Term
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Definition
| Created a moral philosophy and believed that humans are inherently good and moral and learned to be immoral. |
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Term
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Definition
| "The Way", nature, natural, causality. One must withdraw from society in the effort to perfect oneself. |
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Term
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Definition
| Introduced the idea that truth is entirely subjective. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Believed that correct knowledge was preexisting and it only needs to be discovered through a process of reasoning.
2. Human mental life has three components: reason, desire, and spirit but only reason survives after death.
3. He also believed in extreme censorship so that citizens weren't exposed to things that compromised their moral fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
1. He thought that Plato's reason(humans), desire(animals), and spirit(plants) were different levels of being alive.
2.Knowledge isn't preexisting but is learned through sensory impressions (observations before theory).
3. "Katharisin" (Catharsis) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Islamic philosopher
2. Implied that self is a primary idea possibly even for a fetus. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Islamic philosopher
2. Truth is derived from reason, not faith.
3. Humans share a collective intellect that survives death as well as individual intellect. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Father of "modern" philosophy, a rationalist
2. "I think, therefore I am." So the mind is separate from the body (Cartesian dualism). |
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Term
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Definition
1. Rationalist
2. Three basic emotions: joy, sorrow, and desire and all other emotional states are combinations of these three.
3. If you understand the cause of an emotion, you could eliminate its power over you. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our perceptions are made up of many tiny perceptions that we are not conscious of, which could be the first appearance of the notion of unconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
1. British Empiricist
2. The mind's contents begin with sensory impressions, and more complex ideas are formed out of our interconnected sensory impressions. (Making him the first associationist) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Empiricist "The mind is furnished with ideas by experience alone."
2. The mind of an infant is a tabula rasa.
3. Ideas of sensation and ideas of reflection |
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Term
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Definition
| Created by Locke. These ideas are the direct product of sensory experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created by Locke. These ideas are produced by interior mental processes, reasoning, believing, imagining, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Locke believed that these were qualities that can objectively be said to exist in an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| Locke believed that these are the subjective qualities of an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| As described by the Empiricists, complex ideas are built out of simple ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Empiricist "To be is to be perceived." We cannot claim to differentiate between inherent qualities of an object and perceived qualities.
2. If we aren't perceiving something it doesn't exist, but God is perceiving us all the time so we always exist.
3. Early theory of vision - we learn to judge distance via trial and error. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Empiricist
2. We cannot determine cause and effect from observation because we cannot know that one phenomenon causes another only that they consistently appear to happen together.
3. The awareness of thought proves thought exists but does not prove that "I" exists because thinking merely creates a subjective illusion of the consistency of "I". |
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Term
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Definition
1. German Idealist
2. Believed that you can't create a science of psychology because mental processes have no physical form and therefore cannot be subjected to any kind of measurement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inadvertently discovered some form of hypnotic induction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Introduced the idea of localization of brain functions, however he also created the pseudoscience of "phrenology". |
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Term
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Definition
| The psychological discipline which attempts to quantify the relationship between physical stimuli and the subjective experience of them. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Psychophysicist
2. Introduced the idea of a Just Noticeable Difference (JND). |
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Term
| Just Noticeable Difference (JND) |
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Definition
| Refers to the smallest perceptible difference between two sensations. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Psychophysicist and constitutes the beginnings of formal experimental psychology.
2. Devised two ways to measure sensations quantitatively which further developed Weber's idea about JND. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Fechner, the point at which a stimulus first becomes strong enough to be discernable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Fechner, the minimum amount of change in the strength of a stimulus that would be needed to trigger a change in perception. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Fechner, subjects adjust a variable stimulus until it feels the same as a constant reference stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Fechner, the subject is given two stimuli that start out the same and then one stimulus is strengthened or weakened until the subject can discern an accurate difference between the two. |
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Term
| Method of Constant Stimuli |
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Definition
| Developed by Fechner, the subject is exposed to one stimuli, and then a second, and asked to judge whether they are greater, stronger, or the same. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Fechner but based off of Weber's JND, The change in sensation is relative to the quantity of stimulus that already exists. |
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Term
| Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (3) |
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Definition
1. Psychophysicist
2. Offered a comprehensive theory of color vision, which helped to advance the understanding of sensation.
3. Measured nerve impulses and introduced the technique of reaction time to physiology. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Voluntarism
2. Established the first experimental psychology lab and journal.
3. Believed consciousness actively organized its own contents.
4. Thought that feelings were on three dimensions: pleasure-displeasure, tension-relaxation, and excitement-depression. (Tridimensional Theory of Feelings) |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Wundt, the simplest sensory and emotional experience without any involvement of higher processes. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Structuralist
2. Brought experimental psychology to the US and selectively translated Wundt's work. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Functionalist
2. Believed the study of psychology should be the study of living people as they adapt to their environment.
3. The function of consciousness is to aid survival.
4. Suggested that physiological responses associated with emotions cause those emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Opposed structuralism
2. Believed consciousness exists to produce the appropriate behavior in the appropriate context to enable survival. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Functionalist
2. Believed functionalism was the study of mental operations, rather than mental elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Included assessment, organizational psychology, school psychology, and forensic psychology. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses on the environmental stimuli that appear to promote behavior and the resulting behavioral responses. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Behaviorist
2. Did experiments with cats and "puzzle boxes" which led to what we now call trial and error learning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created by Thorndike, the more times a situation and effect occur together the stronger the association between them becomes and the longer they cease to occur together the weaker the association becomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created by Thorndike, related to the law of exercise, not only the exact stimulus which produces the effect is associated, but also those immediately preceding and following the effect. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Behaviorist
2. Discovered classical conditioning while doing experiments with dogs and digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli that inherently produce a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responses to unconditioned stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimuli that are not originally associated with any particular behavioral response, but which becomes associated with an unconditioned stimuli through repeated co-occurrence and eventually evoke the same response as the unconditioned stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| The behavioral response to the conditioned stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of strengthening the association between the conditioned stimuli and the unconditioned stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gradual weakening of the associated stimuli when the reinforcement process has ceased. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which a conditioned response begins to appear in response to stimuli that are similar to, but not exactly like the original conditioned stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of reinforcing generalizations up to a certain point, but not past that point, over time the generalization of stimuli can be controlled. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Behaviorist
2. Believed that humans started as blank slates and that everything is a socially conditioned response.
3. Did experiments with children to show that human infants have very few unconditioned responses to very few unconditioned stimuli, and that all other responses are socially conditioned. (Little Albert experiments) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Behaviorist
2. Used what she called direct conditioning to reverse a child's fear of previously unfeared stimuli. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Behaviorist
2. Believed that almost all behaviors could be successfully manipulated with sufficient management of its reinforcement contingencies.
3. Did experiments with pigeons where he rewarded them for performing desired tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Skinner, behaviors in which an organism acts on the environment to change it in some way changing the stimuli it is subjected to. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Watson and Pavlov, a stimulus is presented to an organism and its reaction is observed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Skinner, refers to any contingency that causes a behavior to recur with greater frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Skinner, refers to any contingency that makes a behavior less likely to occur. |
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Term
| Positive (in terms of reinforcement or punishment) |
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Definition
| Developed by Skinner, a stimulus is added to the contingency. |
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Term
| Negative (in terms of reinforcement or punishment) |
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Definition
| Developed by Skinner, stimuli are reduced or withdrawn by the contingency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Skinner, a reinforcer is given each time the behavior is elicited. Very effective in creating conditioned responses but the responses fade quickly when the reinforcer disappears. |
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Term
| Variable/Intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| The desired behavior only sometimes elicits the desired response. This takes longer to create conditioned responses but the responses are harder to extinguish. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Behaviorist (more an unintentional critic of behaviorism)
2. Introduced the concepts of modeling and vicarious learning in his social cognitive theory.
3. Also developed idea of self efficacy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Bandura, adopting of behavior through the imitation of others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Bandura, experiencing the emotional reinforcement conditions of observed others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sense of ones ability to deal adequately with life's hardships. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Behaviorist
2. Introduced the constructs of internal and external locus of control, the idea that our beliefs about the amount of control we have over our lives significantly impact the effectiveness of conditioning and reinforcement contingencies. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Behaviorist
2. Used behavioral ideas to cause counter conditioning or pairing a conditioned stimulus for an undesired conditioned response with a stimulus that produces an incompatible response (phobias).
3. This was what would become systematic desensitization. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Psychoanalyst
2. Discovered the "talking cure" while working with Anna O. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Psychoanalyst
2. Proposed the structural and topographical models of the mind, defense mechanisms, the life and death instincts, free association, dream interpretation, and transference. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, a model of personality consisting of the id, ego, and superego. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, this is intended to compliment the structural model and consists of the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the most primitive and least accessible part of the personality, it harbors the sexual and aggressive instincts, and contains the "libido". It also pursues instant gratification without regard to the constraints of the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, it is the basic energy of all psychical processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the id pursues pleasure and avoids pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, a type of thinking that produces images of instant wish-fulfillment in the absence of real world gratification in an attempt to reduce tension. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, it negotiates between the demands of the id and the limitations of the external world. It embodies rationality and pragmatism and operates on the basis of the Reality Principle. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, postponing gratification of the id instincts until there is an appropriate and safe object through which the tension can be alleviated. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the practical realistic thinking done by the ego. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, it is a kind of internalized parental voice formed early in childhood in response to rules and reinforcements provided by parents and other caretakers. The superego punishes through guilt and encompasses perfectionism, morality, conscience, and the concern for operating within the rules of civilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, they are unconscious distortions of the exterior reality, used by the ego to alleviate anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, these instincts, also called "thanatos", are reflections of an unconscious desire to cease to exist as a conscious entity. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, this instinct, also called "eros", deal with survival, reproduction, and pleasure. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, when a patient says whatever comes into their mind as soon as it occurs, which will eventually reveal the hidden contents of the unconscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud believed that the unconscious reveals itself through dreams, more specifically through latent content. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, these are the literal images found in dreams. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, these are the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and feelings that give rise to the manifest content in dreams. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, this occurs when patients begin to displace feelings about key people in their lives onto the therapist. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Psychoanalyst
2. Believed that humans possessed an inherent striving for superiority or a need to pursue fulfillment of one's own development along lines unique to the individual.
3. He also believed humans develop inferiority complexes around parts of themselves they feel to be inadequate and respond to this sense of inferiority with compensation to overcorrect weaknesses. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Psychoanalyst
2. Developed a concept of the mind with the components of ego and persona, personal unconscious and collective unconscious, and the complexes based on archetypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Jung, the self-observing part of the conscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Jung, is that which you present as yourself to the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Jung, this unconscious contains memories repressed from one's own life experience, primarily from early life. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Jung, this unconscious contains the instinctual wisdom of the human species, perceived in the symbolic form of the archetypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Jung, this is both a primordial image of a common facet of human existence and the differentiated unconscious principle which that image represents. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Jung, these are found in the personal unconscious, and is a group of ideas gathered around a single nuclear idea and bonded by a common feeling tone; a semi-independent entity that can operate outside the control of the ego. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Psychoanalyst
2. Most of the taxonomy of Freudian defense mechanisms are really her work and this work formed the initial basis of Ego Psychology. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasizes working with the client through the ego to a greater extent by interpreting their use of defenses. Counter-transference was enriched by ego psychologists. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person reduces anxiety by disavowing the reality of a threatening situation or traumatic event. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person redirects their libidinal energies from a threatening or unobtainable object to one which is safe and available. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person ascribes their own frightening or disturbing impulse to someone else. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person reinterprets the anxiety causing phenomena to make it less threatening or disturbing. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person acts out the opposite behavior to that suggested by the impulse which is causing anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person who regresses, retreats mentally into an earlier stage of development when life was less anxiety provoking. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person totally removes anxiety causing material from consciousness, and confines it to unconsciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| A person redirects libidinal energy from an anxiety provoking activity towards a socially acceptable activity. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Psychoanalyst
2. Suggested that drives were directed towards objects and relationships.
3. She also saw fantasy as an inherent process focused on relationships with others. |
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Term
| Paranoid-Schizoid position |
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Definition
| Developed by Klein, its characterized by the interpretation of the world though good and bad part objects and occurs mainly within the first three months of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Klein, it is an internalization of a single physical or psychological aspect of another person, rather than a realistic conception of the other person in their entirety. |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed by Klein, this position begins to occur around 4 or 5 months old, and is characterized by the child gradually coming to realize that the good and bad objects are aspects of the same external person. |
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Term
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Definition
| A belief in a system of internal relationships with mental representations of others, "objects". |
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Term
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Definition
1. Object Relations Theorist
2. He believed that the self is totally formed out of material that is taken in from external others in the course of relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Object Relations Theorist
2. Emphasized the importance of early environment and mothering in the creation of the self.
3. "Good enough mother" |
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Term
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Definition
| Considers relationships to be more important than innate drives in personality formation, sense of self key in personality formation, and minor trauma is necessary for healthy personality development. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Created Self Psychology
2. Believed narcissism was a normal component of personality and that problematic narcissism was the result of severe trauma before early childhood development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Encompasses philosophical movements that emphasize the personal worth of the individual, preeminence of human values, and the creative, spontaneous and active nature of human beings, and the capacity to overcome hardships and despair. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Humanistic
2. Self-Actualization - Humans greatest need is to actively use all their qualities and abilities towards fulfilling their potential for individual personal development.
3. Hierarchy of Needs |
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Term
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Definition
1. Physiological survival needs
2. Safety needs
3. The need for love and belonging
4. The need for esteem, the positive regard of others and oneself
5. The need for self-actualization |
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Term
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Definition
1. Developed Person Centered Psychotherapy
2. Self-actualization could be helped or hindered by childhood experiences.
3. Unconditional Positive Regard |
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Term
| Existential Psychotherapy |
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Definition
| Philosophical systems which emphasize the human individual's freedom and independence as a thinking being, and thus as a being who has total freedom of choice and complete responsibility for the consequences of his/her actions. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Gestalt Therapist
2. Believed that each individual is capable of assuming full personal responsibility for his/her own thoughts, feelings, and actions and by doing so can become able to live as an integrated whole. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Developed Logotherapy
2. Believed that the primary motive force in human life is the need to find meaning in experience. Problematic psychological states arise out of the "existential vacuum", the hole which is left when meaning is absent. |
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Term
| Three researchers/theorists that developed Gestalt Psychology |
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Definition
| Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler |
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Term
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Definition
| Parts that are close together in time or space appear to belong together and tend to be perceived together. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is a tendency for perception to follow a particular direction, to connect elements in a way which makes them seem continuous or to flow in a particular direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is a tendency in our perception to complete incomplete figures. |
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Term
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Definition
| There is a tendency to organize perceptions into which is an object being focused on and a background against which it appears. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Developed Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) or (REBT)
2. Believed that false, illogical beliefs created depression and anxiety and led to self-defeating behavior and the therapists job was to confront these illogical beliefs.
3. Formulated the ABC's of RET (Activating Events, maladaptive Beliefs, and the Consequential emotional reaction) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Developed Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
2. Very similar to RET, however he used the Socratic method to help client interpret situation on their own rather than using direct confrontation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aspires to embrace the ephemerality, fragmentation, discontinuity and chaos of contemporary life. Rejects the scientific method. |
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Term
| Examples of Postmodernism Psychology |
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Definition
| Social Constructionism and Narrative Therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggests that a particular racial/ethnocultural group needs psychology by and for its own people such as Afrocentric Psychology. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acknowledge power differentials inherent in the therapeutic relationship and strive to make it more egalitarian. |
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