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Middle of the 6th Century Def - Emperor of the Roman Empire and suppressed the Nike revolt. Created the the Justinian Code of Justice. He conquered Old Carthiginian North Africa and had a war on 3 fronts: Plagues, Persians, and Goths. The last Emperor to try to reunite the Roman Empire. And created the Taj Mahal. Sig - Represents problems of post imperial Empires in Eurasia and Africa from 200 - 700 and the division of Europe creating the arms race. Sucessful in maintain the Eastern Roman Empire. |
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Def - Capital city 7,200 ft high in Ethiopia from 4th - 6th century. Wealthy by trade(Rhino horn, ivory...) and used terrace farming. Adopted Christianity and coffee originated here. Sig - The rise of Ethiopia with its accessibility and isolation but eventually encountered problems in 6th and 7th century like other Empires in this area and represents the spread of Christianity through kings. |
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Def - Lived in the late 6th to early 7th century and was born in Mecca to a merchant family and both parents die before he is six and traditionally illiterate. Known as the seal of the prophets founder of Islam which Judaism and Christianity. Told by the archangel Gabriel to recite the Koran. After death Islam split. Political ruler of Mecca and Medina. Sig - Founder one of the biggest religions that people still use today and had to promote Islam in a primarily Christian world.
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Def - One of the oldest and largest city-states of the Mayan civilization. Contained limestone temples that rose over dense forests. Had painted rooftop reliefs. Sig - Growing contacts of mesoamerica and they were able to make a significance with their buildings that resembled Eurasian of African buildings in the midst of being isolated.
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Def - Located east of St. Louis in Illinois in the 13th century and was the economic and cultural center of Mississippian civilizations. Built great mounds that were pyramidal and was the trading center of varuous enviroments. Sig - Growing contacts of the Americas and they were able to make a significance with their buildings that resembled Eurasian or African buildings in the midst of being isolated. |
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Def - A city in the Yucatan peninsula in Mexico in the 10th century after the collapse of the Mayans ruled by the Cocom dynasty with imperial ambition..... Sig - Growing contacts of the Americas and they were able to make a significance with their buildings that resembled Eurasian or African buildings in the midst of being isolated. |
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Def - A denomination of Islam that originated in the late 7th century and believe that Ali was appointed by God as successor to Muhammad and his position unsurped by Abu Bakr. Shi'ites struggle to return the caliphate to the line of Ali and reject the legitimacy of early caliphs. They endorse pilgrimages and observed holy days to honor leaders. Sig - The Shia and Sunni conflict is still big today. Signifies the division of Islam. |
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Def - Started in the the 12th century and the first one was a response to call by Pope Urban II and conquered Edessa, Antioch, and Jerusalem and was short lived. Later crusades went into the 13th century and the 4th crusade sacked Constaninople. Sig - Signifies the spread of christianity which is one of the major religions in the world today.Weaken Byzantine Empire which would lead to the rise of the Ottomans. Allows Europe to create new industries. Would encourage Columbus to sail to the new worlds in search for new trade routes to India. |
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Def - Lived from the 12th to 13th century and conquered the crusader state of Jerusalem and established the Ayyubid Dynasty in the Middle East. His descendents used slaves as soldiers. Killed the fatimid caliphate to extinction and conquested Egypt for Sunni Islam Sig - Played in important role in shaping the Islamic world in his conquest. Also helped unite Northen Africa and Southwest Asia which lead to less division in Asia and Africa.
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Def - Used from 14th to 17th century and were also known as Mandarins. An important position that the Ming and Song Dynasty produced. These bureaucrats took civil service exams and the Tangs used a merit-based bureaucracy. Ran the administration of China.
Sig - The masculine figure in this time was a scholar. Foot bindings become popular. Education was important in this time. Networked villages together to build China back up after the Mongols to make a mass production of porcelein and silk. Took away powers from Emperors.
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Def - In the 14th Century, he expanded the Mali empire and captured gold and salt producing regions. Also secured trade routes and conquered Timbukta and Gao. Upon visiting Cairo he borought so much gold that the price plummeted. Sig - Signifies the wealth of African nations during this time and shows that Africans were not always viewed as they were today. Only in recent history did this appear.
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Def - Temujin proclaimed himself khan in 1206 and would go on to unite 5 mongol tribes. He expanded the mongol empire to increase his pastureland, trade, and taxes. His soldiers used iron stirrups so they would be able to shoot bow and arrows while riding on horseback. Sig - His empire layed the foundation for new empires and he would go on to conquer most of Eurasia and created the biggest empire ever built. His empire increased speed and safety across Eurasia and paved the way for rapid speed of black death. Less division in China. |
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Def - A plague that started in the middle of the 14th century in China. It stops mongols from sieging the Genoese Enclave of Kaffa. Weakens Mongol rule. Global cooling help spread the of microbes. Sig - Represents one of the many crises that went on in the Eurasia in the 13th and 14th century. Weakens mongol rule that would allow other empires to rise up. Would strengthen the immune system of Eurasians giving them an advantage against the Americans. |
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Def - In the early 15th century, he created the largest flotilla in the world. Had ships up to 400 ft long or 5 times bigger than Columbus' ships. He traded across the Indian Ocean. Voyage helped reinforced China's image. Sig - Represents the recovery and expansion of Eurasia after the crises of the 13th and 14th century. Since China didn't have a need to trade they disbandoned the fleet they now have a weak navy causing Europeans to dominate the region. |
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Def - A settlement that Columbus founded on Christmas day in 1492 in Haiti. He went back to Spain and went back later hoping to see the colony thriving but would see all of his men killed. Sig - La Navidad was one of the first settlements in the new world that the old world colonized.
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Def - Capital of the Byzantine empire and fell to the Crusaders in the 4th crusade in 1204. After this, the Byzantine empire was divided amongst its victors. In 1453, Ottomans captured Constaninople, crippling Europe's trade routes to China Sig - Since they needed a new trade route, Columbus sailed west to find a new trade route and little did he know he would sail to the Americas.
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Def - From the 16th to 17th century, it was the exchange of plants, animals, microbes, and humans between the new world and the old world. Eurasian brought over beef, grains, sugar, disease, slaves. They received potatoes and corn. Sig - Allows us to eat the variety of food we do today. Disease would help European imperialism. Brought the world closer. |
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Def - May have originated in New Guinea but refined in India in 500 BC. It is very labor intensive and consists of extraction and boiling. Its popularity would soar for the taste of hot sweet beverages. Would cause transatlantic slave trade. Sig - It is in most of the food and drinks that we consume today. High demand would cause the slave trade in the Americas. And would develop into triangular trade.
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Def - Originated in the highlands of Yemen and Ethiopia. Supplied markets in Persia and the Ottoman Empires. Center of coffee trade from 15th to 17th century. Sig - A lot of people drink coffee or Mocha on a daily basis. Represents how plants would end up in places people would never had thought of.
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Def - Means that Europeans had guns, better steel, and a resistance to disease that the rest of the world didn't. Europeans had the best swords because they improved over time from fighting amongst themselves. They had built up a resistance from livestock and the Black Death. Sig - These 3 characteristics would allow Europe to be more powerful than the rest of the world and allowing them to conquer the new world.
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Def - A Spanish conquistador and lived from 15th to 16th century. He conquered the Incan empire, capturing their God king Atahualpa at the battle of Cajamarca. After firing on an unarmed Incan army, they held Atahualpa captive at Cajamarca until they executed him. He also founded Lima, which the capital of Peru. Sig - Signifies the European conquest of the the New world through the use of Guns, Germs, and Steel along with their superior tactics from which they learned from the division in Europe.
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Def - He conquered the Aztecs by spreading a rumor that Moctezuma had surrendered power into Cortes' hands in the believe that Spanish supremecy was the fulfillment of a prophecy. Allied with surrounding tribes to help conquer the Aztecs. Sig - The conquest of taking over the new world. After the major civilizations were conquered the Spanish needed to change their approach on the conquest of the Natives and this lead to the creations of the Missions across CA.
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Def - An unihabited island off of the West Coast of Africa. The Portuguese enslaved locals to test to see if they would produce goods mostly sugar for them. The first slaves were used in the middle of the 16th century. Sig - It demonstrated of using of slaves on sugar possibilities. This would lead to the triangular trade which would allow Europe strengthen their economy and giving them another advantage over the rest of the world.
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Def - A group turkish speaking refugees from central Asia, located in Asia minor and adopted the use of gun powder in the 15th century and were masters of the cannon. One of the 3 kings of gunpowder. They besieged Vienna until the Polish were able to drive them away with their cavalry. Sultans ruled the Ottoman's in the Topkapi Palace. Took over Constaninople in the middle of the 15th century. Facilitated caravan trade and profit from taxes. Sig - Represents the recovery in the world in the 15th century and showed the world how powerful gunpowder was. By taking over Constaninople Columbus had to find another route to India.
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Def - He was a Habsburg and was the Holy Roman Emperor and the King of Spain. He was the most likely candidate to unite Europe. because he had many connections around Europe due to birth and marriage but failed due to religious division. Automatically controls 1/3 of Europe from his 2 titles. Could be the "last world emperor" who will usher in the second coming of Christ. Sig - His inability to unify Europe who lead to division in Europe causing an arms race between European nations and giving them sophisticated guns, weapons, and tactics.
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Def - He used the printing press to spread the message of Christianity. He didn't indulgences and faults the Catholic church for having elite priests and thinks that each human can be their own priest. Lived from 15th to 16th century.
Sig - His ideaology would create a religios division in Europe would would eventually evolve into an arms race in Europe, giving Europe an advantage.
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Def - Lived in the 16th century. He was a major player in the protestant reformation and founded the Christian denomination of Calvinism. Sig - His ideaology would create a religios division in Europe would would eventually evolve into an arms race in Europe, giving Europe an advantage. |
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Def - It was the only trading port in the 18th and 19th that Europeans could go to because China was self sufficient and did not need to trade. They produced silk, porcelein, and textiles. They received opium from Europeans.
Sig - Signicant because it represented their own strength. Since they did not need to trade they disbandoned their navy and with this they could not go out an colonize the world like Europeans, giving them a disadvantage. |
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Def - Trading that consisted of Europe trading their manufactured goods, cloth, and guns for slaves and then trading the slaves in the carribean for sugar and other crops to take back to Europe. Slave trade was started from old gold forts that Europeans converted into slave forts along the gold coast of Africa. Sig - By triangular trade it strengthen Europe's port cities and its colonies and also help with their wealth and banking and also ships could be insured which helped with Europes economy.
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Def - From the late 18th to 19th centuries they setup trading outposts along the North American Pacific coast with the purpose of trading with the native americans. After otter pelts became popular in Russian it becomes their main purpose. They hunt otters to almost extinction with the help of the locals. Sig - Signifies another european conflict with the native americans in that the Russians forced the Indians to hunt for otters.
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Def - Was made as a food supply for capturing bears. One of the 21 missions that were founded along the coast of CA. They were used by the Spanish as a defferent tactic for conquering the native Americans since the larger civilizations had already need conquered. The missions were more centered around converting the native americans to Christianity and to hane them settle down. They were also used to keep the British and Russians out of the Pacific coast. Sig - Showed more Europeans dominance over the natice Americans, since the missions were just a different tactic of conquest. Also signified conflict among Europe and its colonies.
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Def - Fought between the French and the Birish over the Ohio River Valley in the middle of the 18th century. Both Britain and Franch claim rights to the territory. Begins with a minor incident when a British scout accidentally fires on a French fory, the French send troops and eventually force a British surrender. Afterwards, war spreads to India, Africa, Caribbean, and Europe and the British eventually win. Sig - As a result of the was, France pulls out of the region, as well as agree not to build any military establishment in India, paving the way for British colonization of the region.
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