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Republican presidential candidate of 1876 election vs. Tilden; Corrupted votes in Florida led to formation of a special cabinet that elected Hayes as president; Hayes agreed to recognize Democratic control of South and to avoid further intervention in their affairs, in return, Democrats vowed not to dispute Hayes’ presidency |
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1. Huge exhibition/world fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’ discovery of America Designed by Daniel Burnham Featured state of the art architecture and arts and featured a prototype of what Chicago should look like Was the "glitter" of the Gilded Age |
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| Frontier Thesis (Turner): |
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1. According to Turner, the American frontier was the “safety valve of America”, providing social stability Said humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into Americans would expand westward in pursuit of freedom and/or better jobs the thesis became popular at the end of the 19th century |
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| Scottish-born American businessman, industrialist, and philanthropist; founded the Carnegie Steel Company in the 1870s, and quickly became one of the richest men in the world; is known as much for his philanthropy and large-scale donations to fund the establishments of libraries, schools, and universities |
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| enacted in 1862 during the Civil War, providing bonds and land grants to help the railroad companies acquire the money they would need to expand tracks across the country (transcontinental) |
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| a company whose sole purpose is not production of goods or services, but only owning the majority of other companies’ stock; reduces the risk for owners and can allow the ownership control of a number of different companies; often used to conceal monopolies |
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| railroad workers in West Virginia protested a pay cut, paralyzing railroad traffic in much of the country (the protest spread throughout the country); state militia were sent to restore train service, but workers refused to end the strike; when soldiers in Pittsburgh shot and killed twenty people, the other strikers began burning the city’s railroad yards; strike ended after 45 days when President Hayes sent federal troops to many cities to suppress the strike |
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| key American labor union leader; founder and first president of the American Federation of Labor in the late 19th century; promoted “pure and simple” unionism (less-than-radical), higher wages, and better working conditions |
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| term given to rich businessmen and bankers of the late 19th century who dominated their industries and made millions, even billions, of dollars, typically as the result of unfair business practices; e.g. the Vanderbilt’s; flaunted their wealth and lead to an “aristocracy of wealth” |
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| American architect often called the “father of modernism”; often considered the creator of the modern skyscraper; believed that a building’s form must reflect its function; built a 10-story skyscraper in 1891, the world’s first |
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| A Dutch immigrant who became a famous American photographer and journalist; he used the poverty-stricken families and communities of New York City as his subjects; his work, “How The Other Half Lives” (1890) documented the filthiness and lack of hygiene in New York slums in the late 1800s |
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| the Democratic Party’s political machine that controlled a major part of New York City politics throughout the 1800’s and early 1900’s; Plunkitt, a state senator, was a major player in this political machine; used the spoils system and bribes to control party nominations and patronage |
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| founded the Hull House in 1889, a settlement house used to educate and teach standards of society to the poor; also was the first women to win the Nobel Prize; opposed to party bosses and political corruption |
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| a new wave of American immigrants in the late 1800s, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe; many were fleeing discrimination, political oppression, and/or economic distress; this new wave spoke and looked different than the “old stock” immigrants, and as a result, were often discriminated against in America |
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| 1882; allowed the US to put a cap on the number of immigrants from China, and even sent some back; did not allow those who stayed to become citizens; prevented the assimilation of Chinese immigrants into American society, and instead, predominantly male, and therefore unruly, Chinatowns were formed |
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| American Protective Association (APA) |
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| an American anti-Catholic secret society founded in the late 1800s; their goals included restricting Catholic immigration, making English a prerequisite to American citizenship, removing Catholic teachers from public schools, and banning Catholics from public offices |
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| American schools of the realist artistic movement of the early 1900s; students of these schools elevated common themes, such as street scenes, into art; help defined an American culture and unique form of art |
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| an American journalist who mistakenly thought the South was closely integrated into the economy; publisher of the Atlanta Journal |
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| a system of agriculture in which the sharecropper (usually poor blacks) farmed someone else’s land for a share (usually over half) of the crop; often referred to as “financial slavery”, because even though the sharecropper was a free man, he had no money, and therefore was forced to farm someone else’s land |
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| During the “Black Exodus” of the late 1800s, many blacks fled West to escape continued discrimination and “financial slavery” in the South; many African-Americans settled here in Nicodemus to become farmers and/or cattle ranchers |
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| Famous leader of the Sioux; best known for his defeat of General Custer in 1876; after defeating Custer, he flees to Canada, where he remains until 1881, at which time he surrenders to American forces |
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| (1887); authorized the federal government to divide Native American tribal lands into allotments for individual families; these allotments provided the family with up to 16 acres of land to own and harvest, thus assimilating these families in the West; the act eliminated tribal cultures and forced the families to become U.S. citizens; excess tribal lands were sold to white settlers, and from this profit, educational projects for Indians were funded |
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| a religious movement amongst Native American tribes; common in the late 1800’s, this “dance” increased Indian hostility against whites by preaching that the Gods would help the Native Americans in their fight; often credited with instigating the Wounded Knee massacre |
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| (1890) the final defeat of the Sioux and Sitting Bull, by American armed forces; often termed a “massacre”, as over 100 Sioux tribal members died; marked the end of Indian warfare against Americans as well as the end of Indian civilization in America |
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| US political strategy in which a political party , upon winning an election, gives government jobs to friends, relatives, etc… as an incentive to continue working for the party, rather than giving government jobs based on merit and credentials; term comes from the saying, “to the victor belongs the spoils” |
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| New York politician of the late 1800’s; head of the stalwarts—those favorable to the spoils system; was a strong supporter of Ulysses S. Grant as president |
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| (1883); law that ended the spoils system and placed federal employees on the merit system; it resulted due to a compromise between stalwarts and the Republican Party, implementing the merit system, and in return, allowing high tariffs to be established; passed in 1883 during President Arthur’s term |
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| the first government action implemented to limit cartels and monopolies; passed in 1890 during President Harrison’s term; primarily targeted trade unions, many of which had become too powerful for even Republican tastes |
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| the last monarch of the Hawaiian Islands; draws up a new constitution for Hawaii in 1893; Americans in Hawaii begin a rebellion, and by 1894, the Queen was dethroned, ending the monarchy, and a provisional government was established; Hawaii was officiallt annexed a few years later, in 1898. |
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| a movement the U.S. throughout the 1870s; Greenbacks fought for increased monetary circulation through the issuing of paper currency and bimetallism (using both gold and silver as legal tender) and sought benefits for labor such as shorter working hours and a national labor bureau; tried to create their own local banks, but garnered very little support, and soon failed |
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| a movement in the U.S. throughout the 1870s; Grangers worked towards a cooperative system of exchange and easy credit; they attacked the railroad industry; much like the Greenbacks, had little federal support, and the movement soon died out |
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| Sherman Silver Purchase Act: |
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| law enacted in 1890 increasing the amount of silver in the American dollar’s value; the act quickly backfired, however, as people turned in their silver Treasury notes for gold dollars, depleting the nation’s gold reserve; as a result, the act was repealed by President Cleveland in 1893 |
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| an organized agricultural, economic movement amongst US farmers in the 1880s; the Alliance was designed to promote higher commodity prices through collective action by groups of individual farmers; eventually became the Populist Party in 1890 |
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| presidential candidate of the Populist Party in the 1892 election; he was an opponent of the gold standard and national banks; as a result of being a Union veteran, he was not received well in the South; he stole votes from the Republicans, allowing Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland to become President |
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| was a three-time Democratic nominee for president, lost all three times; known for being a great speaker, supporter of silver-backed dollar, outspoken critic of banks and railroads; lost to McKinley in the 1896 Presidential election |
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| an American engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency; attributed with inventing the assembly line, which led to Ford’s mass production of cars |
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| famous American muckraker and journalist of the late 1800’s; his works denounced the patronage favors of party machines, and increased public recognition of government and political corruption |
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| American birth control activist who founded who opened the first birth control clinic in the US in 1916; as a result of her work, women were no longer confined to the home as mothers/reproducers; founder of what would become Planned Parenthood |
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| governor of California who fought the railroad industry and its corruption; fought especially against the rebated railroad companies offered politicians in exchange for favors; indicted his own father, a senator, for conspiring with the railroads |
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| a huge railroad trust formed in 1902; a conglomerate of railroads and banks; Teddy Roosevelt, as President, investigated violations of anti-trust laws of the time, and eventually manages to break it down by 1904; one of the first major antitrust cases |
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| 1902. US federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of the West; was Teddy Roosevelt’s “pet” law; aimed at the conservation of nature; the law helps the American West become one of the premier agricultural areas in the world |
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| a faction of the Republican Party who side with Teddy Roosevelt over Taft; in 1912, they split from the Republican Party and form the Progressive Party |
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| An educator who urged blacks to better themselves through education and economic advancement, rather than by trying to attain equal rights; in 1881, he founded the first formal school for blacks, the Tuskegee Institute. |
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| 1896 Supreme Court ruling that said separate facilities for blacks and whites are legal, as long as they are equal; established racial segregation as constitutional |
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| author of “The Promise of American Life” (1910); greatly influenced Pres. Teddy Roosevelt to move from trust-busting to governmental regulation of big businesses |
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