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| a social system in which men have primary power |
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| how societies distinguish men from women; what society says its like to be a man and what it is to be a woman |
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| sexes weren’t the same but if brought together make the society work both equally important but different |
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| Jacques LeMoyne, drawing of Timucuan women, Florida, 1560s |
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| line of ancestry; how you place someone in society based on their ancestry |
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| legal concept that married women have no legal identity, husband has the legal identity for the household |
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1469 Isabella married Ferdinand of Aragon
female monarch after lineage issue |
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| Malinche and Hernan Cortes Meet Montezuma, 1519 in codex Lienzo de Tlaxcala |
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| was Nahua people of central Mexico as a child she was sold as a slave to the Mayas 1519 mayas gave her to hernan cortes as a gift, her language ability made her his interpretor, became lovers, had a son, saved him from a rebellion, helped him defeat montezuma of the Aztecs, later known as a traitor, Mexico became Spanish |
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| powerful woman not a slave from present day SC she ruled a large chiefdom gave them many gifts of pearl, copper, mica told De Soto she was having trouble with one of her conquered towns and offered to split control if De Soto helped her, but he wanted gold kidnapped her she escaped and took some of De Soto’s women slaves |
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| Native American Population North of Mexico (chart) |
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| women and men sent to Chesapeake as this after criminal charges, women left after coverture 75% of those who came from Europe were indentured servants |
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| ideal woman was married to a man, obedient to husband and male authorities, industrious in housework, pious, silent, no complaining, good mother and wife for life |
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| getting to know your husband before but you were separated by board or bundled to prevent sex |
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Mrs. Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary, Boston, late 17th Century
goodwife |
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| began to hold prayer in her own home, but then began to claim that some of the male leaders were not the elect |
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| American Indian women & the fur trade |
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-mostly French fur trade
a. Canada & the Illinois Country
Algonquian and Illinoian tribes
-illinois didn’t divorce
-marriage was a way for alliances, tribal leader children to marry to join tribes in shared protection
-marriage to traders allowed protection, increased trade, interpretor, basic survival, navigation, sex, stability, chance for tribes to gain access to European goods
-traders also brought Catholic priests for conversion |
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| daughter of a chief, converted to Catholicism, father said she should marry a trader but wanted to be a nun, decided all must convert to Catholicism, remarries a French man becomes wealthy and prestigious |
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Horses came from the Spanish colonization
-before the entire tribe would have one hunt a year for bison, not nomadic before horses
-plains perfect for horses
-now could maneuver buffalo and bison and kill more at more times of the year
better clothed, fed, housed
-feeling of liberation and speed
wide range, power, knew the world, expand their possibilities mostly for men
-women reduced farming, moved more often, rebuilding, skinning and tanning with more buffalo being killed, security declined as hunters moving led to more warfare |
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| Marie Therese Guedon v. Marie Louise |
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Indian slaveTherese married Jacques in church become prominent, example of assimilation, acceptance prominence, but not open for African women versus Louise African mistress to Therese’s grandson had a family of 20 who were enslaved but could not marry
Remember Guedon married in church because of last name |
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| bought freedom in florida, laundress of owner, extra jobs for pay cakes, toys, community dances, extra laundry, master objected to her freedom, Spanish law said slaves had right to buy themselves |
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| frontispiece to Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects, 1773 |
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’Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land,
Taught my benighted soul to understand
That there’s a God, that there’s a Savior too:
Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.
Some view our sable race with scornful eye,
“Their color is a diabolic dye.”
Remember, Christians: Negros, black as Cain,
May be refined, and join th’angelic train. |
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| Phillis Wheatley, “On Being Brought from Africa to America,” 1773* |
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“Roman law” more protective of women’s property/rights than common law
a. In Europe (Spain, Netherlands, France)
Property distributed between sons and daughters |
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| wealth from brides family to the groom at marriage, part of inheritance early, husband administered it but still her property, after his death went back to her, custom for a husband to add to her dowry |
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-trader, came as a single women to represent her familys trading house,married older man and became partners in trade, exported tobacco, imported pins, wine, etc., built an empire of trading ships became the wealthiest women in new netherland
1. in civil law Wives were partners to the husband in business, could borrow and earn money, write a will, take legal action |
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| roots in Medieval Europe, wives legally dependent on men |
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| all the womens property becomes the husbands, represented by husband in court, (inherited wealth, not the husbands but allowed to administer it, anything grown from it become his) |
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Hannah Barnard’s Cupboard, 1715
shows women were culturally allowed to will personal property to heirs even though not legal |
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| “A Society of Patriotic Ladies,” British cartoon, 1775 |
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| women who organized to boycott the goods, signed agreements not to buy British goods, and to help each other to replace these goods with local goods, spinning in groups would then call in the press to document |
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1777 worried about planting flax, wrote to husband how worried she was, but learn that they can do it, become more confident-deputy husband
1780 published the sentiments of an American women, spoke to women to renounce vane ornaments and send money to troops not for clothes or hair, uses references to queens and biblical women
ladies association, went asking for money everywhere, 300,000 continental dollars sent to Martha Washington to be spent on comforts, George Washington received it and wrote to her husband and said money to be spent on shirts, esther replied to give each soldier 2 dollars to boost moral, George replied no you ladies should make the shirts, the women made over 2,000 shirts, George responded female patriotism put women back into domestic role |
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| Mary Ludwig Hayes/”Molly Pitcher" |
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| enlisted soldier to assists her husband on the battlefield at valley forge, a soldier wrote how during battle she manned the cannon, she was hit on the bottom of her skirts, becomes a changed story of her simply bringing water, 1 in 15 enlisted was a woman, purpose was for medics, cooks, collect equipment, bury the dead, nurses, combat by deceit |
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| women without an official role in the army but went along, traveled with husbands brothers, laundered cooked minimized desertion, dangerous at home without your family, some women sold services |
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slave who fled worked for british army
i. Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation-1775 governor Dunmore kicked out of Virginia, made a proclamation to free slaves that joined the British army, 1000 of slaves led to Chesapeake, total 100,000 fled |
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those slaves that fled to the British side fled to other british lands
went to Sierra Leone with husband and daughter ran a boarding house, lived in freedom in another land, born in Virginia |
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chose this name for herself, 1783 sued her owner in Massachusetts for freedom over the new constitution of the state said all people are created equal so slavery in unconstitutional, Massachusetts supreme court ruled in her favor, said no servitude of a rational creature
1. Slowly the northern states abolished slavery, she is an example |
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| women of the republic should be virtuous, industrious, citizens and should raise virtuous sons and daughters |
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said enlightenment to begin to critique patriarchy, women have right to govern herself, essayist, columinist, said growing up she and her brother were equal but once time for education, brother got classical education not fair
b. “On the Equality of the Sexes,” 1790-essay from Murray, not natural for women to not have the same educational opportunities as men, men are intellectual positions because women have not had to chance to be the same
c. wrote critique of how marriage was seen as the sole goal for women, women needed equality and a chance to do other things besides just be a wife |
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| women doing some work of manufacturing in the home and eventually sold outside the home |
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expanded Slater mill by incorporating spinning, weaving, and dying in Massachusetts, water powered
1. Capitalist to overseers were men
2. Machine workers were women, paid less
a. Fear of making a working class, men should be individual farm owners to make a virtuous citizenship not factory workers, young women would work in factories as a stage in their life then marry |
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Vermont, 15 year old domestic servant, worked in the Lowell mills, worked 4 years, moved back home to live on a farm, example of Lowell mills lifestyle, agricultural background, single women come to work leave by 30 to marry, $1 a week servant to $3 at Lowell
1. Writing shows that Lowell experience gave them independence |
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| Separate spheres ideology |
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| separating of home and workplace due to industrialization and becomes gendered productive male labor outside the home versus unproductive female labor inside the home |
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Nathaniel Currier, The Fruits of Temperance, 1848
male comes home to wife after working, shows spheres |
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Indians had to become like US citizens
1. Women to private sphere, men to public sphere
2. Men to stop hunting and fighting
3. Women learn to do civilized tasks (spinning weaving)
4. Move into individual house of the male
5. Farm individual plots of land
6. Get rid of matrilineal clans and patriarchy |
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| Cherokee woman fought along side her husband in the revolution, opposed continuing to fight against the Americans after many losses, “women make peace men make war” “we are your mothers, listen to us” |
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Catawba Plates
b. Near American towns made industries particular to that demand to colonial communities in the Carolinas, especially after the revolution, Catawba Indians travel around the Carolinas i. Shows ability to change and adapt to the economy (change of shape to European buyers) |
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Erhard Schön, woodcut, 1533, “There Is No Greater
Treasure Here on Earth Than an Obedient Wife Who Desires Honor” |
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| born in virgina to an enslaved African mother and father an Englishman in 1600s not as clear her status, converted to Christianity, went to court in 1656 to sue for freedom, argument of patrilinealality, went in her favor, higher court overturned, appealed by general assembly |
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| Born in west Africa arrived in boston in 1761, employed as domestic, converted to Christianity, got classical education, became a poet, |
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