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-From Mecca -Father died before born, lived with many family members. -Learned to be a merchant from his uncle -Married a rich widow -Vision of the archangel Gabriel: He was told he was the prophet of Allah (kept this secret) -2nd Vision; Said he should go public, calling his faith Islam, and his followers Muslims.
-Recieved devine revalation by having his prophecies during his trances written down
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Ali's party (then passed to son Hussain after his murder) after the schism. -At odds with the Sunni's
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-people who use pictures of dieties, statues, etc as a visual stimulus to help concentrate on prayer. -Leo II ordered all them destroyed. -843: Council restored Images
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-Frankish -Became a christian and died in 511
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-Pope; Rome in hard times -Notable Preacher of hell and heaven -Believed the end of the world was coming -believed in angels and dark beings were around -
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-defeated the Franks and gave the conqured lands to the church. (Papal States)
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-Illiterate, but spoke Greek, Latin, and French -Patron of Learning -had monks copy down manuscripts -Frequent warrior of Italy, Spain, E. Europe -18 Expeditions in Saxon Germany (he hated them) to convert them to Christianity from Paganism -Had a feudal system -Rotated positions of lords -Very good at organization -had a strong hand and morals
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- From Scandinavia
- Not a "race" but a way of life for them.
- Had the best ships, very well built.
- Attacked coast and used rivers to penetrate countries.
- Very fit, feirce at combat
- Bezerkers-a large man with a short fuse, fearless in battle; usually were from the same family
- Invaded: Spain, The Land of the Norman (Normandy, and some stayed), England (some settled) and Ireland (established Dublin)
- Voyages: They went to Iceland, then ventured to Greenland, and some ventured further (Lief Erikson settled in Canada in 1000)
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- AKA Duke William of Normandy
- Attacked and defeated the Saxons and was crowned King of England.
- He had Normans and Saxons pledge allegiance to England
- Developed taxes, started a census there
- England and France helped each other
Had Normans and Saxons Intermarry, their languages ( French and Saxon) became primitive English; |
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When King Henry II strengthened the royal courts and developed common law this angered the nobles they developed the Magna Carta: ----------King could not raise large amounts of money without summoning Nobles and Bishops for council ----------Due Process of Law
--SIGNED in 1215 by the Barons --1295, The king included in his council and 2 commoners
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AKA--The Peoples Crusade - Pope gave a speech and challenged Christians to go to war with Muslims.(Upper Class)
- Told them it was the end of time and God would help
- Killed Jews to purify the Christian people (did things such as cannabalism, raping, and murdering)
- 1099 Made it to Jerualem, then killed 70,000 that were mostly early Christians!
- They occupied Jerusalem and were supplied by Venice and other Italian cities.
- This meant broken Christian Crusade States rather than Muslim along the coast.
- Once in the middle east they somewhat softened and took the the way of the natives.
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--Led by King Richard the Lion of England in 1202 --Laid siege to Constantinople ---------looted ---------ruined churches ---------raped --In 1261the Byzantines made a small comeback, but were ultimately crippled. ------consequences ------massacred Jews (this led to deep anti-semitism) ------Some Christians became Muslim --------Learned distillation from Muslims.
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- Most important of all the Afghan Turks
- Forced conversion to Islam on the Hindus in India.
- Had many zealots
- Called himself "The Image Breaker" from destroying the decorated Hindu temples because they were iconoclastic.
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- The dominant power in N India for some time
- No forced conversion, just a tax for being non-muslim.
- Very Rich state
- Politically unstable because of sultans being murdered left and right (19 out of 25)
- Islam began to spread because of the poor caste of people converting to avert the extra tax.
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- Emporer did not want to be usurped; he had his generals retired and given pensions and were married to a relative of the king
- Never a war during this dynasty
- Let outermost territories go
- Feet Binding started here and was popular for 1000 years
- Depended on diplomacy; emporer paid nearby states to stave off war. (seen as lesser evil)
- Invaded in 1127 and the emporer and court captured
- Remaining people ran south relocating; creating the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279)
- Very prosperous period for technology
- Built boats and Compasses and took them overseas.
- Invented water pumps
- The heart of the Song Dynasty was family (several generations, patriarchal; women subservient)
- Invented the printing press creating some of the best books and painters from Song Dynasty
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Why did Muhammad move to Yathrib (Medina)?
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Because Muhammad and his religion was not taken very well in Mecca so they moved to Medina in 622 and became the first Islamic community. |
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| Who converted the Russians to Christianity? |
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What was the purpose of the Treaty of Verdun (843)? |
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| What was the French region settled by the Vikings? |
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| Why did Mahmud lead expeditions into India? |
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To conquer and convert the Hindu states and destroy the temples full of iconoclasim
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How did the Song rulers deal with hostile states along their borders?
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They paid them off with money to keep from going to war because that was seen as a lesser evil. |
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| What was the greatest conquest of Khubilai Khan? |
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Essay #1 What were the basic teachings of the Prophet Muhammad? Discuss the rapid expansion of Islam across the Middle East and North Africa. |
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Essay # 2 Discuss the rise and decline of the Carolingian dynasty. (You should focus on political and diplomatic affairs.) |
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Essay # 3 Describe the Song Dynasty. (At the very least, you should discuss diplomatic polocies, governmental administration, technologicaland economic developments) |
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