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became a world empire which lasted from the 13th century to 1923. It was dynastic, its territories and character owed little to national, ethnic or religious boundaries and brought back centralization to the region by excellent military and administrative power. Bring territory in Islamic folds but absorbed non muslims into their empire as protected subjects.
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| Saljuq turks 1000 ce. origin Northern China, horse nomads. Converts to Islam and imposed themselves on remainder of power of the Caliphate. Lowsy at politics and terrible bureaucrats. Bickered amongst each other and made it impossible to maintain central authority. The crusades in 11th crushed them even though they eventually expelled them they were to weak and in no shape for the mongols. Decentralized the region amongst invaders. |
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| 1200 ce appeared in Middle East origins central China horse nomads. Highly militarized, ran by the Khans. Crushed all the Saljuqs and ruled much of old Caliphate. What stops Mongols advance- they ran out of food terrain did not support horses. They wiped out old political class, and eliminated any idea of centralized authority. |
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| (6-10th centuries- Height or power during Abbasid dynasty) Means deputy or successor to the Prophet. Arab conquests reshaped the roles of the Caliphate- ran and maintained the empire. After year 1000 ce, the Abbasids began to decline, After Muslim spain and northern africa split to make own states, they held on to the Muslim east but gradually were eaten away by invasions of Mongols and turkish nomads. Became just figure heads. Last time of highliy centralized power until Ottomans. Ottoman Sultan later takes the title of Caliph leader of muslim people. |
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| 1250-1517 largest kingdoms in central Islamic lands were the Mamluks who rose out of Egypt. Rest of the region was politically fragmented. Ruled until ottoman conquest. Rulers caste composed of soldiers of slave origins. |
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| Conquered by the Ottomans in 1400. Ottoman conquest was never about conversion however Anatolia is the only exception and it was primarily a strategic and political thing. Indigenous Christian population and interdependence of Orthodox church and Byzantine state was worried for this reason a potential bud of instability cannot be tolerated at the heart of the empire. |
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| Sultan Uthman- Names was Sultan Osman |
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| Persian leader where the name Ottoman comes from. Turkman nomads from inner Asia. Under Osman and several successors began reestablishing their state, there original and primary objective was the Byzantine Empire. After the fall of Constantinople they never looked back and expanded even further. |
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| Janissaries slave infantry- under Sultan Murad 1- all taught how to read and write. Most skilled slaves go to work in royal court. Always Christian soldiers. a practice by the Ottoman empire that took boys 10 to 20 from Christian families with its primary objective of selecting and training the ablest children for leadership positions, either as military leaders or as high administrators to serve the empire. |
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| Levi imposed on resistant christian population a practice by the Ottoman empire carried out by the Qadi. Not all christian populations Syria and Egyptian christians were not subjected to this. Critical element of Ottoman military organization trained to function with artillery and firearms. Centralized training to be loyal to the Sultan itself. The brightest or elite were exempt Devshrime was a way for people to acquire power seen as a method of mobility. |
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| Ottoman administration- the Qadi is muslim bureaucracy judges. a judge ruling in accordance with Islamic religious law. The judgment of the Qadi is based on the consensus of the Muslim community, and the prevailing consensus of Islamic scholars. |
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| Pasha was a high rank in the Ottoman Empire political system, typically granted to governors, generals and dignitaries. The Ottoman Sultan right to bestow the title and would exempt one of the Denshirre. |
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| Ottoman administrative governors. Hand picked by the Sultan who run everything else. Maintained detailed records, centralized government even down to the town level. Know everything that is going on and take action to address problems of taxes and ect. Annual surveys were maintained. |
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| The Shari’a did not cover all aspects of Ottoman political and social life. Royal decree made by the sultan on various civil issues. It was there in order to make legal system avoid being overly riggid. Legal administration. Firmans gathered in codes of Kanum. The Sultan in order to regulate the relations of all the Ottoman aristocracy and subjects, to define the status, duties, and dress codes of each. |
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| The Shari’a did not cover all aspects of Ottoman political and social life. Royal decree made by the sultan on various civil issues. It was there in order to make legal system avoid being overly rigid. Legal administration. Firmans gathered in codes of Kanum. The Sultan in order to regulate the relations of all the Ottoman aristocracy and subjects, to define the status, duties, and dress codes of each. |
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| islamic Mysticism. Goal is Fana’ or annihilation of the self. The divine realm Closest one can get to gods essence. Also popular because they are associated with good works, feed the poor, educate poor and provide social services. Sufism played a crucial role in the creation of a muslim community in INdia. |
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| 1509- 1736 Safavids in Persia arose out of a period of decentralization- even worse than ottomans, the levant invasions in persia civil and political society was litterally destroyed. Took 200 years to recover. The Safavid kings claimed to be descendants of the prophet Muhammad. played a crucial role in making Shi’ism the official religion of Iran. Safavids were the first twelver dynasty to hold power. Borrowed alot from the Ottomans however not as good of administration and always had Uymaq chefitons to deal with never complete stability. |
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| 1487-1524. The first Safavid ruler of Persia. establishment of Persia/Irans contemporary boundaries. Established shi’ism as the state religion. establishes a bureaucrati state base of the Ottomans but not as good. Solidified power by military power and the newest weaponry, infantry and Calvary. revived the notion of an independent persia. |
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| Safavid order was founded by Sal-Din (1254-1334). Mongol controled Persia. Rose out of Millenarian movements. Very mainstream devote sunni mystic that preached redemption of Islam, only through strict abhorrence to the faith, with stict sunni theology one can become a better Muslim to defeat the mongols. Helped to cure the age. After his death things take odd turn, his successors gain territory and become hierarchical. Seek to expand base of followers and purify the land of unbelievers. |
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| 1293-1336 small mongol states, broke away from Mongol Empire Ilkahn regimes. based in Persia. Brings back some kind of political stability and trade routes. Also seen as a catalyst on shape of merging Safavid state, Iran history called darkages. Reasons why modern day iran created ripples. |
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| Timurid dynasty, a Mongol tribe, strongly influenced by Persian culture, Sunni Muslim. Before the Safavids rules over Iran, Afghanistan and central asia. Founded my Timur 13th century. They fell quickly to the Shiite Safavid dynasty |
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| during Ilkanid period they were the traditional persian landowning elite. During the changes of social structure in Persia under the Mongols. Hereditary in nature. they maintain authority as a result pre-mongol persia. They were Eliminated. Replaced by Uymaq. |
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| Mongol Persian control. took over traditional Dihqan traditional persian landowning elite. Military household- power based over lesser chief. Much less stable then before. Turkish and mongol understanding. Take over local level. ever form of local administration. Important here is its an unstable political entity. There power continues after Mongols. Anyone who wants to have power in the areas have to deal with these chiefs. Even into the 20th century. |
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| 1571- 1629 credited to consolidating Ismail’s rule under the Savafid empire. Strengthened the Safavid state, modernized the army and set up the finacial basis of giving land. He succeeded in reducing power of the great magnate without changing the basic structure of the Turkish Uymaq political system. Push to open up to a world economy, developed industrial manufacturing state. European Alliances< and international commerce made them different from the Ottomans. Sought off Ottoman threat and left his nation economically prosperous and free. created good relations with the west. He welcomed foreigners at his court and enjoyed religious discussion. He strictly enforced shi’ism. |
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| Successors of Safí Al- Din see themselves as Messianic tenancies. With quasi divine powers, and take the title Murshid al Kamil which means the perfect Master/guide. Fanatical warriors but begin to make carful alliances with the Mongols. Return to political stability. |
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| Apart of Islamic state controlled religious administration by organizing the ulama into a state controlled bureaucracy. The Sadr-was the communication between the ruler and the religious establishment. Sadr chief religious bureaucrats who supervised and appointed judicial appointments, teachers and charitable endowments. Mughal Empire- state maintenance of mosques and religious tombs and shrines. |
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| The Ulama refers to the educated class of Muslim legal scholars engaged in several fields of Islamic studies. They are the best known as the arbiters of Sharia law. While they are well versed in the legal Fiqh as Islamic lawyers, some of them also specialize in other feilds like hadith sayings or acts by the prophet and other things. |
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| Shi of Ali- supporters of party of Ali, he was the true successor to the Prophet as Caliphate. Leadership by hereditary a abrahamic structure. The Tweleve Imams and the hidden Imam will eventually return to guide the faithful. Safavids bases authority on the idea that they have real connection to the divine. |
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| is an Islamic leadership position, worship services, serve as community leaders and provide religious guidence. Sunni Imams more recognized as religious scholars or authority in Islam. - different from Shi’i. Shi’a context Imam has a meaning more central to belief, as leaders of the community. The Twelve and Ismaili shia believe Imams are chosen by god to be perfect examples for the faith and to lead all humanity in all aspects of life. |
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| a religious endowment in Islamic law, denoting a building or plot of land or even cash for Muslim religious or charitable purposes. |
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| 1206-1526 origin in Medieval India replaced by Mughal dynasty. Began by a former slave Mamluk was the first sultan and conqured large areas of northern india all failed to unite the Indian subcontinent. A period of Indian cultural renaissance that resulted in an Indo Muslim fusion of cultures. They discouraged religious conversions of hindu, but passed there relationship on patron-client relations. |
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| (1483-1530) the descendant of Timur, from central Asia who defeated the Delhi Sultans in India after countless tries. He used gunpowder which had never been used before in India. Succeeded in laying the basis of the Mughal dynasty. and was the first Mughal emperor. |
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| (1556-1605) the third Mughal Emperor. Responsible for expanding the state and regaining losses. Also a great devotee of Sufism, and creates a school of thought where he selected what he considers to be the best of religious traditions and creates Divine Religion. This idea did not survive his death and his successors make it a point to distance themselves from this belief not because it was wrong but because that knowledge is not accessable to everyone and can be dangerous. |
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| 1618-1707 6th Mughal emperor and expanded the Mughal empire. He was the first to reverse the policy of conciliation of hindus in favor of Islamic supremacy. He forbid vices such as drinking and gambling and ordered the destruction of hindu temples, and forbid the hindu sacrifice of widows. The changing political circumstance, succession struggles after the death of him and a series of feeble rules compromised the efficacy of the Mughal state and left it prey to internal rebellions and foreign invasions. |
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| 1569-1627 the fourth Mughal emperor. His father Akbar, his reign was characterized by political stability, a strong economy, and impressive cultural achievements. He crushed many rebellions and he settles conflicts inherited by his father. The hindu rulers all accepted Mughal supremacy and in return were given high ranks in the Mughal aristocracy. |
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| members of the imperial bureaucracy of the Mughal empire in India. 1556- the system was organized by the emperor Akbar who shaped a loose military confederation of Muslim nobles into a multiethnic bureaucratic empire integrating Muslims and Hindus. formed the framework of the Mughal administration, Mughal depended on its power to maintain relations with local nobles, by granting them land, and intermarriages. |
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| Local level nobles acquired their land by claims of tradition or local conquest that predated Mughals. Not a royal gift like Mansabdar but a royal recognition. There are distinct differences. Zamindars were much easier to evict from their lands, without consequence. |
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| the Jagir systems is basically a small territory which a ruler grants to an army chieftain as recognition of his military service. For the Mughal Empire, the Jagir replaced of their salary by collecting taxes. However, During the later years of Aurangzeb's reign, due to the increase in the number of mansabdars and limited availability of land, administrative and financial dislocation of the empire caused a crisis in the jagirdari system. |
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| annihilation of the self. in the divine realm closest you can get to god essence. Different ways of getting there but this is the main goal of a Sufi. Mainstream mystic is characterized by searching for spiritual enlightenment be apart from the world but still being active in society. |
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| Means way path- to spiritual enlightenment. Sufis are not so black and white they take on different paths to achieve fana’ Characterizing things makes it difficult to define. different orders emerge in India. |
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| Tariqa sufism Mughal empire. synthetic approach to incorporation of hindu rituals devotional sons and yoga practices. They use anything that does not contradict the Quran. This is the most popular. named after founder in 1141. They were the most open to local practice |
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| Sufi Tariqa order founded in southern Iran ultimate goal was to acheieve fana; and tend to emphasis strict observance of religious law. first. cannot perfect the internal self before the external Zahir |
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| Ways to look at religious law- Zahir is the external elements of religion. Master zahir- Stricter coherence of the faith- theology, belief and terms of law. |
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| the religious law- the internal self develop it, don't need to understand faith to live with god. Its about oneself. |
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| a great example of the overlap of spiritual spheres between popular Islam and Court Islam. They are ceremonies at a saints shrine on the anniversary of their death. All people go to them no matter the foundation of there religious beliefs. The Emperor himself goes to approve these rituals, they are huge popular events. |
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| Islamic schools. The Ottomans established the first Madrasa in 1331. By the 15th century Madrasa’s were arranged in a hierarchy rank from the creation of the MAdrasa by the Sultan himself to the creation of madrasas by state officials and religious law. They were also distinguished by their educational functions the higher level colleges taught law and theology. |
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| (1564-1624) Sufi Mughal court ulama- represents reaction to Akbar. Reformist thinker from pakistan a prominent member of the Sufi order responsible for propagating for stricter values of the faith- mostly sharia. Known as the renewer of second millennium, regarded as a major figure of ISlamic renews. Must perfect Bantin. Did not preach strict literal adherence, and he was not against internal enlightenment. |
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| Din-i jlahi- Divine faith |
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| Divine faith is a syncretic religious doctrine introduced systematically by Akbar the Mughel emperor. intending to merge the best elements of the religions of his empire, and thereby reconcile the differences that divided his subjects. Claimed no single religion could claim the monopoly of truth. |
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| is the combining of different (often seemingly contradictory) beliefs, often while melding practices of various schools of thought. |
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| any religious movement that prophesies the imminent destruction of the present order and the establishment of a new order, usually reversing the relative status of oppressed and the oppressor. |
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