Term
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Definition
| british conservative politician who served as uk prime minister from 1937 to 1940. He is associated with his appeasement policy (in particular, signing the Munich agreement, conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany) |
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Term
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Definition
| Extermination through labor[1] (German: Vernichtung durch Arbeit) is a principle that guided the operation of the Nazi concentration camp system, defined as the willful or accepted killing of forced laborers or prisoners through excessive heavy labor and inadequate care. |
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Term
| Who was Alexander Kerensky? |
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Definition
| Lead part of the Russian Provisional Gov’t. Belong to socialist revolutionaries, seen as solid representation of the working class. |
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Term
| How did Robespierre end his role in the Revolution? |
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Definition
| When Robespierre called for a new purge in 1794, he seemed to threaten the other members of the Committee of Public Safety. The Jacobins had had enough. Cambon rose in the Convention and said "It is time to tell the whole truth. One man alone is paralyzing the will of the Convention. And that man is Robespierre." Others quickly rallied to his support. Robespierre was arrested and sent to the guillotine the next day, the last victim of the Reign of Terror. |
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Term
| What happened at the Valle Giulia? |
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Definition
| clash between Italian left-wing militants and the Italian police at Valle Giulia, in Rome, on March 1, 1968. Bourgeoisie students. |
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Term
| Who was Charlotte Corday? |
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Definition
| she was executed under the guillotine for the assassination of Jacobin leader Jean-Paul Marat, who was partly responsible for the Reign of Terror |
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Term
| What was article 231 of the treaty of Versailles? |
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Definition
| The article, in which Germany was assigned the responsibility for damages caused by World War I, serves as a justification for the obligations put upon Germany. By arguably blaming only Germany for causing the war, Article 231 has been cited as one of the causes that led to the rise of national socialism in Germany |
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Term
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Definition
| New Economic Policy was an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it state capitalism. Allowing some private ventures, the NEP allowed small animal businesses or smoke shops, for instance, to reopen for private profit while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries |
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Term
| What happened in the Suez in 1956? |
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Definition
| Crisis of 1956, the canal represents the only direct means of travel from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, making it vital to the flow of trade between Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the U.S. Normally, free passage was granted to all who used the canal, but Britain and France desired control of it, not only for commercial shipping, but also for colonial interests. The Egyptian government had just been taken over by Gamal Abdel Nasser, who felt the canal should be under Egyptian control.The Egyptian government had just been taken over by Gamal Abdel Nasser, who felt the canal should be under Egyptian control. The United States and Britain had promised to give aid to Egypt in the construction of the Asw_n High Dam in the Nile. This aid was retracted however, and in retaliation Nasser nationalized the canal. He intended to use the funds raised from the operation of the canal to pay for the Dam. Angry British and French politicians joined forces with Israel, a long time enemy of Egypt, in an attack against Nasser. The Israeli army marched toward the canal on October 29, 1956. Britain and France reinforced the Israelis, and the joint effort defeated the Egyptian army quickly. Within ten days, British and French forces had completely occupied the Suez region. Egypt responded by sinking 40 ships in the canal, blocking all passage. The United Nations sought to resolve the conflict and pressured the two European powers to back down. |
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Term
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Definition
| a body of five Directors that held executive power in France following the Convention and preceding the Consulate. The period of this regime (2 November 1795 until 10 November 1799) |
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Term
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Definition
| “Lightning war” strategy used during ww2, germans invaded poland, france, russia and other countries with a fast moving well-coordinated attacks using aircraft, tanks, and other armored vehicles. |
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Term
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Definition
| “Lightning war” strategy used during ww2, germans invaded poland, france, russia and other countries with a fast moving well-coordinated attacks using aircraft, tanks, and other armored vehicles. |
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Term
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Definition
Mass democratic movement to pass the Peoples’ Charter in Britain, granting male suffrage, secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and annual Parliaments, and absolving the requirement of property ownership for members of the Parliament. The people's Charter:
votes for all men;
equal electoral districts;
abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament be property owners;
payment for M.P.s;
annual general elections; and
the secret ballot. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cold winters they had in Russia that led to napoleon’s defeat: starvation, frostbite, death. 1812 |
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Term
| Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? |
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Definition
| was an Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy. His efforts helped bring about the independent and unified Italy[2] in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century. He also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state |
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Term
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Definition
| German Secret Police for Nazis, led by Heinrich Himmler |
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Term
| Who fought the Crimean War? |
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Definition
| War waged by Russia against Great Britain and France. Spurred by Russia’s encroachment on Ottoman territories, the conflict revealed Russia’s military weakness when Russian forces fell to British and French troops. |
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Term
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Definition
| German communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic from 1971 until 1989 |
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Term
| What did Baron Haussmann do? |
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Definition
| as a French civic planner whose name is associated with the rebuilding of Paris. |
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Term
| What did Baron Haussmann do? |
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Definition
| as a French civic planner whose name is associated with the rebuilding of Paris. |
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Term
| What happened at Fashoda? |
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Definition
| 1898) was the climax of imperial territorial disputes between the United Kingdom and France in Eastern Africa. It brought the United Kingdom and France to the verge of war, but ended in a diplomatic victory for the UK. It is held to have given rise to the 'Fashoda syndrome' in French foreign policy (assertion of French influence in areas which may be becoming susceptible to British influence). |
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Term
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Definition
| Confédération générale du travail, general confederation of labor (France). stands for democratic liberties and peace and for the unity of the working class and the improvement of its position. |
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Term
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Definition
| was a German statesman who took his nation from the ruins of World War II to the most prosperous nation in Europe. He was the first chancellor (top official) of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, called West Germany), 1949–63. He was the founder and leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a coalition of Catholics and Protestants that since 1946 has dominated German politics most of the time |
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Term
| What was the Dreyfus Affair? |
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Definition
| political scandal that divided France in the 1890s and the early 1900s. It involved the conviction for treason in November 1894 of Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a young French artillery officer of Alsatian Jewish descent. Sentenced to life imprisonment for allegedly having communicated French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris, Dreyfus was sent to the penal colony at Devil's Island in French Guiana and placed in solitary confinement. |
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Term
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Definition
| was a militant women's suffrage activist who was trampled by King George V's horse Anmer at the Epsom Derby on 4 June 1913 and died four days later. was appalled at the lack of real opportunities women had in late Victorian society but she was especially angered by the stigma attached to all women by being denied the right to vote |
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Term
| What event triggered WWI? |
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Definition
| Murder of Austro-Hungarian Leader, archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by the Serbian Black Hand terrorists in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. |
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Term
| What event triggered WWI? |
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Definition
| Murder of Austro-Hungarian Leader, archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife by the Serbian Black Hand terrorists in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. |
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Term
| What is the significance of the First battle of the Marne? |
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Definition
| The First Battle of the Marne, fought in the beginning of September 1914, effectively halted the German offensive towards Paris and thereby keeping France in the war. Both the Allies and the Germans suffered a tremendous amount of casualties and were quite exhausted. Afterwards, a quick victory that everyone was predicting was impossible and the war descended into trench warfare. |
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Term
| For what is Jean Monnet known? |
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Definition
For what is Jean Monnet known?
Regarded by many as a chief architect of European Unity[1] (has its roots in European Coal and Steel Committee) and is regarded as one of its founding fathers. planning commissioner of France, responsible for economic reconstruction |
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Term
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Definition
| Gallipoli was one of the Allies great disasters in World War One. Gallipoli was the plan thought up by Winston Churchill to end the war early by creating a new war front that the Central Powers could not cope with. Churchill’s idea was simple. Creating another front would force the Germans to split their army still further as they would need to support the badly rated Turkish army. When the Germans went to assist the Turks, that would leave their lines weakened in the west or east and lead to greater mobility there as the Allies would have a weakened army to fight against. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gallipoli was one of the Allies great disasters in World War One. Gallipoli was the plan thought up by Winston Churchill to end the war early by creating a new war front that the Central Powers could not cope with. Churchill’s idea was simple. Creating another front would force the Germans to split their army still further as they would need to support the badly rated Turkish army. When the Germans went to assist the Turks, that would leave their lines weakened in the west or east and lead to greater mobility there as the Allies would have a weakened army to fight against. |
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Term
| Where did the Easter Uprising take place? |
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Definition
| was an insurrection staged in Ireland during Easter Week, 1916. The Rising was mounted by Irish republicans with the aims of ending British rule in Ireland and establishing the Irish Republic. It was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798.[2]. General Post Office Dublin |
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Term
| Who took power in the October Revolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the significance of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? |
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Definition
| Was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between Russia (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central Powers, headed by Germany, marking Russia's exit from World War I. |
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Term
| What is the significance of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? |
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Definition
| Was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, at Brest-Litovsk (now Brest, Belarus) between Russia (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central Powers, headed by Germany, marking Russia's exit from World War I. |
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Term
| What four powers negotiated the treaty of Versailles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What four powers negotiated the treaty of Versailles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Truman Doctrine? |
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Definition
| (1947) Declaration promising U.S. economic and military intervention, whenever and wherever needed, for the sake of preventing further Communist expansion. |
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Term
| What was the Sparticist uprising? |
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Definition
| lead by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, were a group of radical socialists who found 'fame' in the first few months after the November Armistice when Germany experienced its so-called 'Revolution'. The Spartacists were named after Spartacus who led a revolt by slaves against the might of the Romans in 73 B.C. |
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Term
| What was the Sparticist uprising? |
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Definition
| lead by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, were a group of radical socialists who found 'fame' in the first few months after the November Armistice when Germany experienced its so-called 'Revolution'. The Spartacists were named after Spartacus who led a revolt by slaves against the might of the Romans in 73 B.C. |
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Term
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Definition
| Although much of his early career was spent contributing to the military might of the Soviet Union through the development of the atomic bomb and the hydrogen bomb, he later became one of the program’s fiercest critics.known as a dissident, human rights activist, advocate of civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union and Nobel Peace Prize winner. |
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Term
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Definition
| Although much of his early career was spent contributing to the military might of the Soviet Union through the development of the atomic bomb and the hydrogen bomb, he later became one of the program’s fiercest critics.known as a dissident, human rights activist, advocate of civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union and Nobel Peace Prize winner. |
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Term
| What was the policy of ‘passive resistance’? |
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Definition
| (GHANDI) a method of nonviolent protest against laws or policies in order to force a change or secure concessions; it is also known as nonviolent resistance and is the main tactic of civil disobedience. Passive resistance typically involves such activities as mass demonstrations, refusal to obey or carry out a law or to pay taxes, the occupation of buildings or the blockade of roads, labor strikes, economic boycotts, and similar activities. |
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Term
| What was the policy of ‘passive resistance’? |
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Definition
| (GHANDI) a method of nonviolent protest against laws or policies in order to force a change or secure concessions; it is also known as nonviolent resistance and is the main tactic of civil disobedience. Passive resistance typically involves such activities as mass demonstrations, refusal to obey or carry out a law or to pay taxes, the occupation of buildings or the blockade of roads, labor strikes, economic boycotts, and similar activities. |
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Term
| Over what did Alexander Dubcek preside? |
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Definition
| a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969), famous for his attempt to reform the communist regime during the Prague Spring. Later, after the overthrow of the authoritarian government in 1989, he was Chairman of the federal Czecho-Slovak parliament. |
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Term
| Over what did Alexander Dubcek preside? |
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Definition
| a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969), famous for his attempt to reform the communist regime during the Prague Spring. Later, after the overthrow of the authoritarian government in 1989, he was Chairman of the federal Czecho-Slovak parliament. |
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Term
| Over what did Alexander Dubcek preside? |
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Definition
| a Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969), famous for his attempt to reform the communist regime during the Prague Spring. Later, after the overthrow of the authoritarian government in 1989, he was Chairman of the federal Czecho-Slovak parliament. |
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Term
| What economic effect did the policy of passive resistance have on Germany? |
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Definition
| Recognizing the Reich's inability to oppose the Allied moves with military force, the German government resorted to a policy of passive resistance. This meant political and economic leaders in the Ruhr, with the full support of the Reich and Prussian governments, called upon the population of the occupied areas to stage what amounted to a general strike |
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Term
| What did Mustafa Kemal Atatürk do? |
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Definition
| was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. |
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Term
| What did Mustafa Kemal Atatürk do? |
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Definition
| was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state. |
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Term
| What was the Abraham Lincoln Brigade? |
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Definition
| volunteers from the United States who served in the Spanish Civil War in the International Brigades. They fought for Spanish Republican forces against Franco and the Spanish Nationalists |
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Term
| What treaty, signed in what year, is regarded as the origin of the Euro? |
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Definition
| The 1992 Maastricht Treaty |
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Term
| What happened during the Anschluss? |
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Definition
| the occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938.[2] |
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Term
| What happened during the Anschluss? |
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Definition
| the occupation and annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938.[2] |
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Term
| Who lead Britain during the Second World War? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened on Kristallnacht? |
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Definition
| Nazi Germany on November 9–10, 1938. On a single night, 91 Jews were murdered, and 25,000–30,000 were arrested and deported to concentration camps.The Nazis coordinated an attack on Jewish people and their property in Germany and German-controlled lands as a part of Hitler's anti-Semitic policy. |
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Term
| Who was the Nazi minister of propaganda? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the Nazi minister of propaganda? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact? |
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Definition
| Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union and signed in Moscow in the late hours of 23 August 1939. It was a non-aggression pact under which the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany each pledged to remain neutral in the event that either nation were attacked by a third party. It remained in effect until 22 June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union. |
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Term
| What was the ‘Spirit of Locarno’? |
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Definition
| The Locarno Treaties were regarded as the keystone of the improved western European diplomatic climate of 1924-1930, introducing a hope for international peace,This spirit was seen in Germany's admission to the League of Nations, the international organization established under the Versailles treaty to promote world peace and co-operation, and in the subsequent withdrawal (completed in June 1930) of Allied troops from Germany's western Rhineland. |
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Term
| What was the ‘Spirit of Locarno’? |
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Definition
| The Locarno Treaties were regarded as the keystone of the improved western European diplomatic climate of 1924-1930, introducing a hope for international peace,This spirit was seen in Germany's admission to the League of Nations, the international organization established under the Versailles treaty to promote world peace and co-operation, and in the subsequent withdrawal (completed in June 1930) of Allied troops from Germany's western Rhineland. |
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Term
| What were the Einsatzgruppen? |
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Definition
| SS paramilitary death squads that were responsible for mass killings, typically by shooting, of Jews in particular, but also significant numbers of other population groups and political categories. The Einsatzgruppen operated throughout the territory occupied by the German armed forces following the German invasions of Poland |
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Term
| What were the Einsatzgruppen? |
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Definition
| SS paramilitary death squads that were responsible for mass killings, typically by shooting, of Jews in particular, but also significant numbers of other population groups and political categories. The Einsatzgruppen operated throughout the territory occupied by the German armed forces following the German invasions of Poland |
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Term
| What happened on August 6th, 1945? |
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Definition
| US dropped atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. |
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Term
| What was the Marshall Plan? |
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Definition
| Large-scale economic American program of cash grants to Europe (with no repayment), 1947–1951. The goal of the United States was rebuilding a war-devastated region, removing trade barriers, modernizing industry, and making Europe prosperous again |
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Term
| Who belonged to the Warsaw Pact, and why? |
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Definition
Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance.
Soviet Union
Albania (until 1968)
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
East Germany (until 1990)
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Dissolved after the cold war in 1991, it was actually a military treaty, which bound its signatories to come to the aid of the others, should any one of them be the victim of foreign aggression. |
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Term
| What triggered the Berlin Airlift? |
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Definition
| Stalin closed all roads, railways and canals leading to Berlin. This meant that the people of West Berlin would starve: therefore, the USA, France and Britain flew in supplies. This continued until Stalin lifted the Blockade in 1949. |
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Term
| What happened in St. Domingue in 1791? |
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Definition
| a period of conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Haitian republic. Although hundreds of rebellions occurred in the New World during the centuries of slavery, only the St. Domingue Slave Revolt, which began in 1791, was successful in achieving permanent independence under a new nation. The Haitian Revolution is regarded as a defining moment in the history of Africans in the New World. |
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Term
| When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happened to Europe in 1848? |
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Definition
| Spring of Nations, The European Revolutions of 1848 represent a widespead emergence of situations, across much of Europe, where populist human aspirations variously sought constitutional, liberal, nationalist or socialistic changes in society often at the cost of traditionially influential dynastic or religious authorities. Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Budapest and Prague. |
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Term
| What happened to Europe in 1848? |
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Definition
| Spring of Nations, The European Revolutions of 1848 represent a widespead emergence of situations, across much of Europe, where populist human aspirations variously sought constitutional, liberal, nationalist or socialistic changes in society often at the cost of traditionially influential dynastic or religious authorities. Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Budapest and Prague. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hans Globke served the Nazis as the top official in the Office for Jewish Affairs in the Ministry of Interior. He was directly involved in the formation of the racial laws and drafted the text of Hitler’s race laws |
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Term
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Definition
| Hans Globke served the Nazis as the top official in the Office for Jewish Affairs in the Ministry of Interior. He was directly involved in the formation of the racial laws and drafted the text of Hitler’s race laws |
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Term
| Why was Kruschchev’s “Secret Speech” important? |
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Definition
| denouncing Stalin's purges and ushering in a less repressive era in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). leading to de-stalinization, end of coummunism? |
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Term
| What happened in Hungary in 1956? |
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Definition
| spontaneous nationwide revolt against the government of the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What were the Red Brigades? |
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Definition
| a Marxist-Leninist left wing terrorist group active in Italy in the 1970s and early 1980s. This period known as “Years of Lead” |
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Term
| What is the name of the most important theorist of the ‘social contract’ for the French Revolutionaries? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| “Charcoal Burners” - groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. advocates of italian nationalism, meant to overthrow italian gov’t. led by students/ other intellectuals |
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Term
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Definition
| “Charcoal Burners” - groups of secret revolutionary societies founded in early 19th-century Italy. advocates of italian nationalism, meant to overthrow italian gov’t. led by students/ other intellectuals |
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Term
| Who lead the nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who led the organization, Solidarity? |
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Definition
| a Polish non-governmental trade union, began in August 1980 at the Lenin Shipyards (now Gdańsk Shipyards) where it was founded by Lech Wałęsa |
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Term
| Who led the organization, Solidarity? |
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Definition
| a Polish non-governmental trade union, began in August 1980 at the Lenin Shipyards (now Gdańsk Shipyards) where it was founded by Lech Wałęsa |
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Term
| When did the Berlin Wall go up, and when did it come down? |
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Definition
| UP August 13, 1961. DOWN 9 November 1989 |
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Term
| Which Soviet leader introduced policies of Glasnost and Perestroika? When? |
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Definition
| Mikhail S. Gorbachev, general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in March 1985 |
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Term
| Why did Napoleon sell Louisiana to the United States? |
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Definition
| Facing renewed war with Great Britain, he could not spare troops to defend the territory; he needed funds, moreover, to support his military ventures in Europe |
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