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Definition
Who- Greek Philosopher
What- Focused on external symptoms and background of patients, used 5 senses for observation
Where- Ancient Greece
When- ca: 400 BCE
Why- observed sickness, one of first to record symptoms, had focus on externalities, no knowledge of what's going on inside the body, SICK = UNBALANCED. |
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Who- Rhode Island Physician
What- recorded observations/symptoms of yellow fever
Where- Rhode Island, USA
When- 1803
Why- had hypothesis of gases coming from ocean and soil, humid temperatures, and disease coming from external => good observations. Yellow Fever comes from mosquitos so good ideas. Also one of the first to record possibilities of treatment such as herbs and blood letting. |
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Definition
Who- Jenner
What- disease caused by virus that attacks mother cells in the body, spread by respiratory
Where- New world (urbanization), Europe+Africa (globalization w/ traders and columbus)
When- became lethal from 1550-1650
Why- disease that causes rash, skin discoloration, scarring, breakdown of skin surfaces, infections, (humans = reservoir), became serious world endemic, eventual innoculation. |
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Definition
who- first done by Lady Mary Montague (before = turks in Istanbul)
what- deliberate spreading of smallpox to influence strong immunity
where- England (nobility)
when- 1721- became most popular post 1730
why- first effective method to prevent disease, decreased smallpox fatality to 1-2%, led to the discovery of the vaccine: controversy: able to spread virus, possible death. |
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Definition
who- american practitioner
what- used ether to extract superficial tumor on patient successfully
where- Georgia
when- 1842
why- private discovery of ether success |
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Definition
who-
what- used ether to successfully remove tumor
where- Massachussetts General Hospital
when- 1846
why- proved that needed to use pure ether for successful anasthetic surgery. led to rapid spread of information. 1) simple idea. 2) widely used substance 3) immediate effectiveness. |
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Term
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Definition
who- started by gas "folics", University students, and chemists
what- familiarity with drugs, med training, travelling med shows who's point was to sell medicine
where- US
when- 1840's and 1850's
why- helped get spread and experimented with use of anesthesia |
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Term
| Childbed Fever (Puerpural Fever) |
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Definition
who- infected/killed mothers giving birth
what- infection of placenta, disease killed moms giving birth, lifelong pain and swelling in the abdomen
where- Vienna hospitals
when- 1852-1862, outbreak in 1840's
why- disease caused by unsanitary infection and micro-organisms/bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
what- mostly amputations and sewings/setting bones; needed strength and speed.
when- 1830's
why- no medicine to ease pain, sepsis became a problem; never went to cranal, thoracic, and abdominal cavities; caused many deaths. |
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Definition
who- problem to all patients
what- infection; caused by dirty hands and tools, airborne infection, city conditions, autopsies and cadavers, human/medical waste, no gloves/masks.
where- surgery and hospitals
when- 1830's-
why- set limits on what surgeons can do |
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Definition
who- English Chemist
what- introduced NO2 (laughing gas) as anesthetic
where- England
when- 1795
why- trying to make breakthrough in decreased pain during surgery. |
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Definition
who- English chemist
what- used ether as a form of anesthetic=> claimed it left him in depressed state.
where- England
when- 1795-early 1800's
why- trying to make breakthrough in decreased pain during surgery. |
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Definition
who-American Chemist
what- used N2O for tooth extraction
where- NY
when-1842
why- private discovery of N2O success |
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Definition
Who- French chemist
what- germ theory- link between micro-organisms and disease. worked with alcohol industry (fermnetation) gained recognition. found away to stop sickness from teh consumption of wine and milk (pasteurization)
where- Paris
when- 1840's-1850's
why- discovered infection came from bacterial micro-organisms, produced theory that boiling water killed off germs and that micro-organisms cause broad class of infection/disease. |
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Definition
Who- english scientist/surgeon
what- anti-sepsis (anti-infection) worked with compound fractures, discovered that sepsis came from air and micro-organisms (atmospheric germs). publish lancet in 1867
where- London, Scotland
when- 1850's
why- led to the prevention of sepsis using carbolic acid on open wounds with tinfoil and rags => fewer mortalities. |
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Term
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Definition
who-med students and doctors; ex: st. george's, st. bartholemew's, westminster
what- hospitals that consisted of thousands of patients , different wards for different diseases. students and doctors did hands on work. see more do more.
where- paris france
when- 18th century- 1700's
why- provided environment for med students to see stages of different diseases and different infections of certain patients (age, sex, nutrition, disease) |
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Definition
who- english scientist
what- smallpox vaccination- after observing the immunity of a dairy milkmaid to cow pox
where- gloucestire, england
when- 1798 (publication and rapid spread)
why- provided immunity to smallpox through vaccination |
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Definition
who- French scientist
what- found/created the first stethoscope with rolled up papaer to hear the inside of the chest and lungs. listening for respiratory system, circulation, and voice.
where- Paris Hospitals, France
when- 1818
why- led to discovery of auscultation- new meanings of disease in which doctors no longer only study external traits, interrogtation of body to visualize internal disease, find location and imagine 3d concept of body. |
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Definition
who- German scientist
what- theory of cells, use of microscopes, cells produce cells, cellular pathology, first to identify Leukemia
when- 1858
where- Berlin, Prussia and Wurzburg (exiled)
why- closer look at cellular activity, influenced use of microscopes and more instruments to implement into a LAB setting. |
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Definition
who- italian professor
what- pathological anatomy of brain, heart, lungs, => over 700 autopsies
where- padua , italy
when- 1761
why- found that organs are the seats of disease and changed ideas to study anatomy (3D images) |
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Definition
who-French scientist/statistician
what- statistics in therapy
where- France
when- 1830
why- need of statistics to recognize use of numbers in therapeutical procedure. carried on famous study of blood letting. Evidence-based medicine |
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Definition
who- austro-hungarian pathologist
what- pathology and studied autopsies
where- vienna (austro-hungarian empire)
when- 1850's +
why- set autopsy protocol for future scientists |
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Term
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Definition
Who: studied by Rokitanksy, Virchow
What: study of diseases => microscopic/cellular level to observe state of diseases
Where: Europe initially
When: 1800s +
Why: provided logical explanation of cells/tissue activitiy/disease activity |
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Definition
who- influenced mainly by Virchow's work, move from clinics
what- use of facilities, instruments, protocols, chemicals, and work stations
where- everywhere (Europe)
when- 1850's +
why- led to new kinds of doctors, had aim to teach scientific reasoning of diseases, etc with ability to learn skills with instruments. |
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Term
| Schwann + The Cell Theory |
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Definition
who: German physiologist
what: wrote a book about cell theory- every cell consists of a nucleus and cell membrane, observed thin tissue sections
where: Neuss, Germany
when: mid 19th century- 1850's +
why: provided visual and logical explantion of Bichat's tissue theory. determined that cells => tissues => organs. CELL THEORY. |
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Definition
who- French doctor
what- was published about tissue theory- heart is not a homogenous organ, it is an organ but composed of tissues.
where- paris hospitals, france
when- 1790's published
why- changed viewpoint of morgagni, showed that diff parts of the heart can be diseased, not all heart problems are heart disease. Recognized 22 major kinds of heart tissues. Not what organ is diseased but what TISSUE. |
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Definition
who- help founded by snow
what- urban disease, H2O based from tiver/ground => attacks intestinal tract
where- picked up by British in Ganges Delta, India; then to Europe and North America
when? mid 1850's especially 1854-55 (snow's work)
why: symptoms- decreased oxygen, repeated diarrhea, convulsions, headaches. best habitat: human intestine |
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who- young english doctor
what- traced outbreak of cholera back to London water pump, reaffirmed that it was a water born disease, hit the poor because of weakened conditions, also proves hypothesis with 2 water companies
where- london, england
when- most work in 1850's
why- helped reccommend public heath changes after discovering origin of cholera and discovered it was a water born disease. |
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Definition
who- help founded by Budd
what- intestinal disease spread by H2O and food, virus buries in intestinal walls
where- N. America, E. Europe, SE Asia, causes lesions, risk of infection depends on number of bacilli ingested.
when- 1830's to early 1840's
why- symptoms: prolonged fever, maltaise, abdominal pain, dillusional, affected over 15 million, appeared in endemic form, could make people carriers (if attacks gallstones) |
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Definition
who- English physician and epidemiologist
what- had thyhoid fever, studied disease
where- london, edinburgh, and paris
when- 1841
why- found that disease had specificity, was contagious but only by contaminated water and food, and possible of self amplification |
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Term
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Definition
who- Herman Brehmer-1863
what- regimen/ medical facility specialized in encouraging exercise and good nutrition to help avoid TB, thyphoid etc, and other intestinal diseases
where-modern day Poland
when- 1850's +
why- made known the importance of a good immune system and helped influence more cures to diseases. |
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Definition
what- found surgical records in hieratic (from 1600 BCE Egypt), published book in 1930
when- 1930
why- discovered 1st legitimate surgical records known to man |
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who- scottish surgeon
what-apprentice in war and hospitals, studied process of inflammation, innoculated himself with Syphilis.
where- St. George's, UK
when- 1768 (St. George's)
why- discovered inflammation consisted of pain, redness, swelling, and heat. |
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Definition
who- Austrian physician
what- percussion
where- vienna hospitals
when- 1761
why- percussion leads to different sounds of different organs, 3D perspective of body. Helped lead to discovery of stethoscope => aural way to SEE 3D images of body. |
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who- French scientist
what- location of heart
where- France
when- late 1700's early 1800's
why- could tell how big heart was and location => emphasized use of 5 senses to make observations |
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who- French physician
what- did over 900 autopsies to study TB and founded lesions and tubercles that looked like millet seeds which caused lesions to breakdown tissues and cause holes in lungs.
where- paris hospitals
when- 1810
why-reshape understanding of disease that it's a disease characterized by constant presence of tubercles and lesions in lungs. |
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Term
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Definition
who- French physician
what- did over 900 autopsies to study TB and founded lesions and tubercles that looked like millet seeds which caused lesions to breakdown tissues and cause holes in lungs.
where- paris hospitals
when- 1810
why-reshape understanding of disease that it's a disease characterized by constant presence of tubercles and lesions in lungs. |
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