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| Meaning: Anointed. Established in 2nd Samuel 7 with the Davidic Covenant which notes that the messiah will be a future Davidic king who will be anointed with holy oil and rule forever. Persian Emperor Cyrus is another notable messiah. In Isaiah, he explains that he was sent by God to help the exiles. |
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| Total destruction. In Joshua, it is claimed that the city of Jericho along with all of Canaan came under herem. This genocidal claim is refuted by archaeological evidence and the Book of Judges. In the 5th century BCE, Egypt is in control of Canaan, no Biblical sites are destroyed, and the Amarna letters of the 14th century do not mention the Israelites. A 13th century conquest is more plausible, as it is post-Amarna and there is evidence of destruction in Canaan around this time. However, Jericho was not occupied during the 13th century, the large walled city had been destroyed hundreds of years earlier. Another destroyed city, Hazor, was found to have not been invaded but collapsed due to a popular revolt. |
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| The recognition of the existence of other gods, but only worshipping one. From its polytheistic Canaanite roots, Israelite religion developed from polytheism headed by Yahweh to the Biblically encouraged monolatry, which eventually morphed into monotheism. |
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| Primary function of judges in Book of Judges was to wage battles |
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| Court prophet in 2nd Samuel. God tells Nathan that he does not want David to build Him a house, tells him that he is going to back David a house/family dynasty. After death of Amnon and Absalom, surviving eldest Adonijah is backed by Joab, Solomon is backed by his mother Bathsheba and Nathan. |
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| 9th century stele by King Mesha of Moab noting that the Omri Dynasty ruled over Moab because their god Kemosh was mad. Also describes his building projects. Potentially mentions house of David and asserts the power of the Omrides. |
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| Late text, likely Post-Exilic (late Hebrew language). Tackles identity questions, reviews previous traditions. Contents include a prose prologue, poetic center, and a prose epilogue. It focuses upon Job, an extremely righteous, prosperous man tested by God because Ha-Satan noted that Job has no reason to not praise God. He says that because Job is prosperous, he does not love God hinnam, without cause or quid pro quo. Unstable text as multiple conclusions can be drawn from this. Is disinterested service towards God possible or even ideal? |
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| The challenger. Questions Job's faith due to his prosperity. Not the Satan of Christian tradition. |
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| Noah gets drunk, Ham sees him naked in his tent, and Noah goes on a diatribe about Canaan being cursed to serve his brothers. Establishing a "us vs. them" mentality amongst Bible readers, despite the evidence that Israelites were in fact Canaanites. Ham is Canaan's father. |
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| Only believing in one God. Despite the conventional view of Judeo-Christian tradition, the Israelite religion began as an offshoot of the thoroughly polytheistic Canaanite pantheon. |
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| Land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (means "land between the rivers"), also known as the "cradle of civilization" and the "fertile crescent." Saw various empires come to power, including Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian powers. |
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| Deuteronomy 25: 5-10: When one brother dies childless, the surviving brother must marry the widow in order to produce a child in order to carry on the lineage of the dead. |
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| King of the Moabites around the 9th century BCE. Ousted the Omrides, either during Ahab's reign or following his death. |
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| Baal or Yahweh sits at the head. Points to the lack of monotheism in ancient Israel. Psalm 82 mentions God "firing" the other gods. |
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| Correspondence between Egypt and Canaanite vassls in the 14th century. Do not mention Israel. |
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| Shalmaneser III (Monolith) |
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| Tells the story of Hazael, king of Aram, who drove out the Northern Kingdom from his homeland in the 9th century. First time the House of David is mentioned in the Bible. |
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| Without cause: Does Job love God hinnam since he is rich? Should he have to? |
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| Syro-Ephraimitic Alliance |
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| Documentary Hypothesis (characteristics of J, P, and D) |
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| Near Eastern head gods. El was a father god. Baal was his successor, a weather God, who was worshipped in Canaan as well. |
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| Second Temple/Persian Period |
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| Minor Prophet of doom, wife cheated on him |
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| Israel splits into the Northern Kingdom of Israel and the Southern Kingdom of Judah. Egypt subsequently invades Canaan. Jerusalem is captured because Solomon's son, Rehoboam, is wimpy. |
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| Babylon is conquered by Persia and Emperor Cyrus allows the exiles to return to their homeland. |
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| Kingdom of Judah sacked by Babylon. Its elites are brought into exile. |
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| King Josiah enacts many reforms. This is the year in which he discovers the Book of Law in the temple. Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings are written. |
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| Northern Kingdom conquered by Assyrians. Never reclaimed identity. Sacked because of Syro-Ephraimitic Alliance with Aram against Assyria. Believed that only a minority were deported following the sack. |
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| David begins reigning over a United Israel. |
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Biblical date for Exodus. No evidence: places mentioned in Exodus didn’t exist, 14th century Amarna Letters didn’t mention any Israelites, no destruction in Canaan that could correspond to the Israelites attacking them, Egypt controls Canaan.
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In Israel, villages are being built. Theory: Israelites are immigrants or Hyksos who leave Egypt, Israelites were Hykso who gradually trickle out around 1200. Merneptah Inscription and first extra-Biblical mention of Isarel, victory march through Canaan, beat Israel, people think that Merneptah happened before 1207 BCE
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