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| ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people he or she governs |
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| government in which a constitution or legislative body limits the monarch's powers |
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| a form of monarchical government established under a constitutional system which acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch as head of state. |
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| government in which the people hold ruling power |
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| system of government in which officials are chosen by the people |
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| everyone is under the law |
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| rules that govern human nature |
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| the right to protest against oppressive people or governments. |
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| Brought a new way of thinking about teh physical universe. many new scientific discoveries including the scientific method> (1500s-1800s) |
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| time period when people began to challenge the old ways. More and more, they saw the need for reform to achieve a just society. (occurred during middle ages 1700s-) |
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| advocated by Montesquieu. State is divided into branches and each branch has separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility;along with checks. |
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| restraining of different branches upon each other to ensure justice. |
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| agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos. |
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| member of a group of Enlightenment thinkers who tried to apply the methods of science to the improvement of society. |
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| an Enlightenment thinker who searched for natural laws to explain economics |
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| British economist who greatly admired the physiocrats.In his book The Wealth of the Nations he argued that the free market, the natural forces of supply and demand, should be allowed to operate and regulate business. |
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| allowing a business to operate with little or no government interference |
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| informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophers, and others exchanged ideas. (originated in 1600s) |
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| absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political and social change. |
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| the bloodless overthrow of James II by William and the Parliament |
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| enlightenment despot. used ideas from Voltaire and Diderot. mad limited reforms in law and government. intended to give up no power. Catherine's contribution to Russia was not reform but an expanded empire. |
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| most radical enlightenment despot. an eager student of the enlightenment. travelled in disguise to learn his subject's problems. chose talented middle-class officials rather than nobles to head departments and imposed a range of political and legal reforms. He granted religious toleration and ended censorship. abolished serfdom. |
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enlightenment despot- King of Prussia (1740-1786) exerted extremely tight control over his subjects. Saw himself as the "first servant of the state".
tolerated religious differences. reforms were directed mainly at making the Prussian government more efficient. reorganized the civil service and simplified laws. |
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| last of the monarchies of Britain. Overthrew James for the sake of Protestantism. |
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| advocated for criminal rights |
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| advocated for individual freedoms i.e. freedom of speech. |
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