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| occurs when investors become optimistic in market and investment purchases rise |
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| Schenck v. United States (1919) |
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| Schenck distributed leaflets to recently drafted men to resist the draft. the 13th amendment prohibited "involuntary servitude" in the U.S.. Supreme Court ruled that this presented danger in time of war. limited his free speech |
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| Great depression on American social groups |
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| ON Mexican Americans, women, businessmen, migrant workers, children, families, farmers |
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| reasons that New Deal prolonged GD |
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| established anti-business environment that crippled our nation's economic recovery until World War II helped bring us out of our crisis. only stopped the bleeding |
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| reasons that New Deal didn't prolong GD |
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| halted economic declines by creating a limited welfare state that implemented stabilizers to avert another depression. |
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| took place during Harding's administration when one of his workers released oil reserves to 2 companies that bribed him with $360,000 |
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| Harding's free enterprise system |
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| private ownership and competition for profits. supply and demand determining prices. |
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| worked to end poverty by setting up programs to feed the hungry. brought industry leaders together to improve economic efficiency. didn't get America involved in Latin American affairs |
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| helped poverty and cut taxes, but lacked ability to benefit farmers and small businesses and bring peace to other nations |
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| for FDR's second election the Democratic Party gained a lot of seats in both the House and Senate |
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| policy of neutrality during WWII. developed lend-lease act so allies could "borrow" supplies and U.S. could remain neutral |
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| leader of Britain during WWII and Ally to U.S. Declared Atlantic Charter with Roosevelt (promised they wouldn't use war to expand their own territory) |
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| New President of U.S. during WWII; final defeater of Hitler. Creates Truman Doctrine and asks lawmakers for $400 million to provide Greece and Turkey with aid against communism |
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| senator of Wisconsin. launched a campaign against communism. Created McCarthyism. Caused people to live in fear of being subversive. |
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| a physicist who witnessed the test bomb that exploded in the New Mexico desert. saw the blinding flash of light, intense heat, and violent shock wave that the bomb produced. argued against using H-bomb as a military weapon, saying it would destroy civilian life |
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| U.S. diplomat who studied Stalin's speech and sent a long reply to U.S. secretary of state. said that Soviet Union must be contained within present borders--policy of containment |
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| sympathetic to Civil Rights movement. determined to uphold law as Brown intended; sent armed forces to protect black James Meredith at Old Miss |
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| attorney general who was sympathetic to CRM |
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| used method of nonviolence. inspired sit-ins and formation of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee |
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| one of the leaders of the CRM who used methods of violence |
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| refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white, which violated the law. |
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| 14-year old Chicago boy who spent summer with his uncle in Mississippi. A white man, whose wife he supposedly whistled at in a store took and brutally murdered him. |
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| secretary for NAACP who is murdered; takes 31 years to put murderer in prison |
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| Supreme Court Justice who worked for civil liberties; Warren court rulings |
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| Harrington's "Other America" |
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| raised awareness about conditions the poor faced. people only saw the good America up until this point, not the bad. |
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| laws legalizing racial segregation of blacks and whites that were enacted in Southern states beginning in the 1880s and enforced through the 1950s |
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| Brown v. Board of Education |
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| no segregation against African Americans in public schools (think doll study) |
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| landmark act that banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, national origin; most important civil rights law since Reconstruction |
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| period from 1953-1969 when Earl Warren served as Supreme Court Chief Justice and expanded civil rights and freedom of speech |
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| civil rights protests in which blacks and whites rode interstate buses together in 1961 to test whether southern states were complying with the Supreme Court ruling against segregation on interstate transport |
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| law that banned discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, sex |
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| made up of mostly Mexican-American migrant workers who wanted to improve conditions. joined a strike against grape growers to improve lives. led by Cesar Chavez. |
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| fought to prevent arrests of Indians who made up 70% of jail prisoners. took over Alcatraz and ordered government to found cultural and educational centers. government rejected but this drew attention to Indian rights and promoted reform |
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| Asians were model race. college students began "yellow power"--wanted compensation for suffering in internment camps |
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| disabled people didn't receive proper treatment. built ramps to make universities wheelchair accessible. ADA called for better public access for disabled and improved education for disabled children. |
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| Gray Panthers spoke out against unfair treatment of older Americans. Ageism--discrimination against people based on age. now laws prohibiting this |
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| restrictions on jobs, less pay, not treated equally |
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| Vietnamese communist who helped found the Viet Minh to oppose foreign occupation. The leader of the North communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam |
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| Communist insurgents in South Vietnam. (basically a group of South Vietnamese fighting a guerrilla war in the region). |
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| Leader of the South, noncommunist Republic of Vietnam |
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| opens gates for total involvement in Vietnam; creates Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
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| wanted to end the war with strategy of vietnamization. wanted to achieve peace with honor. |
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| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
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| Johnson desired Congressional support for heavy U.S. involvement. THEN attack of U.S. warship prompts response by the U.S. and we enter North Vietnamese waters. Gave administration continued legislative/financial support and justification for the war. |
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| Vietnam. North Vietnam and its communist allies against South Vietnam/United States. |
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| a major offensive in 1968 by Viet Cong and NVA soldiers that resulted in growing opposition of Americans to the war |
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| shootings that killed four protestors at Kent State University in 1970 by National Guard troops; led to increased antiwar protests |
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| jellied gasoline dropped from US planes during the Vietnam War as an incendiary bomb designed to burn forests and destroy enemy installations |
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| herbicide used by the US military in Vietnam to kill foliage in an effort to deny cover to the enemy |
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| massacre of hundreds of Vietnamese civilians in 1968; reports of the killings shocked Americans and increased opposition to the war |
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| President Richard Nixon's policy of having the government of South Vietnam gradually take over the conduct of the war, especially ground combat |
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| Nixon's "Peace with Honor" |
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| not quitting the war, but having a victory and creating peace |
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| through the domino theory, the fall of Vietnam would trigger the collapse of these two places and communism would spread here and beyond |
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| 1965. private right of married couples to have access to and use contraceptives. established legal precedent for right to privacy. |
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| 1973. right to abort fetus during first three months of pregnancy |
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| prohibits sex-based discrimination in wages |
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| CRA Title VII & IX-Civil Rights Act 1964/1972 |
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| prohibited discrimination based on a variety of distinctions including sex in educational programs that receive federal funding |
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| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. formed in 1960 by Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Venezuela. worldwide association of nations that depend on oil sales for national income; sets oil prices |
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| "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism". law passed by Congress in 2001 to loosen restrictions on intelligence gathering by US security and law enforcement agencies after the September 11 terrorist attacks |
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| first person to be president without being POTUS or VPOTUS first. appointed VP after Nixon’s VP resigned b/c he was linked to Watergate. Became President when Nixon resigned. |
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| democrat. idealist/outsider. peanus farmer. created Department of Education, Peacetime Draft, Department of Energy, Camp David Accord with Israel and Egypt, SALT II treaty with Soviet Union, energy crisis, hostage crisis |
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| 1979. Between Israel and Egypt. Treaty that normalized relations between Egypt and Israel and had Israeli troops removed from Sinai Peninsula |
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| book by Betty Friedan (1963). helped launch the feminist movement. |
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| prohibits sex-based discrimination in wages |
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| Iraq refused to pull its troops out of Kuwait, so Congress approved all necessary means against Iraq. air strikes and ground war began, and four days later Iraq agreed to cease-fire. |
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| Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. signed by Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev in 1987. eliminated nuclear and ground-launched ballistic missiles with intermediate ranges. |
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| Secret arrangement in 1980s to provide funds to the Nicaraguan contra rebels using the money gained by selling arms to Iran. This covered two initiatives: 1. to aid the contras in guerrilla fighting against the Nicaraguan government. 2. to persuade moderates in Iran to release American hostages |
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| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, formed in 1960 by Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela, a worldwide association of nations that depend on oil sales for their national income and that sets oil prices. |
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| provided tax cuts to businesses in hopes they would “trickle down” to the rest of society; cut debt by reducing welfare programs—education, welfare slashed |
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| (1979-1981)—52 people from U.S. Embassy held hostage for 444 days due to U.S. allowing Shah of Iran to be admitted to U.S. hospital after being driven from Iran by Iranian Revolution. Operation Eagle Claw to attempt to rescue hostages failed. Algiers Accords—prisoners are released day Regan takes office |
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| Weapons of Mass Destruction--chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons that can inflict extremely severe damage on a very large scale. |
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| The relaxation of Cold War tensions between the US and the Soviet Union and between the US and China that begun under President Nixon. |
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