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| He rose to become the top political leader of the Indian National Congress Party and its struggle for independence from Britain. After independence, he served as India’s first Prime Minister from 1947 until he died in May, 1964. Renowned orator |
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| Prime minister of the Republic of India for four terms. 1959 – 1960 President of Indian National Congress. Tough and shrewd political leader, only female prime minister of India |
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| 11th president of the Phillipines. As a strong adherent to non-violence and democracy, she was the first popularly and democratically-elected female president and head of state in Asia. She is best remembered for leading the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution, which toppled the authoritarian regime of the late strongman Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in the Philippines. |
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| Vietnamese Communist revolutionary and statesman who was prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). Minh led the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954. |
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| A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control |
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| a Korean communist politician who led North Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death. He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death. He was also the General Secretary of the Workers Party of Korea. He ruled the nation with autocratic power |
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| a Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist leader. He led the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, military strategies, and his brand of Communist policies are now collectively known as Maoism |
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| Movement Initiated in 1965 by Mao Zedong to restore his dominance over pragmatists; used mobs to ridicule Mao’s political rivals; campaign was called off in 1968. |
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| A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-Sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid 1920s ; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the communists after WW2 |
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| One of the more pragmatic least ideological of the major communist leaders of China; joined the party as a young man in the 1920s, survived the legendary long march and persecution during the cultural revolution of the 60s and emerged as China’s most influential leader in the early 80s. |
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| Cuban revolutionary; overthrew Dictator Fulgencio Baptista in 1958; initiated series of socialist reforms; came to depend almost exclusively on Soviet Union |
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| Moses: a Hebrew that was adopted by the Egyptian royal family; led the exodus of Hebrew people out of Egypt and across the Red Sea, where they settled around Mount Sinai; received the Ten Commandments from God; died before he reached Israel |
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| Torah: also known as the Pentateuch; first five books of the Christian Bible; the legal and religious founding texts of Judaism; authorship is accredited to Moses, who wrote these books by divine inspiration |
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| Buddha: real name was Siddhartha Gautama; name means “awakened one” or “the enlightened one”; a spiritual leader who founded Buddhism; reached enlightenment while sitting under a Bodhi, or pipal, tree; founded the “Four Noble Truths” and the “Eight Fold Path” |
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| Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism; themes are: reciprocity/virtue (jen), humanity, ritual, loyalty, filial piety, radiating harmony, arts of peace (wen), moral authority (te), the ideal gentleman (chun tzu), and rectification of names/ relationships (li) |
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| Paul: a Christian persecutor whose birth name was Saul until an encounter with Jesus Christ on the road to Damascus, when he became a Christian; thirteen books in the New Testament are attributed to him; |
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| Aztec: a member of the Nahuatl people who established an empire in Mexico that was overthrown by Cortes in 1519; the capital city was Tenochtilan (later became Mexico City), which was built on Lake Texcoco; famous for chinampas, or artificial islands made for agriculture; human sacrifice was an important part of the culture |
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| Maya: Classical culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed region |
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| [image]
: Sucessor state of Ghana; known for salt and gold trade; Mansa Musa, who made a pilgrimage to Mecca and moved the capital to Timbuktu, was its greatest king; Ibn Battuta was a Arab traveler who wrote a book about places he visited, his final journey was to Mali and Timbuktu |
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| Hinduism: a body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and based on a caste system; it is characterized by a belief in reincarnation, by a belief in a supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from earthly evils; believed in recarnation; important concepts are karma (the universal law of cause and effect), dharma (the rules of duty and society), samsara (cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth), and moksha (one with god) |
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| Dalai Lama: The traditional governmental ruler and highest priest of the dominant sect of Buddhism in Tibet and Mongolia, understood by Tibetans to be the living incarnation of the bodhisattva of compassion |
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| Mikhail Gorbachev: USSR premier after 1985; renewed attacks on Stalinism; urged reduction in nuclear armament; proclaimed policies of glasnost and perestroika |
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| (27 June 1793 – 27 July 1794), also known as The Terror was a period of violence that occurred for one year and one month after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between rival political factions, the Girondins and the Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of "enemies of the revolution." The guillotine ("National Razor") became the symbol of a string of executions. |
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| The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of European states held in Vienna from November, 1814 to June, 1815.[1] Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, and the creation of spheres of influence through which France, Austria, Russia and Britain brokered local and regional problems. The Congress of Vienna was a model for the League of Nations and United Nations due to its goal to constitute peace by all parties. |
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| Simón Bolívar (pronounced IPA: [.si.mon .bo.li.va.]) (July 24, 1783 – December 17, 1830) was a Venezuelan political leader. Together with José de San Martín, he played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from Spain. Simón Bolívar is regarded in Latin America as a hero, visionary, revolutionary and liberator. During his short life, he Bolivia, Colombia,Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Venezuela to independence and laid the foundations of Latin American ideology on democracy. |
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| Karl Heinrich Marx (May 5, 1818 – March 14, 1883) was a German[2] philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist,communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas are credited as the foundation of modern communism. Marx summarized his approach in the first line of chapter one of The Communist Manifesto, published in 1848: "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles." Marx argued that capitalism, like previous socioeconomic systems, would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its destruction.[3] Just as capitalism replaced feudalism, he believed socialism would, in its turn, replace capitalism, and lead to a stateless,classless society called pure communism. |
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| Ricardo and Malthus Ricardo agreed with Adam Smith about many of his theories concerning capitalism , but like Malthus, was one of history's great pessimists. He said that population will always increase, and will keep increasing faster (an exponential increase). He said that, on the other hand, food supply can only increase to a certain point, due to the amount of land available and other factors. So eventually people will starve, and hunger will persist. Still, he said that humanity would not go extinct from lack of food, because of periodic catastrophes, wars, and other problems. |
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| Adam Smith – (proponent of capitalism) Author of An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, more commonly called simply The Wealth of Nations. He set forth the theory of the invisible hand. What does this mean? It's related to supply and demand. The more of something there is (supply), the less people want it (demand). Manufacturers make less of it, the supply drops, and then people start wanting it (demand goes up). This causes manufacturers to make more of it until the supply gets too high and demand drops again. This, along with competition for prices, leads to the market regulating itself. There always tends to be about the right amount of something, and it's at about the right price, though it will fluctuate some. |
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| Suffragist the civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right. Suffragist movements throught history have included women’s suffrage (1920 in the US) and black suffrage, and includes the concept of universal suffrage, which is that right to vote is not restricted by race, gender, belief, wealth or social status. |
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| The Partition for Africa, also known as the Race for Africa, resulted in occupation and annexation of African territory by European powers during theNew Imperialism period, between the 1880s and the First World War in 1914. As a result of the heightened tension between European states in the last quarter of the 19th century, the partitioning of Africa may be seen as a way for the Europeans to eliminate the threat of a European-wide war over Africa.[1] Popular ideas in the 19th century also aided the partitioning of Africa. The ideas of Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution[citation needed], theeugenics movement and racism, all helped to foster European expansionist policy. |
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| Shaka (sometimes spelled Tshaka, Tchaka or Chaka; sometimes referred to as Shaka Zulu; full, traditional name of Shaka kaSenzangakhona; c. 1787 – c. 22 September, 1828) was the most influential leader of the Zulu Kingdom. |
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| Nicholas II was the last Tsar of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland.[2] His official title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias[3] and he is currently regarded as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer by the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church. Nicholas II ruled from 1894 until his abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powersof the world to an economic and military disaster. |
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| The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 |
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| The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of sepoys of the British East India Company's army on 10 May 1857, in the town of Meerut, and soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region.[3] The rebellion posed a considerable threat to Company power in that region,[4] and it was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858.[3] |
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| Charles Robert Darwin FRS (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist[I] who showed that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species.[1][2] The scientific community and much of the general public came to accept evolution as a fact in his lifetime,[3]but it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution.[4] In modified form, Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.[5][6] |
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| (think sex and Oedipus complex, ego, id, superego) Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic method of psychiatry.[1] Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and thedefense mechanism of repression, and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient, technically referred to as an "analysand", and a psychoanalyst. Freud is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, as well as for his therapeutic techniques, including the use of free association, his theory oftransference in the therapeutic relationship, and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires. |
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| Albert Einstein (e = mc^2) German - Swiss-American theoretical physicist, philosopher and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential and best known scientists and intellectuals of all time. He is often regarded as the father of modern physics. [3] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect." |
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| Asoka – Grandson of the Chandragupta Maurya; completed conquests of Indian subcontinent; converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religions throughout his empire (p. 61) |
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Humanism – Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages (p.371).
Human life is a worthwhile, interesting enterprise – not a stepping stone to the afterlife, make the most of life |
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| Florence – Was a cultural center during the renaissance. The rulers of the house of Medici, was a patron of the arts, literature, education and supported those such as da Vinci and Michelangelo. The political scientist and author Machiavelli lived in Florence and wrote for the Medici. |
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| True Rennaissance man. Was learned in many fields including painter, sculptor,architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer. He was regarded as one of the best painters of all time. He was also an inventor centuries ahead of his time. |
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| The official residence of the Pope in the Vatican City. The famous ceiling was painted by Michelangelo during the Renaissance. |
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| Erasmus of Rotterdam – 15th century Dutch priest, theologian and humanist. He has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists." He lived through the reformation and criticized contemporary Christian beliefs. His middle road approach disappointed and even angered many Protestants, such as Martin Luther, as well as conservative Catholics. |
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Martin Luther – German monk; initiate Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to door of Wittenberg church; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic Church; accepted state control of church (p. 372).
Believed in individual faith without church intercession, only faith could gain slavation; this revolutionary idea gained popularity and began to diminish the supreme power of the church. |
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| Niccolo Machiavelli – 16th century author of The Prince; emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of most influential authors of Italian Renaissance (p. 371). Political philosophy on ways to acquire and maintain throne – the leader should be both loved and feared, but it is better to be feared than loved, as those in fear are are likely to keep their word and less likely to revolt (avoid hatred though). The ends justify the means. One must APPEAR or SEEM to be merciful, faithful, humane, frank, religious. One should not actually be these as you many have to act against them |
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| Henry the Navigator – Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of western European expansion (p.333). |
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| Hernan Cortes – Led expedition of 600 to coast of Mexico in 1519; conquistador responsible for defeat of Aztec Empire; captured Tenochtitlan (p. 412). Making his way to Tenochtitlan he conquered tribes who then joined his forces. The emperor Montezuma was captured and killed. Cortes was perhaps though to be a returning god from folklore, hence his easy capture of the emperor. The destroyed Tenochtitlan later became Mexico City. |
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| Middle Passage - Slave voyage from Africa to the Americas (16th-18th century); generally a traumatic experience for black slaves; although it failed to strip Africans of their culture (p. 449). Long and torturous, many starved and died. Olaudah Equiano was a freed slave who wrote about his experience on the middle passage as part of the abolitionist movement. |
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| Mercantilism – Economic theory that stressed government’s promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe (p. 356). |
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| Taj Mahal – Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the mistress of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal (p. 477). Legend says it was planned to build a black mirror image as the mausoleum of Shah Jahan. |
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| Tokugawa Shogunate- founded in 1603 when Tokuawa Ieyasu was made shogunate by Japanese emperor; ended civil wars and brought political unity to Japan; Terakoya were commoner schools founded during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan to teach reading, writing, and the rudiments of Confucianism; resulted in high literacy rate, approaching 40 percent, of Japanese males. |
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| Elizabeth I- queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 4 March 1603 (about 44 years); Daughter of Henry XIII and Anne Boleyn, she got the crown after half-siblings Edward VI and Mary I; support the establishment of an English Protestant church; reign was known as the Elizabethan era, during which english drama flourished; never married. |
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| Louis XIV-French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy; known as Sun King; his reign began in 1643 which lasted until his death in 1715 (72 years – longest of any European monarch); believed in theory of the divine right of kings; sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France; led France successfully through 3 wars (the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession) |
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| war within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia. |
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| Peter the Great- also known as Peter I, ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from 1682 until his death in 1725 (42 years); son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth from absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of western European models. |
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| Nicholas Copernicus- Said that the geocentric view didn't explain the movement of sun and moon and planets, studied planetary movement for 25 years and developed heliocentric theory; wrote Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs. |
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| Isaac Newton- force/gravity governed motion of planets and all matter on earth in space; law of universal gravity; three laws on motions; optics; wrote Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, setting foundation for most of classical mechanics; was Master of the Royal mint |
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| Believed that humans are naturally selfish and wicked; humans must consent to hand over their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order; the ruler must keep total control; wrote Leviathan. |
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| John Locke- Believed that people are good and seek to learn and improve; people are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property; if they do not protect these rights, citizens have the right to overthrow the government; wrote Two Treatises on Government. |
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| Estates General- in France under the Ancient Regime, the Estates General was a legislative assembly of the different classes of French subjects; had 3 separate assemblies for each of the three estates; no real power, functioned only to distribute royal propaganda. |
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| Voltaire- Believed that religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; thought church and state should be separate institutions; wrote more than 70 books of political essays. |
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| Mary Wollstonecraft- Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women; best known for A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education. |
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| Oliver Cromwell- was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth; was later Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland; commanders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War; made an Independent style of Puritanism an essential part of his life; buried in Westminster Abbey, but when the Royalists returned to power his corpse was dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded. |
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| Spectrum of Political Opinion- |
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| Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev |
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| Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev[1] (April 15, 1894 – September 11, 1971) led the Soviet Union during the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev. |
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Jomo Kenyatta
• Leader of the nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya organized the KAU[Kenya African Union that was the leading nationalist party in Kenya that adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950s, failed to win concessions because of resistance of white settler; came to power only after suppression of the Mau Mau. |
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| • Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher rose to become one of the twentieth century's most powerful women and, after Winston Churchill, perhaps her country's most influential leader. Did business with Bush, Regan, Gorgashev. |
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| • One of the world's most esteemed and beloved political figures, Nelson Mandela has spent a lifetime fighting for the rights of black South Africans and oppressed people throughout the world. A political prisoner in his native South Africa for nearly twenty-seven years, Mandela became the human embodiment of the struggle against government-mandated discrimination |
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| With most of the anti-government leaders in South Africa injail or living outside the country in the 1980s, Desmond MpiloTutu rose from obscurity to spearhead the global campaign that brought an end to the country's racist policiesand police state in 1994. As the representative of Christianchurches in South Africa, he openly challenged the country'swhite supremacist rulers . |
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| Rwanda has received considerable international attention due to its 1994 genocide, in which an estimated 800,000 people were killed.[4]Since then the country has made a recovery and is now considered as a model for developing countries. In 2009 a CNN report labeled Rwanda as Africa's biggest success story, having achieved stability, economic growth (average income has tripled in the past ten years) and international integration.[5] |
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| Yasser Arafat (ياسر عرفات) or by his kunya Abu Ammar (أبو عمار), was a Palestinian leader and a Laureate of the Nobel Prize. He was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), President of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA),[3] and leader of the Fatah political party, which he founded in 1959.[4] Arafat spent much of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination. Originally opposed to Israel's existence, he modified his position in 1988 when he accepted UN Security Council Resolution 242. |
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| Menachem Begin (1913-1992) was active in the movement to establish an independent Jewish state in Palestine and in the early Israeli government. After serving many years in the Knesset, Begin became Israel's first non-Socialist prime minister in 1977. |
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| Ayatollah Khomeini After initial opposition and exile, Khomeini was declared political and religious leader for life of the newly created Islamic republic. Under Khomeini's rule, Islamic law was reinstated, women were required to be veiled in public, and opposition was suppressed. The Ayatollah also denounced the United States, the USSR (Soviet Union), and non-Muslim influences. His death in 1989 caused millions to mourn in the streets of Iran. All |
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Saddam Hussein President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003, Saddam Hussein (ruled that country with an iron fist. He is said to have caused the death of more than a million Iraqis during his years in power, some by torture and execution, some by mass killing, and others in war.
• He ascended to power through the ranks of the Ba'th Party, whose rule over the country began in 1968. Saddam gradually followed a careful plan to promote himself from the second place in the party and the government to the highest position within a decade.After his execution on 30 December 2006, Saddam Hussein went into history as one of the most oppressive tyrants in the history of Iraq, a country that has seen many such rulers. |
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| A middle eastern country, after it gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1961, the nation's oil industry saw unprecedented growth. In 1990, Kuwait was invaded and annexed by neighboring Iraq. The seven month-long Iraqi occupation came to an end after a direct military intervention by United States-led forces. Nearly 773 Kuwaiti oil wells were set ablaze by the retreating Iraqi army resulting in a major environmental and economic catastrophe.[6] Kuwait's infrastructure was badly damaged during the war and had to be rebuilt.[7] |
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| • Sandinistas members of a left-wing Nicaraguan political party, the Sandinist National Liberation Front (FSLN). In 1979 the Sandinistas launched an offensive from Costa Rica and Honduras that toppled Somoza. They established a junta that nationalized such industries as banking and mining, postponed elections, and moved steadily to the left, eventually espousing Marxist-Leninist positions. The Sandinista-dominated government was opposed by U.S.-supported guerrillas known as contras (see Nicaragua ). |
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| • The First Lady of Argentina, married to Juan Domingo Perón. Although she held no official government role during Perón's terms in office, Eva Perón became one of the most powerful political figures in the country and an influential ambassador for Argentina throughout the world. Welfare demonstrated her commitment to improving the lives of the poorest segments of Argentine society. Perón championed the cause of the "descamidados," (literally, "shirtless ones") in a number of ways. |
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