-Subjectivity exists in science (bias) Paradigms govern science, contain beliefs (theories) and methods (empirical).

-Unusual finidings (disrupting preconceived paradigms) demand shifts leading to scientific revolution

-Heisenbergs Uncertainty principal = "Nothing can be known with certainty in science".

-Put limits on absolutism

-Says science is a cycle, flowing from inductive to deductive periods

-Schema/Empiric approach

-power of one individuals scientific contribution vs Zeitgeist 

-Ideas shifting to a direction on its own. If one individual didn't, someone else would have come to the conclusion on their own due to the thought of the times.

-Klipic thinks history is more naturalistic than personalistic

Widely accepted viewpoint of researchers at any time

-Mind causes all behavior (mental and physical) to occur

-Behavior learned from subjective/cognitive/emotional events

-Mind determines what body does (Free will)

Active mind

-Body causes behavior to occur

-behavior learned from genes/environment/culture

-quantifiable/measurable

-Passive mind

Behavior is determined, but affects results when trying to measure it

events not caused by prior events

-S.S. Stevens view

-deductive (theoretical) periods lead to inductive (empirical) periods, where unusual findings lead to deductive periods (theoretical change

Do the mind and body exist? what is the mind, where is the body, and are the mind & body separate or the same?

Belief that only the mind or body exist, but not both (singular reality)

a.) Materialism- only body exists

b.) Idealism- Only mind exists (body is figment of imagination)

Both Mind and Body exist, Mental event is an artifact of awareness of the bodily process

-Therefore the body is the sole determiner of behavior both physical and mental

(B-->M)

-Both mind and body exist and they influence each other reciprocally

(B <---> M)

Both mind and body exist, are inseparable from each other and both influenced by mental and physical events

(E--->MB)

Neither the mind nor body influences each other, but are similarly linked to the environment

(E-->M)(E-->B)

both mind and body exist independently, but appear interrelated due to the influence of an external agent (e.g. fate)

(EA-->M) (EA-->B)

Contrast Greek science with modern science focusing on what they have in common as well as where they differ.

Greek Science—Dogmatic based on authority figures. Based on the people who were able to reason out the mysteries of the universe.  Not a lot of experiments could be done, so if you had good reason, you were in power.  Believed in more dogmatism and followed whatever the head mind of the time believed.

Modern Science—Data stands by itself.  Tries to explain the mysteries of the universe, but they are more powerful when backed with data rather than theory and reason.  More theoretical research.

-Skinner- so much power given- have we truly disowned dogmatic science?

BOTH— Both are data driven yet data was interpreted differently.  Tried to explain the universe and what controls things.  Both have a recognition that you cannot trust your senses.  Uses sensory information.

What benefit can you derive from a detailed study of the history of psychology?

-Gain perspective (we appreciate subject matter of modern psychology)

-Gain deeper understanding (understanding of importance)

-Recognition of fads and trends and avoid history of mistakes

-Begin to see how the things we are committed to now have huge issues yet have been around for many years and they will not get resolved.  How you fit in the big picture of psychology and understand the future by knowing the past of psychology. 

-How the study of philosophy and physiology can interrelate and help explain how human nature occurs and where it was derived from.  Helps prevent from reinventing the wheel, others failures can give ideas on how to fix things.

a. patterns of the past

How do the concepts of presentism, personalistic approaches and zeitgeist relate to the study of history? 

Presentism relates to the study of history because it uses our contemporary knowledge and methods to explain events in the past.

-interpreting and evaluating historical events with contemporary knowledge

Personalistic approaches deal with how the people of the time came into power of their certain type of knowledge

-acknowledging the finding to the mind and creativeness of the person vs. the zeitgeitst  

Zeitgeist deals with what the culmination of the people were doing at the time.  Spirit of the times in regard to science and intellectual endeavors.