influencing Latin American policy and governments through economic intervention and influence, created through U.S. policy during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 

Significance

Used as the "speak softly" portion of the Speak softly and carry a big stick polcy of Theodore Roosevelt. Implimented in Nicarargua, Columbia/Panama with construction of Panama Canal. 

"Indies Run" (Carrera de Indias)

Convoy system used by the spanish to transport goods, namely silver, from the spanish colonies to Spain. Route ran from colonies through the west Indies and eventually back to Spain. 

Significance 

The Indies Run was based on a system of mercantilism that would be the basis of numerous Latin countries favoring an export economy. Eg. Mexico: Copper, Oil or Argentina: Beef 

Phrase coined from the late 19th century poem of Rudyard Kipling. Idea was that the cultured european and whites had the burden of lifting up the primative and uncultured societies of Latin America. 

Significance

Whites and Western European used this a justification of intevention and imperialsim in Latin America. It coincided with the Spanish-American War and served as justification for the occupation of Cuba, the Phillipines, Puerto Rico and Guam. 

Mexican Creole Caudillo ("little leader", regional bosses that rose through military ranks into political interests by using military clought and violence). President on 11 seperate occassions, wavered on political issues and sides to serve his own ambitions (would be conservative or liberal depending on his agenda. Was able to remain relavent through his system of patronage. 

Significance

Was central figure in the Mexican age of Caudillismo prior to the age of liberalism. 

Nicaraquan liberal who opposed US occupation in Nicaraqua in early 20th century. Lead a revolt against the Nicaraquan government in 1926, organized citizens and implimented guerilla warfare. Fought off Marines which eventually lead to Americans leaving. 

Significance

Showed that physical resistance that could accompany the nationalist sentiments that were becoming common in Latin American countries. This response continued to influence Latin American culture and nationalism for many years. Sandinistas born out of this, influenced Che Guevera, Fidel Castro and Hugo Chavez. 

Mexican liberal that lead the revolution against Santa Ana.

Significance

The liberal revolution gave way to Liberal Reform during the mid 1850s. Reforms did away with Fueros (special privelege) especially with regard to the military and Catholic Church. Reforms also prohibited the Church from owning property. Formal seperation of church and state. 

^{Bryan-Chamorro Treaty}

 IIn 1916, an agreement between Diaz and Woodrow Wilson’s governments (signed in 1914, ratified in 1916) under which the US gave an additional $3 million to pay their foreign debts in exchange for the US government receiving the right to build a canal in Nicaragua. The US had no intention to build a canal there, but by holding this exclusive right, by could prevent another country from building a canal there that might compete with the already-completed American Panama Canal.

American owned Copper mining company in Sonora. Site of workers strike in early 19th century. An unintended consequence Porfirio Diaz conservative rule that force indigenous people off of their lands and into the work force. Arizona rangers were brought in to protect the American company and guardias rurales to deter the workers. 

Significance

Eventually led to Diaz being pushed out. 

FORA

(Federacion Obera Regional Argentina)

An early form of unionizing in Argentina. FORA helped organize worker strikes that were related to transportation, packing, shipping and food production, especially with beef and cattle exports. FORA fought for "Ocho", the idea of 8 hours of rest, 8 hour work days and 8 hours of instruction/training. FORA consisted of the emerging middle class and those that had imigrated from Italy and Spain. 

Significance

Led to the rise of the middle class having a voice in politics in Argentina. The radical party founded by Hipolito Yriguyen is supported by this rising middle class

Priveleges afforded to well connected mexicans, typically government officials, military and high ranking members of the catholic church. These was an extension from colonial days that carried over into Mexican Independence.  The issue of fueros would be refromed under Benito Juarez after the rule of Santa Ana. Conservative backlash was prominent following the reform of the 1850s and would eventually lead to French occupation of Mexico. 

   the United States would take responsibility for maintaining political stability in Latin American countries and promising that Latin American governments would pay their foreign debts (this was heavily influenced by events in 1902 – due to civil war conflict within their country, Venezuela had defaulted on their loans to European banks, who demanded their money back. The Germans, Italians, and British sent naval forces to blockade Venezuela, but the United States pressured them into backing down). The Corollary was a declaration of more assertive US foreign policy in preventing European involvement.