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- ruled Northern Italy
- society consisted of wealthy overlords, aristocratic priests, and a slave labor force made up of conquered peoples
- wealthy overlords enslaved these peoples to provide themselves with comforts, and aristrocratic priests sacrificed prisoners of war or forced them to duel to their death to appease angry gods
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- the new wealthy class who had come into power under Etruscan rule
- Once the Etruscan rulers were driven out, the patricians declared Rome a republic
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- a community in which the people elect their own leaders
- the patricians organized Rome's government into executive and legislative branches
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- most of Rome's inhabitants fell into this class
- these were: wealthy nonaristrocratic townspeople and landowners as well as merchants, shopkeepers, small farmers, and laborers
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- Both plebeians and patricians had the right to vote and responsibilites such as paying taxes and serving in the military
- ***However, plebeians COULD NOT hold public office like patricians could
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- two patrician officials who were elected for one-year terms
- they had to consult each other before acting
- either consul could veto the other's decisions
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- a leader whose word was law
- dictator could over-rule consuls
- dictators only temporarily appointed in times of crisis
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Term
| How did plebeians improve their political and social standing? |
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Definition
- plebeians resented their lack of power in the new republic because they knew the patricians could not maintain the republic without them
- the plebeians refused to fight in the Roman army unless the patricians met their demands for change
- the patricians recognized the plebians' chosen representatives (tribunes) and granted them legal protections and the right to veto government decisions
- patricians also recognized Assembly of Tribes, body of plebeians who elected the tribunes
- enslavement for debt was ended and marriage between patricians and plebeians was allowed
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- most significant plebeian victory was the creation of a written law code
- Roman law was mostly based on unwritten traditions that patrician judges used to favor their class
- Plebeians wanted laws to be applied fairly and insisted that laws be written down so they were not unfairly interpreted to benefit patrician class
- laws engraved on 12 bronze tables in Forum for all to see
- established principle that all free citizens had a right to the law's protection
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- Early Romans worshipped nature spirits
- Romans were influenced heavily by Greek culture
- They borrowed Greek dieties and gave them Roman names and Greek characteristics or looks
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- family was the basic unit of Roman society
- households were large- they included all unmarried children, married sons and their families, all dependent relatives, and household slaves
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father was absolute head of household
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he conducted religious ceremonies, controlled property, supervised education of sons
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he also had power to sell family members into slavery, or kill them
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felt deep sense of responsibility for welfare of all family members
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- Roman wives acted as hostesses for parties, did marketing, and ran households with little to no interference
- Some women did aquire their own property and business
- wealthy women, with slaves to do work, could study Greek literature, arts, and fashions
- lower-class women spent their time doing household tasks and in family-run shops
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- parents taught children reading, writing, and moral standards
- boys trained by fathers to be farmers and soldiers
- mothers taught daughters how to run households
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Thrift, discipline, self-sacrifice, and devotion to the family and republic- these were traditional Roman values of both the rich and poor
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