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| between 1347 and 1352, from one-third to one-half of Europe’s population died from a virulent combination of bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plagues which was carried by the fleas of infected rats that traveled the caravan routes from central Asia. |
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| was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France and their various allies for control of the French throne |
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| 1412-1431, an illiterate but deeply religious girl who came to Charles VII who bore an incredible message of hope; claimed to have heard the voices of saints ordering her to save Orleans and have the dauphin crowned according to tradition at Reims |
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| a pictorial, literary, or musical representation, current esp in the Middle Ages, of a dance in which living people, in order of social precedence, are led off to their graves, by a personification of death Also called (French) danse macabre |
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| Any of a series of intermittent civil wars in the 15th century between the English royal houses of York and Lancaster and their supporters. The wars began in the 1450s and ended in victory for the Lancastrians in 1485 with the death of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field and the accession of Henry VII to the throne. |
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| a reform movement in the 14th, 15th and 16th century Roman Catholic Church which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Roman Church as corporation of Christians, embodied by a general church council, not with the pope. The movement emerged in response to the Avignon papacy[citation needed]; the popes were removed from Rome and subjected to pressures from the kings of France— and the ensuing schism that inspired the summoning of the Council of Pisa (1409), the Council of Constance (1414–1418) and the Council of Basel (1431–1449). The eventual victor in the conflict was the institution of the Papacy, confirmed by the condemnation of conciliarism at the Fifth Lateran Council, 1512-17. The final gesture however, the doctrine of Papal Infallibility, was not promulgated until the First Vatican Council of 1870 |
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| the period from 1309 to 1378 during which seven Popes resided in Avignon (modern-day France).[1] This arose from the conflict between the Papacy and the French crown |
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| the full or partial remission of temporal punishment[1] due for sins which have already been forgiven. The indulgence is granted by the Catholic Church after the sinner has confessed and received absolution.[2] The belief is that indulgences draw on the Treasure House of Merit accumulated by Christ's superabundantly meritorious sacrifice on the cross and the virtues and penances of the saints.[3] They are granted for specific good works and prayers.[3]; the sale of indulgences became a popular substitute for penance and confession |
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| an Oxford theologian who attacked the doctrinal and political bases of the church; taught that the value of the sacraments depended on the worthiness of the priest administering them, that Jesus was present in the Eucharist only in spirit, that indulgences were useless, and that salvation depended on divine predestination rather than individual merit; also attacked the Church’s right to wealth and luxury |
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| the division of Western Christendom; when Pope Gregory XI died the Italians were afraid another Frenchman would be elected and surrounded the church demanding an Italian pope, this terrified the cardinals and they elected an Italian, Urban VI; Urban attempted to reform the curia and insulted the cardinals until the cardinals left and insisted that Urban resign; he refused and they elected a Frenchman named Clement VII; the church now had two heads both with reasonable claim to office |
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| a revolt lead by Jacques Bonnehomme, a French peasant who was scared that him and other peasants would lose their modest gains of the previous ten years and rebelled against their landlords after the French government attempted to increase tax on the peasant class; without a responsible leader, the peasants ended up killing as many men women and children as they could and burned their homes and castles along with churches and priests murdered |
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| an effect of the French revolts; usually led by relatively prosperous peasants or townspeople whose economic situations were threatened by aristocratic attempts to turn back the clock to the period before the Black Death |
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| a depth cue that is related to both relative size and the next depth cue, texture gradient. In linear perspective parallel lines that recede into the distance appear to get closer together or converge. |
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| a body of philosophies and ethical perspectives that emphasize the value of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally place more importance on rational thought than on strict faith |
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| an independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as a part of another local government. A city-state can also be defined as a central city and its surrounding villages, which together follow the same law, have one form of government, and share languages, religious beliefs, and ways of life |
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| a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe |
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| the doctrine that all events have been willed by God. John Calvin interpreted biblical predestination to mean that God willed eternal damnation for some people and salvation for others |
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| people who practiced adult baptism, it was mainly used to tar religious opponents with the brush of extremism |
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| was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), which is sometimes considered a response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements: (1)Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration, (2)Religious orders, (3)Spiritual movements & (4)Political dimensions |
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| a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers; redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy |
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| A European war of 1618–48 that broke out between the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and some of his German Protestant states and developed into a struggle for continental hegemony with France, Sweden, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire as the major protagonists. It was ended by the Treaty of Westphalia |
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| Latin: by faith alone, also historically known as the doctrine of justification by faith alone, is a Christian theological doctrine that distinguishes most Protestant denominations from Catholicism, Eastern Christianity and some in the Restoration Movement. |
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| the series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church |
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| the doctrine that the Bible contains all knowledge necessary for salvation and holiness. Consequently, sola scriptura demands only those doctrines are to be admitted or confessed that are found directly within or indirectly by using valid logical deduction or valid deductive reasoning from scripture |
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| The Catholic League of France, sometimes referred to by contemporary (and modern) Roman Catholics as the Holy League, a major player in the French Wars of Religion, was formed by Duke Henry of Guise in 1576. |
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| Grant of tolerance to Protestants in France in 1598; granted only after lengthy civil war between Catholic and Protestant factions. |
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| A series of religious and political conflicts in France (1562–98) involving the Protestant Huguenots on one side and Catholic groups on the other. The wars were complicated by interventions from Spain, Rome, England, the Netherlands, and elsewhere, and were not brought to an end until the settlement of the Edict of Nantes |
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| Henry of Navarre. If he was to become King of France, he would have to become a Catholic King. He stated, “Paris is worth a mass”. Made his conversion in 1594 and was crowned Henry IV. He proclaimed the Edict of Nantes |
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| a French Calvinist of the 16th or 17th centuries. Members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the seventeenth centuries |
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| a number of catholic peers that joined with the Huguenots to protest the excess of the crown and the Guises. |
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| st. bartholomew's day massacre |
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| in august 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion; the day Margaret and henry of navaar were supposed to get married |
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| A European war of 1618–48 that broke out between the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and some of his German Protestant states and developed into a struggle for continental hegemony with France, Sweden, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire as the major protagonists. It was ended by the Treaty of Westphalia |
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| a frenzied round of feasts and parties that resulted in a disproportionate number of births nine months later. (It preceded lent). |
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| a device – normally a fence or hedge that surrounded an area- to keep a parcel of land separate from the planted strips of land owned by the villagers. |
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| a belief in hierarchy and a static society underlay European social thought. Europeans were divided between nobles and commoners. Town elites and gentry occupied a social space between lord and commoners. Social change transformed European society at both the top and bottom. Economic and social change created tensions that were expressed in peasant revolts such as the German Peasant’s war. |
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| a pure form of royal government. Absolute monarchy revived the divine right theories of kingship and added to them a cult of the personality of the ruler. |
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| a theory that held that the institution of monarchy had been created by God and the monarch functioned as God’s representative on earth. |
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| an aristocratic rebellion that began in 1648 was more directly a challenge to the underlying authority of the state. |
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| the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689) |
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| in 1653 he dissolved the rump and became the leader of the revolutionary government. |
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| demanding thoroughgoing church reforms. |
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| Descartes’s philosophy that rested on the dual existence of matter and mind. Matter was the material world, which was subject to the incontrovertible laws of mathematics. |
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| the opening of a new era in European history. A new science that was materialistic and mathematical |
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| How did the black death change the social structure of europe? |
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| It changed the social structure because it was the “golden age of the worker” because people could say how much they deserved because there were so little workers; middle class were able to name their own price; priceline of the middle ages; there were now three classes: nobles, middle class/merchants and peasants |
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| What was the Avignon Papacy and how did it affect the balance of power in Europe? |
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| This is an era when people were gaining more power than the Pope, country was consolidating and were becoming nation-states and became more established; church had less of a say than the king |
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| How did humanism influence the renaissance? |
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| artwork (art changed from being dark and became more colorful, less focused on religion, linear perspective was introduced) , architecture (new techniques, went from gothic back to Romanesque architecture), literature (changed the literature from latin and greek to local language so they could read and understand it) and music |
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| What was Martin Luther protesting and why? |
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| Protesting mainly indulgences; put up the 95 theses on the church door |
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| How did the Roman Catholic church act or react to the reformation? |
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They reacted with the counter reformation. They got rid of indulgences. The Counter-Reformation- was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War (1648), which is sometimes considered a response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort composed of four major elements:
1. Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration
2. Religious orders
3. Spiritual movements
4. Political dimensions |
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| happened to religion in France after the Reformation and what conflict was the result? |
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| Huganhones (Calvinists) (bourbons) vs. catholics (guises) and the conflict which was the result was that the queen catherine medici wanted her daughter margaret to marry henry of navaar (bourbon) and after they got married to create unity and peace, the catholics (guises)attacked and murdered the huganhoes which escalated to st. barthelmow’s day massacure which was supposed to happen on their wedding day in august 1572 |
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