early 1500s

France

reinvaded Italy 1512, chased out 1513

succeeded by cousin Francis I who was much more successful

early 1500s

much more successful than Louis XII

1515 won Battle at Marignano

1516 Concordat of Bologna - kings had right to appoint priests

early 1500s

1526 gets tired of PM Wolsey, makes Church of England, divorces Catherine, marries Anne, plus four more wives one of whom gives him son Edward VI

early 1500s Hapsburgs

inherited a lot of land, Emperor in 1519. fought losing battle against protestants and ottomans most of his life. 

1555 divided his land among son Philip II and brother Ferdinand.

1555 Ferdinand makes Peace of Augsburg in HRE, Philip II makes peace with France - but they were only truces

mid 1500s to early 1600s

helped guide Francis II, then Charles IX 

Coligny (Huguenot) convinces Charles to go to war with Spain so Catherine sets up marriage between her daughter and Henry of Navarre, then massacres Coligny and Huguenot guests at St. Bart's Massacre 1572

late 1500s

Henry III (Catherine's gay son) assassinated so Henry of Navarre becomes Henry IV and decides to become Catholic

1598 Edict of Nantes - tolerance to Protestants in France

mid 1500s to early 1600s

queen in her own right in England

tolerated by English Presbyterians, but English Catholics wanted to kill her

mid to late 1500s

sent Duke of Alva to crush opposition of Catholic nobles in SLC's, he tried to levy tax and they revolted led by William of Orange. hoped they would go away but didn't.

1588 Spanish Armada 

1588 - Philip II

Henry III assassinates Catholic leader, Philip sends huge navy to invade England and pick up Farnese and troops. couldn't figure out how to pick them up, storm came and wiped fleet out. kind of Philip's end.

"mr. Catholic"

Signed 12 Year Truce w/ Dutch Republic

"the terrible"

mid to late 1500s

controlled nobles

his death led to "time of troubles"

early 1600s

mom Marie de Medici

deals with trouble between nobles of the sword and new nobles of the robe (bourgeoise)

Cardinal Richelieu PM 

ends up with "relatively absolute" monarchy

opposition too disunited to fight against it.

James I

Charles I 

early 1600s

tried to rule without parliament but revolt in Scotland led them to force to call Short and Long Parliament, led to English Civil War.

lower class vs. higher class, problem was military leader Cromwell sympathetic for lower class and executed Charles I

1618-1648

Philip III out to conquer Dutch Rep. and Emperor Ferdinand II out to control HRE. both want to reestablish Catholicism and destroy Protestantism.

1618 defenestration of prague, Frederick V offered throne, Ferdinand chases him out.

Philip resumes war against Dutch.

1629 Ferdinand feels he has enough power to establish Edict of Restitution

Richelieu then feels he needs to stop Ferdinand, brings France into war, which turns the tables BUT means that Richelieu cannot get everything achieved that he wanted in France.

1648 Treaty of Westphalia - marked final failure to unite HRE. marked final faillure to reunite religion of Europe by force.  Hapsburgs had to concede independence to Swiss and Dutch. left spain and hapsburgs pooped

late 1600s-early 1700s

"Mr. Absolutism" or "Sun King"

-the fronde showed him a monarchy was necessary

-Cardinal Mazarin PM even though he didnt believe in them, made a peace with Spain

-Mazarin dies, Louis begins personal reign, shows absolutism - no pm but meets with council, keeps old institutions but with new rules, held splendid court, doubled royal income

-1667-8 War of devolution - wanted SLCs, had right over Carlos II because of the Law of Devolution

- 1672-8 Dutch War - still wants SLCs

-1685: high point BUT getting old and faced with league of augsburg and alliance of England and Dutch

-1688 Nine Years War 

-War of Spanish Succession

1688 - Louis XIV attacks HRE thinking it would dissolve League of Augsburg and stop Will of Orange from invading England but doesn't work, Will does, kicks out James I, Glorious Revolution 1688 - becomes William III and Mary, accepted bill of rights = accepting limited monarchy.

Louis gets bogged down in HRE, loses a lot of money, war ends with a tie for Louis.

England late 1600s - early 1700s

tries to advance Catholicism

Has a son -> Protestants ask William of Orange for help 

early 1700s (1701-1714)

Carlos II dies and leaves everything to Louis XIV's heirs.

Louis puts heir on throne, everyone gets pissed.

Louis supporting Spain vs. eng/dutch/leopold/german princes

1701: initial successes for Louis

1704: French defeated at Battle of Bleinheim, English take Gilbatrar

French and English grow tired of war

1714: Charles VI succeeds Joseph, all make peace with Treaties of Utrect and Rastatt 1713-14 - maintained stability, Philip V kept Spain, English Gilbatrar, Charles VI SLC's. 

Erasmus (Praise of Folly) and Thomas More (Utopia)

early 1500s

want to cleanse church and go back to the ethical message of Jesus in the Bible

Martin Luther

early 1500s

justification by faith, real presence, 1517: 95 Theses, Bible is straightforward.

condemned by Charles V at Diet of Worms but protected by Frederick the Wise

Ulrich Zwingli

early 1500s

predestination, symbolic presence, Bible has room for interpretation

made Luther furious

John Calvin in France

mid 1500s

Agreed with Zwingli on predestination and symbolic presence

chased out of France, sets up city church in Switzerland

Calvinists disrupt Catholic states and vice versa

mid 1500s

Pope Paul III sets up Council at Trent to establish Catholic doctrines to point out they're different than Protestant ones

1534: Ignatius de Loyola creates Society of Jesus AKA Jesuits based on military discipline and duty to pope.

Jesuits engage in disruption of Calvinist states and vice versa.

early 1500s

Heliocentric theory - we revolve around the sun, the solar system doesn't revolve around us

"on the revoution of heavenly spheres" released after death

Great Restoration 

late 1500s-early 1600s

told man that they should just put facts together, not try to create systems - it's the only way to make sense of the world.

early 1600s

intellectuals break through old preconceptions and establish "certainty"

Galileo and Kepler both suggest that Copernicus was right, math is key, nature of world is mathematical.

Scientific Revolution early 1600s

theory of inertia - there is a vacuum, things either stay still or move in circles.  

constructed telescope and saw craters on moon, 2 moons of jupiter, sunspots.

concluded that universe has more than 1 center of motion, moon and son material, theory of intertia.

Scientific Revolution

early 1600s

suggested that planets move in ellipses and covered equal area in equal time

mid1600s (1637-1670)

intellectuals begin to combine new maths with philosophy, with philosophy basis for a reconstruction of knowledge

mid 1600s

Discourse on Method

began with doubt, concluded that he and a perfect God both exist - cogito ergo sum, I think therefore I am.

man's mind is free and world is machine. 

mid 1600s

Leviathan - suggested a state of nature where man is in state of war, so man creates a social contract and put themselves under control of a state (leviathan); if they revolt, they will trigger chaos again

1670-85 late 1600s

intellectuals think its possible to reconcile old religion and new science

late 1600s

combines Hobbes' theory about state of nature/social contract with Bible to justify divine right of kings

French Classicism late 1600s

felt that Descartes fit perectly with Revelation and tried to become new Thomas Aquinas.

Said we see things best by deduction because our soul is the way to God while our senses deceive us.

late 1600s - triumph of science and reason

tabula raza

empiricism - all knowledge comes from senses

would have been ignored if it wasn't for Newton

John Locke

all knowledge comes from senses

late 1600s - triumph of science and reason

Gravity - all bodies attract each other

Principia

If man is tabula raza, he is perfectible. 

Empirical method allows continual discovery of new physical and moral laws

Rationalism - reason can understand world and control apssions

Idea of PROGRESS invented

God created world and man can understand it

late 1400s

Tudor

did not spend money

NNSM

did not participate in any wars

tore down nobles castles

1648

Ended 30 Years War

Richelieu had brought in Swedish king Gustavus Adolphos and stopped Emperor Ferdinand in HRE

Marks final failure to reunite Europe's religion by force, marks final failure to unite HRE, Ferdinand has to concede independence to Switzerland and Dutch

14th century

Father of humanism

Italian scholar

admired/dreamed of ancient times, pined for girl named Laura

wrote about how he wants to take back all of his earthly pleasure

Believed that with close transition of classics, he could get a better feeling of classic morality

1350-1500

Not really a renaissance - not many good things

pop and econ decline, sociial tensions

Late Scholasticism

Humanism

early 1000s

Constantinople c. 1000 high point

Balanced bureaucrats

Caesaropapism - strong control over Christian Church, infulnced election of Patriarch, persecuted heretics, converted nearby people

1071 Byzantine Empire

Romanus IV vs. Seljuk Turks led by Alp Arslan

Romanus was getting worred about Michael Dukas growing up so he tried to take army into Asia Minor, got captured, Byz. Empire threatened with disintegration

early 1000s 

ruler of HRE

Papalocaesarism - Church was affected by decentralization and feudalization -> reform sparked -> College of CArdinals created to elect pope -> led to conflict between Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII

Gregory = reform pope

Both wanted to control College of Cardinals that elected the pope

Henry thought he could use the church to get more power for himself

Gregory VII excomm'd Henry in 1076 for not behaving and not releasing his subjects from their obedience to him.

Gregory had three arguments he should run it - argument from Scripture, Tradition, and common sense. 

Worked until Henry came back and kicked Gregory out.

1095

Pope Urban II told people if they went they got one yeras indulgences for their sins

Knights went, took Jerusalem and set up feudal kingdoms

Kept popes on top of kings and emperors

married Eleanor of Aquitaine

went on Second (tourist) Crusade 1145

divorced Eleanor, who remarried and gave Aquitaine to husband Henry II of England

mid 1100s

got Acquitaine from Eleanor

got his friend Thomas Becket to be Archbishop of Canterbury, then was forced to do penance by the pope.

late 1100s

HREmperor

Biggest threat to papacy

married son to Norman heriess of So. Italy, Pope Alexander III got No. Italy to revolt against Emperor and defeated him.

1187 sent on Third Crusade where he drowned

1187

Richard the Lionhearted, Philip of Augustus and Frederick Barbarossa

Barbarossa drowned, Richard couldn't take Jerusalem, Crusade failed

late 1100s-early 1200s

reached peak of papal power

Organized Fourth Crusade

Transubstantiation - only the Church had key to transubstantiation, in mass priests transformed bread and wine into body and blood

Innocent's Compromise - The Medicant Orders - integrated pro-poverty movments into church by approving two orders of medicants: the Franciscans and hte Dominicans - so the Church had a majestic and poor side

1202

organized by Pope Innocent III

took Constantinople instead of Jerusalem

1000-1252

Christian princes reconquering Iberian Peninsula from Moslems

Also set themselves up in Constantinople

king of France in 1226

dream king for the pope

Controlled most of France, very humble

Barbarossa's grandson and pope's worst nightmere

HREmperor 1220

said he would go on Crusade but didn't until pope excomm'd him - so finally went on Sixth Crusade and recovered Jerusalem peacefully

High Middle Ages 1216-1314

modern = man ok, life can be beautiful, looks success pleasure security PROGRESS

medieval = man sinful, life miserable, looks success pleasure don't last, true happiness is in next world

modern source for truth = scientific findings

medieval source for truth = truth is mystery and comes from God through revalation

Plato - ideas are real, matter is an illusion

Aristotle - matter is real, everything follows its own nature

People mixed these two and got Platistolte

Scholasticism v Mutakallism

double truth v double means

Revelation v. Reason:

Scholasticism v. Mutakallism

early 1100s

Scholasticism = Peter Abelard = reason and revelation are reconcilable; made everything seem more reasonable and less mysterious

Mutakallism = Al Ghazzali = they aren't reconcilable; made things mysterious but less sensible

Revelation v. Reason:

double truth and double means

mid 1100s Ibn Rushd "double truth" in Islam - smart people could understand things like Aristotle did, dumb people should stick to the Koran

mid 1200s Thomas Aquinas "double means" - Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles - revelation is the highest, reason not so high, but they don't contradict each other if you figure it out with the scientific method

mid 1200s

double means

Summa Theologica and Summa Contra Gentiles

revelation is higher than reason but they do not contradict if you figure it out with the scientific method

Plato

Aristotle

Peter Abelard

Al Ghazzali

Ibn Rushd

Thomas Aquinas

1348 Bubonic plague

dropped population to 52 mil by 1415

Rich and famous still trying to idealize "good old days"

Church falls apart, Estates turned against kings, councils turned against popes, heresies revived

1328 House of Capet fails to produce heir

Philip VI of Valois snags it but Edward III of England thought he had a better claim

France: John II gets captured by Edward III's son, 1360 signs Treaty of Bretigny which gave England Calais and SW France

1399 Henry of Lancaster leads revolt in England and takes crown as Henry IV

early 1300s: Pope Clement V moves papacy to Avignon in So. France, succeeded eventually by Gregory XI.

Gregory XI dies, Romans force cardinals to elect Italian Pope Urban, Cardinals elave town and elect French Pope Clement VII.  they erxcomm each other and create great schism - two separate lines of popes.

Lost control of pop, heresies popped up (john Wyclif and John Hus)

Church tried to fix problem, add third pope instaed

1415 Council of Constance - deposed all 3 pospes and elected single Pope Martin V

1415

ended great schism, deposed all 3 popes, elected single pope Martin V

Late 1300s-early 1400s

Henry V of England starts conquering France (Charles VI of Valois)

English wins at Agincourt

Both died in 1422, left Charles' illegit son charles the Duaphin who held half of France; Henry's son becomes Henry VI who held the other half of France and his armies were attacking Orleans

Joan of Arc came to Charles, said I have a direct pipeline to God, relieves the city and leads reconquest of France. captured by Englsih and burned

Dauphin becomes Charles VII, retakes Paris 1437

End of war leaves France and England exhausted

early 1400s

comes to Charles the Dauphin during 2nd phase of hundred years war, says I have a direct pipeline to god, relieves Orleans from attack by England, leads reconquest of France, captured by English and burned

no nonsense strong men

late 1400s

set up new courts of justice, preferred dynastic alliances to war, undermined Estates and parliaments

France: Louis XI - collected taille without Estates' approval, defeated and took Burgundy

England: Henry VII - cheap and saved $$, didn't call parliament, avoided wars and crusades

Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella - inquisition, 1492 send Columbus to find converst and trades, took Granada back

14th to 16th century

practice of capturing young Christian bos and putting htem in Ottoman army

associated w/ Ottoman expansion and military success after Constantinople falls in 1453

1555

After Charles V's death his son takes over and creates this within the HRE - says that the religion of the prince is the religion of the territory

1415

Spain loses, high point of English success

Peace: Charles VI (France) marries daughter to Henry V of England, declares son illegit, gives Henry northern France and declares him successor

Ignatious de Loyola

Society of Jesus

1400s

emerged as a direct response to the Protestants

based on military discipline and submission to pope

took part in disruption of Calvinist states

dutch noble

fought off French in SLCs during Dutch War

becomes William III and accept bill of rights in 1688 to make limited monarchy in England