Constitutional Monarchy with National Assembly

Convention after the Austria/Prussia war

Committee of Public Safety

Directory

Napoleon

1. french military school
2. army of king louis 16
3. general at 24
4. drove austrians out of italy
5. overthrew directory and named self consul after britain, austria, and russia planned to attack
6. became consul for life
7. became emperor

revised body of the civil law which helped stabilize french society

equalized all adult men

they can qualify for jobs and education based on talent not status

restores patriarchal authority in family

East - santo domingo - spain - dom rep

west - saint domingue - france - haiti

french colony of saint domingue and since france supported american rev, they sent gens de coleur to fight

they came back with enlightenment ideals

after napoleon sent troops and toussaint died in jail,

yellow fever helped

overthrow peninsulares and wanted political independence

not like france, not like haiti

republic

then southern regions declared own independence

- central american federation

then split into independent states

- guatamala, el salvador, honduras, nicaragua, costa rica

mexican priest who led most serious peasant rebellion and rallied indigenous people against colonial rule

creoles thought he was uprising against elite so he was persecuted

1821 when agustin de iturbide siezed capital and named himself emperor

he was a creole general

napoleon took portugal so the royal family went to brazil

king returned, leaving son pedro to govern

pedro led independence against portugal

venezuela, ecuador and columbia

bolivia and peru later

creoles

still left americas rigidified just with different rigidifiers

conservatism

said that society was a compact between ancestors, present gen, and descendants

radical change = anarchy

thought of american rev as good (try to restore native american history)

french rev = bad

freedom

destruction of the ancien regime

independence from franch rule and end slavery

independence from iberian rule and societies dominated by creole elites

spokesman for antislavery movement

philanthropist in english parliametn

praised german volk and language which enhanced colksgeist (Grimm brothers)

cultural nationalist who focused uniqueness of communities

 demand solidarity and loyalty from members of national group

establish nations to protect minorities and community from foreign rule

formed Young Italy that promoted independence from Austria and Spain

compared nation to family and boundary to home

inspired nationalism in ireland, switzerland, and hungary

great powers that destroyed napoleon

britain, austria, prussia, russia

expelled austrians from northern italy by teaming up with france

prime minister of sardenia and peidmont

Prussian prime minister who mastered realpolitik and reformed and expanded prussian army

provoked three wars, swelling german pride and prussian king named himself emperor of second reich