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| Means 'Jews of the State'. This is what french jews called themselves, meaning they were well assimilated/acculturated into French life. |
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| SS Officer who was put in charge of setting up a branch of the SS in France's northern Zone, called the Judenreferat. |
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| French war hero and also nazi collaborator. His survival strategy was to cooperate with the Germans. He was Vice President of Vichy regime. |
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| A Jewish unit of the SS, meant to deal with Jewish problems in northern zone. Set up by Theodore Danneker. |
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| Highly anti-semitic leader of the Vichy Regime in France. He organized the CGJF. |
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| General Commisariat for Jewish Affairs (CGJF) |
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| Government agency to supervise the jews. The counterpart to the Judenreferat in the North. Main goal was just to figure out where all of the Jews were residing and keep track of them. Organized by Xavier Vallat |
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| General Union of French Israelites (UGIF)- |
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| Wanted to acculturate Ostjuden as quickly as possible into French life, after the Refugee Crisis, which is where there was a big influx of Ostjuden into France. |
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| General in the French Army. He was in charge of a group that wrote a petition to Vichy France about the new anti-jewish measures, which infuriated him. BUT, his outrage at these laws was because he was French, more than because he was a Jew. He could not believe that the French government would act in such an uncharacteristic manner to its own Frenchmen... even if they were Jews. |
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| In charge of the UGIF, and wanted to help acculturate Jews as quickly as possible. |
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| The belief that individuals/groups who were culturally/ethnically associated with one territory were being imporperly governed as part of another state. Thousands of people were left in an Irridentist state after WWI when most of the map of Europe was re-drawn. |
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| Facist Prime Minister of Hungary. He didn't like how upper-class Jews were helping out lower-class Jews. As a facist, he didn't agree with the violence and radicalism of Facism. He just wanted to re-build the hungarian economy, national pride, and eventually re-gain territory. He liked Mussolini more than Hitler. |
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| A Facist who founded The Arrow Cross |
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| Hungarian version of the Nazi party, that tried to model itself off Nazi tactics and strategies. |
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| Hungarian prime Minister from an old aristocratic Hungarian family who was friends with Horthy. Contemplated the idea that since some Jews were native Hungarians, maybe we shouldn't descriminate against them. But he was also responsible for some anti-sem legislation, so he is sort of a flawed hero. |
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| Prime minister of Hungary, on the non-facist far right. Along with Horthy, wanted to revive pre-war Hungary. The two main groups who opposed him were Facists and Irridentists.Most people in his country didn't agree with him. |
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| Large Hungarian forced-labor camp for jews |
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| Name for the June 1941 operation where Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, even though he had signed the non-agression pact with them. Big turning point in the war. |
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| - A document that explained the goals of Operation Barbarossa. The three main goals were: 1.) Lebenstraum (living space) 2.) Enslaving the entire slavic race in this area and re-populating that land with Germanic People 3.) Starve the urban population, and give their good to new German settlers. (Note- no mention of Jews in this document). |
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| imaginary line connecting two western soviet cities, one in the north and one in the south. Operation Barbarossa aimed to capture the entire territory |
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| former group which used during Aunchluss and unification of Austria. This was just a sub-group of Einsatzgruppen, used during Operation Barbarossa. |
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| special forces group, an expansion of the former Ensatzkommando. They were different from the regular army because they were just civilians, not soldiers, recruited for killing.They were authorized to use force whenever necessary, and started to draw from the SS, the Gestapo. A very violent group. They were given entirey new goals: When they went to the west, they were supposed to secure buildings, interrogate people, etc. But when they went eastward, they were given much more violent tasks. So when dealing with the slavs of the east they were told to act more violent than when dealing with the europeans of the west. They would go around after the Sonderkommando and shoot tons of Jews and Communists. They killed a million people. |
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| Groups sent ahead of the Einsatzgruppen, to assemble the local Jews and Communists, and shoot anyone who didn't comply. (this term used later in a different content). |
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| Polish town where there was a huge Pogrom, before German army arrived. It was violent and controversial. The people of this town later claimed the German Army made them do it, but this probably isn't true. This is used at proof that Sonderweg isn't true, because this was happening in Polan.d |
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| After the war, members of this batallion were interviewed about murdering Jews. (they were civilians). This is where Goldhagen v. Browning have their debate about Sonderweg. Goldhagen says that people were conditioned to kill by decades and decades of anti-semitic and eliminationism propoganda. Browning says it was just recently (within last decade) that intense, relentless anti-sem had been conditioning people. |
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| Convened by Hitler in 1941. This is where the term 'final solution' is first used, and they start creating definite policy in this direction. There is no doubt after this conference that the central aim is to kill all the Jews. |
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| meant 'round-up'. Wherever Jews were concentrated, they would be rounded up and brutally stuffed into cattle cars |
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| Doctor at Birkenau. Obsessed with twins, did tons of terrible and cruel scientific experiments on inmates. Said it was useful to use them for science since they were going to die anyways. Obsessed with creating the perfect race. Also was one of the guys who stood at the front of the sorting line and decided right off the bat who would live and who would die. |
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| Hebrew word meaning resistance. this is an ideology that tries to put a positive spin on the holocaust by highlighting the heroism and resistance. it's tempting, but you must remember that the holocaust is not a happy ending, and although there was some heroism, mainly it's a story about bad stuff. |
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| A Jew who advocated against resistance. He said resistance was selfish, that it was abandoning the rest of the group to save yourself. |
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| Jewish freedom fithers, mostly in the north. many of them were socialists. they formed active and armed units with weapons, they lived in the forest in units. |
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| Polish Partisan group, organized by zionists. wanted all of the partison groups to coordinate their efforts into one large group. |
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| A Jewish doctor in the death camps who was put to work in the hospital there, to help other jews. he was supposed to help with the cruel experiments, but he tried to do little things to help the Jews. He was called "Doctor Prisoner." |
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| Made appeals to the west for assistance for the Jews, while it was all going on. He wanted to bribe Nazi officials, and essentially buy the Freedom of the jews. It looked as though he was collaborating with the Nazis because he went along w/ what they did and gave tem money, but he was really trying to save them. |
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| Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski- |
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Definition
| Leader of Lodz ghetto judenrat. Ran the judenrat as an autocrat, paraded around as a hero. controvery on if he was a collaborator or was really just trying to help the jews. Believed in Survival through Work- that the nazis wouldn't kill a productive, orderly group of people. he suceeded at this, and before the ghetto was liquidatd, they had a very high survival rate |
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| Member of warsaw ghetto Judenrat. commited suicide after the nazis told him he had to decide which Jews were to be deported. |
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| King Christian- King of Denmark. The story says that we wasn't a Jew but he put on a Jewish sart and said that he'd protect the jews forever. this probably isn't actually true. |
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| the theory that Danish culture, for a long way back, believed in including all people and treating people equally- very humanist. Says that Denmark is very different than Germany. so it's anti-germany, pro-helping Jews and humanism. |
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| probably the guy that grundtungianism is based off. so he's be pro-jews and equality, and anti-Germany |
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| example of how the Italian military tried to protect jews from the nazis. his family was fleeing, and when they wer almost caught by the nazi, italian soldiers helped get them safely into Italy. |
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| assimilated Italian jew. Facist. Studied chemistry privately since he couldn't go to university. part of an italian resistance movement when he was caught and sent to auschwitz. |
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| overthrew King Carol II in a coup in Romnia. He made an alliance w/ Nazis. He was a facist, but Hitler liked him better than he liked the The Iron Guard. He undertook a mini final-solution, and killed tons of Romanian Jews. Later, when he realized that Germany was probably going to lose the war, he did a 180 degree turn and allied with the other side. then he started protecting the rest of the romanian jews for the remainder of the war. |
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| Facist leader of Romania, under a one-party system. He refused to ally Romania with either Germany or the Nazi party. Hitler wanted to punish them for their nuetrality. |
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| norhtern part of romania that was faught over. romania tried to protect the jews here, but most of them ended up dying. |
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| norhtern part of romania that was faught over. romania tried to protect the jews here, but most of them ended up dying. |
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| The Romanian Nazi Party. Hitler didn't like them because they were undisciplined and unpredictalbe. |
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| humanitarian, sympathetic to the Jews. He had a jewish friend who fore-warned him about deportations, so he asked the government to help him stop them. He was able to save lots of Jews this way. (but only ethnically bulgarian jews, for the most part). |
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| of Romania, who allied with germany. Then the romanian gov't issued their own set of Nuremberg Laws, so Jews were placed under lots of restrictions. |
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| Prime minister of Hungary, thought Nazi germany was protecting Hungary against the Soviet Union. |
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| Appointed by Eichmann as leader of the Hungarian government. He wasn't a Nazi, but Hitler believed he was more trustworthy than the Arrow ross. He ordered a round-up of Hungarian Jews, especially from the countryside. they were rounded up extremely quickly. |
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| head of Judenrat in Budapest. Anti-Resistance |
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| A mass killing of Jews in Hungarian labor camps. It wasn't orderly and systematic like Nazi stuff, just random mass killings. |
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| Ran the Aid and Rescue committee. some call Brand a collaborater, but it's a point of debate. |
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| worked with wallenburg. spanish diplomat. |
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| Young woman who moved to idrael. she heard her fmily was about to be deported out of hungary. so she parachuted in to try to save them. she was caught and executed. |
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| A reporter from slovakia, who reported on the deportation of 80,000 Jews. helped make info available to allied governments. |
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| Jewish Telegraphic Agency- |
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| gathered info about the holocaust from various souces, to disseminate it to news agencies. |
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| where the news that jews were eing deported and exterminated first crystalized. his facts were concrete and direct. he also mentioned the use of poison gas at Auschwitz, so we know by this point that accurate information is being made available about how peple are killed. |
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| Famous example of 'righteous gentile'. Most important on the team of 6 guys: Carl Lutz, Angelo Rotta, Angel Suaz Britz, Giorgio Persalsca, Freidrich Bonn. In an ad-hoc, spontaneous way, these guys were all able to help each other save Jews. Wallenberg used his connections to save about 30,000 hungarian Jews. He was arrested and sent to a soviet camp where he died. |
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| Worked directly w/ Wallenberg, set up 76 safe houses in budapest where Jews were hid |
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| worked with wallenburg. clergyman who gave jews baptismal certificated w/o actually baptizing them, so they could be saved from nazis without actually converting. |
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| worked with wallenburg. italian catholic who pretended to be a spanish official in budapest to save Jews |
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| set up a fake business and got permission to hire Jews as forced workers, but he helped them instead. |
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| an organization set up during the Bermuda Conference, meant to deal with problems of |
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| Convened by the US State Department, as a follow-up to the Evian Conference. The most important thing they did was plan the War Refugee Board. The goal of the conference was to deal with problems of Jewish refugees, but htey never really came up with any good ideas. They were wary of going anything to help the Jews that would interfere with the war effort. Also, there was no diplomatic leverage with Hitler becaue he was crazy and thought he was winning the war all along. |
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| A report from two eyewitnesses who had escaped Auschwitz, which was given to the US State Dept. It was a very detailed, long report contianing things like geographic location of the camp, life inside, set-up of the camp, etc. |
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| The railway that took hungarian Jews to Auschtiwz. If the US would have bombed it or destroyed in, transportation would have been halted and maybe some Jews would have been saved. |
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| US Airforce 15th Division |
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| started bombing Nazi Industrial Complexes (like factories, etc) in 1943. If orders were given, they could have bombed the camps. |
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| Leader of the American Reform Movement and american jewry in general. Stephen Wise was one of the first Americans to read the Reigner report, from the World Conference on Jews. He wanted to publish the imformation in the report, but decided not to go public until everything in the report could be confirmed, which took 6-7 months. so people say that Wise delayed he dissemination of info in the US by 7 months.He organized demonsration at Madison Square Garden and urged the gov't to do something. It was front page news all over the country. |
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| when he found out the info in the Reigner report, he went public immediately, without asking for support from the government. He started rallying people right away. |
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| Pius XII (Eugene Pacelli)- |
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| From Italy. Was very scared of Stalin because communism talked about destroying the churches and eliminating world religion. So he sided with Hitler, because Pius thought that was the only person who could protect him from Stalin. |
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| Rolf Hochhut, The Deputy- |
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| Hochhut it the author of a play called The Deputy. The play is about the life of Pius XII. It claims that, when the pope started living in Nazi Germany, he really loved German culture/language, and bcause of that, he was unable to stand up to Hitler. |
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| Statement issued by Pius XI. Translates: "with burning concern". it was a statement of concern for the treatment of Catholics is Nazi Germany. it was read in churches all over Germany. |
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| later, statement of concern for all persecuted people, including Jews being persecuted by Nazis. It was the official papal statement of behalf of jews. but before he got a chance to officially issue the statement, he died, and the next Pope, Pius XII, never issued it. |
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| A nun, who led a whole group of Nuns that helped save thousands of Jews. They did it because they thought they were doing what the Pope wanted. |
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| A nun, who led a whole group of Nuns that helped save thousands of Jews. They did it because they thought they were doing what the Pope wanted. |
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| Pope before Pius XII, who wrote both Mit Brennender Sorge, and Humani Generis Unitas. He died before he was able to officially issue Humani Generis Unitas. |
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| A system of Vatican buildings that were used to help Nazi officials escape perfecution after the war. It took them all the way out of Europe, and Pope Pius XII personally helped these war criminals escape from Europe. |
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| In August 1945, an American named Early Harison went to europe on behalf of the US and came back and reported what he saw. he said that jews were still being kept in the same camps they were in during the war, by allied soldiers. this report set in motion a discussion as to whether or not Jewish survivors should be treated as general wartime refugees, if they needed to be put in their own category. |
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| An attempt to figure out what to do with the perpetrators of the Holocaust. They started in 46/47. There wasn't precedence in court for genocide on this level. They brought in US supreme court justice Robert Jackson to help. He establihed 4 different crimes to charge them with. 22 Nazi officials were tried. They went to great lengths to make them fair trials. Main defenses- 'I was just following orders', and 'you guys did it too'. Most were imprisoned or killed. Nuremberg trials were a hollow victory becasue many people thought the sentences were too weak, and also because the main guys had escaped and were still out there. |
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| post-war Pogrom in the small town of Kielce that killed 35ish Jews. After, the town was condemned and punished. It was mixed, because it was terrible that pogroms were still going on, but good that the gov't was condemning this kind of anti-sem. |
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| What holocaust survivors started calling themselves. It means 'the surviving remnant.' They became a ground that based itself of the religous idea of redemption. |
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| International Refugee Organization (IRO)- |
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| Organization set up to help refugees |
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| Organization set up to help refugees |
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| - US Supreme court justice, expert in international relations, brought in to help at the Nurember Trials. |
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| Joel Teitelbaum (Szatmar Rebbe)- |
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Definition
| Hasidic leader of ultra-orthodox Jews (extremely anti-zionist). He explained the holocaust by saying that it was an act of divine retribution, and God was striking down Jews because of their sins. because of things like secularism, modernism, zionsim, socialism... god was man at Jews and punished them with the holocaust. |
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| refform rabbi, on the radical left. He explain the Holocaust by saying that since the jews are God's chosen people, they have to sugger on behalf of the sins of all humanity. so the holocaust was atonement for humanity's sins. |
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| Says God must be dead. If God is merciful, the holocaust couldn't have happened. but since it did, and god didn't intervene, he must be dead. |
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| Emil Fackenheim and the "614th Commandment"- |
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| Says true faith is still believing even when you don't understand. Cites the story of Job, where Job is too small to understand the grand plans of God. He said there are two types of ways God intervenes in history: Root experiences adn Epoch Making Events. and the holocaust was an epoch making event. In judaism, there are 613 original commandments, Fackenheim decided that the 614th should be 'Thou shalt not give hitler a victory", but giving up on God. he said this is the best way to honor the dead. |
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| Eliezer Berkovitz "Hester Panim"- |
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Definition
| believes that free will in a pre-requisite for moral behavior. God must withdraw from the world in order to let humans have free will. so suffering is a side effect, when people are allowed to make thier own choices. So god didn't intervene in the holocasut bc that would impede free will. |
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| small city in Germany where they do the passion plays, for cenuries. directly after the holocaust, they toned down the anti-semitic parts of the script, but not long after that, they picked it right back up again and that's how it is now. |
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| papal council convened by Pope John XXII. Introduced 2 key changes in christian attitudes: 1.) crucifixion cannote be blamed on jews 2.) jews are not cursed by god. so a lot of animosity between christians and jews was cleared up. |
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| Angello Roncalli (Pope John XXII)- |
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| Very kind to Jews, helped save a bunch of them on a few occasions. he believed that christian theology was neagtive towards Jews and he wanted to change it. |
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| Law passed in 1951 in Israel. It created a museum by the same name to commemorate survivors. |
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| The special day that Israel declared in order to commemorate survivors |
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| A museum honoring ghetto fighters |
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| The name that Eichmann used after he escaped and was living in Italy and other places |
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| Simon Vresenthal/Wiesenthal:- |
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| a polish member of the Nazi Hunters. He heard from a friend in Buenos Aires that that's where Eichmann was living |
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| head of the Israeli Secret Service (Moussad?). worked with the Nazi Hunters to track down Mengele and Eichmann. When given the choice of who to go after first, he chose Eichmann. |
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| the man in Buenos Aires who gave Harel information about Eichmann's whereabouts. Herman's daughter was dating Eichmann's son, and he got info that way. |
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| a memorial created to commemorate the leader of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising |
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| The prosecuting attorney in the Eichmann trial. |
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| Hannah Arrendt "Balnality of Evil"- |
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| the journalist who covered the Eichmann trial. the published a book called 'Banality of Evil' about the trial, where she rejected the idea that Eichmann was some sort of psychopath, but he was an ordinary person who went evil. She said that theoretically the holocaust could haven happened anywhere, but it didn't- it happened in Germany, where the conditions of germany turned people into Hitler and Eichmanns. she believes in sonderweg. |
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| nazi official in france, famous for deporting a whole orphanage of kids. he was known as 'the butcher of leon'. he escaped and hit in argentina until his trial in france in 1987. his defense was that, the things he did were also done by france,to other people. it was a very strong defense, but he was ultimately convicted. |
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| a prison guard in treblinka death camp who was very cruel/torturous. was hiding in ohio and caught in 1983. his defense was that they had the wrong man, since he's aged so much it was hard to tell. |
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| Movie based on true story about a girl who investigated her small German town's actions during WWII. Everyone in the town bragged about how moral the town was but it turned out that during the war, the whole town just handed over the 2-3 jewish families that lived there. |
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| Person who proved holocaust denail is wrong. she wrote a book about it, and David Irving sued her for libel, because he's in the book. so she assembled a team of historians to meticulously show all of david's claims about holocaust denial are wrong. the trial for libel was in england, and a judge said that David's claims about denial were all wrong. |
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| Holocaust denial. in Deborah Lipstadt's book, sued for libel but lost. |
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