Term
|
Definition
| was a merchant prince and the founder of Opobo city-state in an area that is now part of Nigeria. Greatest palm oil trader in Niger Delta. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a public reception held by an Indian prince or by a British governor or viceroy in India. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a rebellion in southern China from 1850 to 1864 that expanded into a civil war between the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established by the rebels and the ruling Manchu-led Qing dynasty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slaves freed by the British Royal Navy, which intercepted illegal slaving ships leaving Africa after the 1808 Act of Parliament ended the British slave trade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Indian Rebellion of 1857 refers to a rebellion in India against the rule of the East India Company, that ran from May 1857 to June 1858. The rebellion began as a mutiny of sepoys of the East India Company's army on 10 May 1857, in the cantonment of the town of Meerut, and soon escalated into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dutch settlers in the 17 and 18th. have traditionally dominated south africa's politics and agriculture prior to 1994 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the name given to the port cities in China, Japan, Taiwan, and Korea that were opened to foreign trade by the unequal treaties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| China 1902, any of a series of treaties and agreements in which China was forced to concede many of its territorial and sovereignty rights. they were negotiated during the 19th and early 20th centuries between china and foreign imperialist powers, especially Great Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, and Japan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upstart military genius named Shaka (r. 1818-1828) created the Zulu kingdom in 1818. Strict military drill and dose-combat tactics featuring ox-hide shields and lethal stabbing spears made the Zulu the most powerful and most feared fighters in southern Africa. Shaka expanded his kingdom by raiding his African neighbors, seizing their cattle, and capturing their women and children. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a native governor during the time of the Mogul empire. "Nawab Haider Beg" a Muslim nobleman or person of high status.
A term used for Muslim princes who were deputies of the Mughal emperor, though in name only. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Indian National Congress was the largest and most prominent Indian public organization, and central and defining influence of the Indian Independence Movement. Wanted to cut 40% of war expenditure to help the poor. Promoted unity among the country’s many religions and social groups, most early members were upper-caste Western- educated Hindus and Parsis. Until it attracted the support of the masses, it could not hope to challenge British rule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Britain considered the ban on opium importation an intolerable limitation on trade, a direct threat to Britain’s economic health, and a cause for war. British naval and marine forces arrived on the south China coast in late 1839. The Opium War (1839-1842) broke out when negotiations between the Qing official and British representatives reached a stalemate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| He invented numerous weaving devices. His most famous invention was the automatic power loom in which he implemented the principle of Jidoka (autonomous automation). The principle of Jidoka, which means that the machine stops itself when a problem occurs, became later a part of the Toyota Production System. |
|
|
Term
| Submarine telegraph cables |
|
Definition
| The first submarine communications cables, laid in the 1850s, carried telegraphy traffic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The strong belief that the interests of a particular nation-state are of primary importance. Also, the belief that a people who share a common language, history, and culture should constitute an independent nation, free of foreign domination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social and economic system characterized by social ownership and/or social control of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy, as well as a political theory and movement that aims at the establishment of such a system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was a chain of events that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Industry began mass-producing other organic chemicals—compounds containing carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of the Manchu Yehenara clan, was a Chinese empress dowager and regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty for 47 years from 1861 until her death in 1908 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. In the 1860s he engineered a series of wars that unified the German states (excluding Austria) into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Born in Germany, he later became stateless and spent much of his life in London in the United Kingdom. Marx's work in economics laid the basis for much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital, and subsequent economic thought |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| American William Kelly and the Englishman Henry Bessemer discovered that air forced through molten pig iron by powerful pumps turned it into steel without additional fuel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the formation of a unified Italy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Then in 1831 the Englishman Michael Faraday showed that the motion of a copper wire through a magnetic field induced an electric current in the wire. Based on his discovery, inventors in the 1870s devised generators that turned mechanical energy into electric current. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Victorians contrasted the masculine ideals of strength and courage with the feminine virtues of beauty and kindness, and they idealized the home as a peaceful and loving refuge from the dog-eat-dog world of competitive capitalism. |
|
|
Term
| Alsace and Lorraine (Germany) |
|
Definition
| was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle department of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War. The Alsatian part lay in the Rhine Valley on the west bank of the Rhine River and east of the Vosges Mountains. The Lorraine section was in the upper Moselle valley to the north of the Vosges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea; along with surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy officially referred to as Regione Sicilia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, also known as the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty, was made by representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire on August 22, 1910. In this treaty, Japan formally annexed Korea following the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 by which Korea became the protectorate of Japan and Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 by which Korea was deprived of the administration of internal affairs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Dong-hae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cecil Rhodes PC was a British imperialist, businessman, mining magnate, and politician in South Africa. who once declared that he would “annex the stars” if he could. Rhodes made his fortune in the Kimberley diamond fields, founding De Beers Consolidated, a company that has dominated the world’s diamond trade ever since. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a Filipino revolutionary and politician who is officially recognized as the First President of the Philippines (1899–1901) and led Philippine forces first against Spain in the latter part of the Philippine Revolution (1896–1897), and then in the Spanish–American War (1898), and finally against the United States during the Philippine–American War (1899–1901). He was captured by American forces in 1901, which brought an end to his presidency. Leader of a secret society, rose in revolt and proclaimed a republic in 1899 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As late as 1879 Africans ruled more than 90 percent of the continent. Then, within a decade, Africa was invaded and divided among the European powers in a movement often referred to as the “scramble” for Africa. The "Scramble for Africa" was the invasion, occupation, colonization and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914. It is also called the Partition of Africa and the Conquest of Africa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when market forces are so unbalanced that one country can economically dominate another. The term is used negatively - and usually in conjunction with practices like taking advantage of the cheap labor or cheap capital that can be found elsewhere. By dominating a country economically, the more powerful country also exerts informal political domination. The term is frequently invoked by opponents of globalism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (2 September 1898), an army commanded by the British General Sir Herbert Kitchener defeated the army of Abdullah al-Taashi, the successor to the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammad Ahmad. It was a demonstration of the superiority of a highly disciplined army equipped with modern rifles, machine guns and artillery over a vastly larger force armed with older weapons, and marked the success of British efforts to re-conquer the Sudan. However, it was not until the 1899 Battle of Umm Diwaykarat that the final Mahdist forces were defeated. Omdurman is today a suburb of Khartoum in central Sudan, with a population of some 1.5 million. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1884–85, also known as the Congo Conference or West Africa Conference, regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period, and coincided with Germany's sudden emergence as an imperial power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (sometimes Neoimperialism or Neo-imperialism) was a period of colonial expansion—and its accompanying ideologies—by the European powers, the United States of America and the Empire of Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was a Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Zionist. Arose among those who wanted to return to their ancestral homeland in Palestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Nationalist Party of China. The name, Nationalist Party, in Mandarin is Guomindang in the pinyin romanization and Koumintang in the Wade-Giles romanization. National People’s Party), Yuan quashed every attempt at creating a Western-style government and harassed Sun’s followers. Victory in the first round of the struggle to create a new China went to the military. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A war of succession is a social conflict prompted by two or more individuals' claim as successor to a deceased or deposed monarch. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who was better known as Le Corbusier, was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter, urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10 April] 1870 – 21 January 1924) was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He served as head of government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917, and of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death. Under his administration, the Russian Empire was dissolved and replaced by the Soviet Union, a one-party socialist state; all land, natural resources, and industry were confiscated and nationalized. Ideologically a Marxist, his political theories are known as Leninism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (dated 2 November 1917) was a letter from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. (campaign for a permanent homeland for the Jewish people). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Russian: “One of the Majority”), plural Bolsheviks, or Bolsheviki, member of a wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, which, led by Lenin, seized control of the government in Russia (October 1917) and became the dominant political power. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (abbreviated as LN in English, "Société des Nations" abbreviated as SDN in French) was an intergovernmental organization founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Joseph Stalin (1879-1953) Stalin’s ambition was to turn the USSR into an industrial nation. Its aim was to increase the power of the Communist Party domestically and that of the Soviet Union in relation to other countries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was an Italian political party, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of fascism. an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. Fascist Party, which glorified warfare and the Italian nation. By 1921 the party had 300,000 members, many of whom used violent methods to repress strikes, intimidate voters, and seize municipal governments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hitler distinguished among a “master race” of Aryans (he meant Germans, Scandinavians, and Britons), a degenerate “Alpine” race of French and Italians, and an inferior race of Russian and eastern European Slavs, fit only to be slaves of the master race. He reserved his most intense hatred for Jews, on whom he blamed every disaster that had befallen Germany, especially the defeat of 1918. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| On October 24, 1929—“Black Thursday”—the New York stock market went into a dive. Within days stocks had lost half their value. The foil continued for three years, ruining millions of investors. People with bank accounts rushed to make withdrawals, causing thousands of banks to collapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kiilaks {COO-lox) (“fists”), the better-off peasants, began to resist giving up all their property. When soldiers came to force them into collectives at gunpoint, they burned their crops, smashed their equipment, and slaughtered their livestock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Collectivization meant consolidating small private farms into vast collectives and making the farmers work together in commonly owned fields. Each collective was expected to supply the government with a fixed amount of food and distribute what was left among its members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) had supported Italy’s entry into the war. A spellbinding orator, he quickly became the leader of the Fascist Party |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Long March was a military retreat undertaken by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China, the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang army |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commonly referred to as Chairman Mao (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976), was a Chinese Communist revolutionary and the founding father of the People's Republic of China, which he governed as Chairman of the Communist Party of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Gulag was the government agency that administered the main Soviet forced labor camp systems during the Stalin era, from the 1930s until the 1950s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a term meaning 'not to injure' and 'compassion'. The word is derived from the Sanskrit root hiṃs – to strike; hiṃsā is injury or harm, a-hiṃsā is the opposite of this, i.e. cause no injury, do no harm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was an Argentine military officer and politician, who served three times as President of Argentina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| served as President of Brazil, first as dictator, from 1930 to 1945, and in a democratically elected term from 1951 until his suicide in 1954 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a Mexican soldier and politician, who served seven terms as President of Mexico; a total of three and a half decades from 1876 and 1911 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nguyễn Thái Học was a Vietnamese revolutionary who was the founding leader of the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng, the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. He was captured and executed by the French colonial authorities after the failure of the Yên Bái mutiny |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a march initiated by Mohandas Gandhi to illegally produce salt from seawater. It began on 12 March 1930, and was a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly in colonial India. The march became an important part of the Indian independence movement and started the nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, the main leader of the peasant revolution in the state of Morelos, and the inspiration of the agrarian movement called Zapatismo. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| truth force, is a particular philosophy and practice within the broader overall category generally known as nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. The term satyagraha was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a general in the Mexican Revolution and an able statesman who served as President of Mexico between 1934 and 1940 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was the elected President of Cuba from 1940 to 1944, and dictator from 1952 to 1959, before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution. former military leader and president, illegally seized power in a coup in 1953 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a war between North and South Korea, in which a United Nations force led by the United States of America fought for the South, and China fought for the North, which was also assisted by the Soviet Union. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its allies in the Warsaw Pact) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was the ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. “iron curtain” became a watchword of the Cold War, the state of political tension and military rivalry then beginning between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also known as the Second Indochina War, and also known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against America or simply the American War, was a Cold War-era proxy war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War (1946–54) and was fought between North Vietnam—supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies—and the government of South Vietnam—supported by the United States, Philippines and other anti-communist allies. |
|
|
Term
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
|
Definition
| is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader who was prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh s nationalist coalition, called the Viet Minh, fought the French with help from the People s Republic of China. After a brutal struggle, the French stronghold of Dienbienphu (dee-yen-bee-yen-FOO) fell in 1954, marking the end of France s colonial enterprise. Ho s Viet Minh government took over in the north, and a noncommunist nationalist government ruled in the south. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonaligned nations and Third World, which became commonplace in the following years, signaled these countries’ collective stance toward the rival sides in the Cold War. If the West, led by the United States, and the East, led by the Soviet Union, represented two worlds locked in mortal struggle, the Third World consisted of everyone else |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay in 1991 and subsequently expanded to include five associate members, planned to elect a parliament in 2010 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was the name used by the Argentine Military Government for a period of state terrorism in Argentina from roughly 1974 to 1983 |
|
|
Term
| Newly Industrialized Economies |
|
Definition
| Another name for the Asian tigers, of Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore and South Korea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Responding to inflation and to worldwide mass movements in favor of democracy, Chinese students and intellectuals led a series of protests demanding more democracy and an end to corruption. This movement culminated in Tiananmen Square, in the heart of Beijing, where hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered and refused to leave. After weeks of standoff, tanks pushed into the square, killing hundreds and arresting thousands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time at which a woman stops producing hormones, and hence no longer have children. In addition with waiting later to have children help decrease the number of possible births. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a conflict between two nations where neither country directly engages the other. While this can encompass a breadth of armed confrontation, its core definition hinges on two separate powers utilizing external strife to somehow attack the interests or territorial holdings of the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore and South Korea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of ideas that permeates the everyday lives of the society. Originally mostly American expanded to other parts such as Latin America and Indian film |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The English language, modern science, and higher education became the key elements of this global elite culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (“restructuring”) was a political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s (1986), widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost (meaning "openness") policy reform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| came as a result of successful death control. The primary factors were improved sanitation and greater varieties and quantities of food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rate for a given region is the number of children dying under one year of age, divided by the number of live births during the year, multiplied by 1,000 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| global marketing was especially insidious in trying to shape a world with a single Western outlook based on capitalist ideology, and at the same time suppressing or devaluing traditional cultures and alternative ideologies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chilean (Marxist) ex-president who undertook social reform and was later overthrown by General Augusto Pinochet with the help of the United States and president Nixon. |
|
|
Term
| Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini |
|
Definition
| was an Iranian Ayatollah, revolutionary, politician, the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of the Pahlavi monarchy and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death. The new Iranian regime was anti-Israeli and anti-American. Seeing the United States as a “Great Satan” opposed to Islam, Khomeini fostered Islamic revolutionary movements that threatened the United States and Israel. |
|
|
