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- Chinese dynasty that lasted 1046-256 BCE.
- Followed Shang dynasty. Longest lasting dynastyin Chinese history.
- Introduction of Iron.
- Philosophies of: Laozi, Mencious, & Confucious.
- Government influenced mainly by four schools: Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, and Legalism
- Followed Mandate of Heaven of Shang dynasty
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| Chinese philosopher of Spring and Autumn period 551-479BCE. A thinker that developed a set of principles for ethical living consisting of: family loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders. Used family structure as ideal for government structure, people to be ruled by virtue not by punishment. Teachings in Analects. Emphasized importance of study. |
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| Chinese philosopher 372-289BCE Confucian thinker, argued that rulers were obligated to tend to the welfare of commoners as not only moral duty but because it was the most practical way to successful ruler, believed in: inherent goodness, the power of destiny. |
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Chinese philosopher during Zhou dynasty 600 BCE
Considered founder of Daoism, advocated humility in leadership and lessened state power, non-action, author of Tao Te Ching. |
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| Laozi, Ancient China during Warring States period (475-221BCE) Focused on importance of following the Dao, the way. Emphasized the need to accept the world as it is rather than trying to change it through politics or government. Scorned rigid rituals and social hierarchies. Central concepts include: Tao “the way”, De “virtue & integrity”, Wu wei “without action”, Pu “simplicity”. Main text: Tao Te Ching (600 BCE) written by Laozi |
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Chinese statesman of State of Qin 390-338BCE.
legalist philosophy, reforms during Qin that led to a militarily powerful and strongly centralized kingdom, emphasis on loyalty to state over that of family, book of Lord Shang, believed people were inherently selfish and ignorant |
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| China “School of Law”, first adopted by Shang Ynag, developed further by Han Fei and Li Si during Warring States period. utilitarian and authoritarian political philosophy, used three principles to govern: Fa- law code must be clearly written and made public, Shu- special precautions must be taken to ensure there is no threat to ruler, Shi- it is the position of the ruler that holds the power. |
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| Indian sage Vardhamana, son of King Siddhartha 599-527BCE. Established principles of Jainism, left home at age 30 to seek truth about life, spent 12 years as ascetic wandering throughout Ganges valley before reaching enlightenment. Taught that universe obeys its own everlasting rules and cannot be affected by any god or other supernatural being. Also believed that purpose of life is to purify one’s soul through ascetiscism and to attain state of permanent bliss. |
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| Mahavira, India 600/700 BCE one of two systems that challenged Brahmanism, universe obeys its own everlasting rules that no god or supernatural being could affect, purpose of life to purify soul and attain permanent bliss through self-denial and the avoidance of harm to other creatures. Emphasis on pacifism, meditation, monasticism, and fasting. |
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Indian ascetic
563-483BCE
Founded Buddhism, born prince Siddhartha Gotama, abandoned wife and status to search for enlightenment, found enlightenment through the Middle Way developed four noble truths, Buddhism driven by three things (Three Jewels: Buddha, Dharma, Sangha) |
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| Buddha, India 563-483BCE central teachings in Buddhist tradition, lead to enlightenment, explain nature of dukkha, suffering, and how to overcome, consist of: 1) All is suffering 2) Desire is root of suffering 3) The end of suffering is attainable 4) The path to the end of suffering (8 Fold Path consisting of guidance in wisdom, ethical conduct, and mental development) |
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Buddha, India 563-483BCE
The community of those practicing Buddhism (practicing: the good way, the upright way, the knowledgeable way, the proper way. the community of Buddhist monks, nuns, and laymen and laywomen. |
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| One of two schools of Buddhism. School of Buddhist theology that believed that Buddha was a deity, unlike previous groups that considered him a wise human being. literally “Great Vehicle,” this is the form of Buddhism that began to develop around the beginning of the Common Era with the ideal of the bodhisattva |
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| In Mahayan Buddhism, enlightened demigods who were ready to reach nirvana but delayed so that they might help others attain.literally ‘awakening being,’ one who has generated bodhicitta and seeks awakening for the benefits of others. The Bodhisattva or Bodhisatta refers to the Buddha before his Awakening. |
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Buddha, India 563-483BCE “the Teaching of the Elders”, oldest surviving Buddhist school, faith must come through experience, not through blind faith, ignorance afflicts minds of all unenlightened beings. elders, original teachings, Monks (strict)
Thailand, Burma/Myanmar, Sri Lanka
The goal of Theravada is to reach the status of arhat (arahat)
Buddha - "enlightened" (moksha/will not be reborn) |
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| Indian-Aryan language, historical language of Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Earliest texts are Hindu texts of Rigveda. |
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| Hierarcical system of organizing people and distributing labor. Social stratification, 4 Categories: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (Commerce), Shudras (workmen) & untouchables called the Varnas. From there subdivied into thousands of Jatis. Developed from the Aryan cultural influence. Justified by Upinishads, collection of oral transmissions 7th century. |
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| A people who lived in what in now northern Peru from 1400 to 200 BCE. They were united more by culture and faith than by a unified political system. Reliance on simple agricultural technology. Produced increasingly hierarchal social order. “Second generation society” Began around 1400BCE. Limited by location. Had unextensive trade networks. Artistic & religious society. |
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| 1500 BCE Mexico, “inhabitants in the land of rubber” first-generation community created new political and economic institutions while contemplating profound questions about nature of humanity and world beyond. Subsistence farming, trade of precious goods.. Athletic culture, had a vicious ball game similar to basketball. Religious, believed supernatural guided natural. Elaborate cultural system with social rank. Abrupt disestablishment. |
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| Formidable Roman general who lived from 100 to 44BCE. He was also a man of letters, a great orator, and a ruthless military man who boasted that his campaigns had led to the deaths of over a million people. Conquest of Gaul. Led to resentment and fear of dictatorship. |
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| Highly developed location of common culture in sub-Saharan Africa along Nile river. 4th century, access to both north and south parts of Africa, established in outside world, 3 kingdoms: Kerma, Kush, More, influence from Egypt, who exploited the people. More pyramids than Egypt. |
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“city-state”, political organization based on the authority of a single, large city that controls outlying territories, emerge from social destruction and facilitate revolution principles in rulership, commerce, and thought. Athens Sparta. each polis has its own: Laws, Constitutions, Government, Coinage, Variations of the Alphabet, etc.
Loyalty of people was to their Polis not their city-state. |
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| Infantry soldiers that operated efficiently through large battle formations (phalanx). A hoplite was a free citizen who fought for his city-state and had to maintain his own equipment, which consists of a spear (to thrust) and a shield. The hoplites heavily influenced ancient Spartan society, which geared its goals towards war, focusing primarily on conquering. Due to the immense power of the hoplites, leaders that were favored by them could quickly rise to power. |
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A battle formation that consists of hoplites in an organized line.
The front line would use their shields to cover the rest while the first few "ranks" would project their spears out of the openings between the shields, leaving no vulnerable spot and making it difficult for the enemy to lay a frontal assult.
The phalanx was most effective on flat terrain as it was easier to maintain formation.
The use of the phalanx lead to the victory of the Greeks over the Persians in the Persian War and allowed Alexander the Great to conquer and reign. |
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| were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and city-states of the Hellenic world that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC. The collision between the fractious political world of the Greeks and the enormous empire of the Persians began when Cyrus the Great conquered Ionia in 547 BC. |
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| Third century, Greek philosopher, discipline of Socrates, works record Socrates’ works, author of formative philosophical works on ethics and politics. Never speaks in his own voices in his dialogues. |
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| Fourth century, Greek philosopher, student of Plato, teacher of Alexander the Great, one of the most important founding figure in Western philosophy. Earliest study of formal logic, |
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| 477 BC association of Greek city-states, purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece. The defensive league the Greek city-states formed after the Persian Wars. |
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| War felt between 431 and 404 BCE between two of Greece’s most powerful city-states, Athens and Sparta. 4 decades of war. Destructiveness of endless intercity conflicts. Athens’ attempted to protect itself with walls but this allowed for spread of disease. Sparta won but only at cost of destroying its own traditional social order. Lose/lose. Ended Golden Age of Athens. |
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| Leader who used novel tactics and new kinds of armed forces to conquer the Persian Empire, which extended from Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea to as far as Indus Valley. Alexander’s conquests broke down barriers between the Mediterranean world and Southwest Asia and transferred massive amounts of wealth and power to Mediterranean, transforming it into a more unified world of economic and cultural exchange. |
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| Spread of Hellenistic cultures was sparked by conquests of Alexander the Great. Including philosophical and political thinking , raging from history to biology, popular entertainment in theaters, competitive public games, and art for art’s sake in all kinds of media. Common language of Greek. |
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| Greek philosopher who espoused emphasis on the self. He lived from 341 to 279 BC and founded a school in Athens called the Garden. He stressed the importance of sensation, teaching that pleasurable sensations were good and painful sensations were bad. Members of his school to sought to find peace and revelation by avoiding unpleasantness or suffering. |
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| Greek-Macedonian state was created out of the eastern conquests of Alexander the Great. Major center of Hellenistic culture which maintained the preeminence of Greek customs and where a Greek-Macedonian political elite dominated, mostly in urban areas. Ended when Pompey made Syria a Roman province. |
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| City in what is modern day Tunisia; emblematic of the trading aspirations and activities of merchants in the Mediterranean, poetry and other archaeological remains demonstrate trading contacts with Carthage were far-flung as Italy, Greece, France, Iberia, and West Africa. Hannibal famous/powerful general. One side of Punic War. |
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| City in what is modern day Tunisia; emblematic of the trading aspirations and activities of merchants in the Mediterranean, poetry and other archaeological remains demonstrate trading contacts with Carthage were far-flung as Italy, Greece, France, Iberia, and West Africa. Hannibal famous/powerful general. One side of Punic War. |
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| . It was the first large-scale empire in South Asia and was to become the model for future Indian empires. was a geographically extensive and powerful empire in ancient India, ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 321 to 185 BCE |
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Founder of the Maurya Empire. Conquering most of the Indian subcontinent and first unifier of India as well as first genuine emperor. He drove out the foreign forces
He established the capital of his new Mauryan Empire in northern India |
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| Emperor of the Mauryan dynasty from 268 to 231 BCE; he was a great conqueror and unifier of India. He is said to have embraced Buddhism toward the end of his life. The impacts of Asoka's reign are chiefly religious. He was the first powerful monarch to practice Buddhism. He united most of the subcontinent and introduced it to Buddhism, and his missionary activity is credited with the firm establishment of Buddhism in Sri Lanka. |
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| Group of states or different ethnic groups under a single sovereign power. Characteristics of: roads, powerful, capital, strong ruler, bureaucracy, common language, standard weights, taxes, propaganda, laws, administrative districts, religious, tolerance, records, spies. |
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| Political book, treatise on statecraft that dominated political thinking during Chandragupta's reign and the centuries that followed. Author Vishnugupta. Directs king. |
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| Trade route linking China with central Asia and the Mediterranean: it extended over 5,000 miles, land and sea included, and was so named because of the quantities of silk that were traded along it. The Silk Road was a major factor in the development of civilizations in China, Egypt, Persia, India, and Europe. |
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| Book that reflected sailing knowledge; in such books captains would record landing spots and ports. The word means sailing around. Manuscript recorded ports and coastal landmarks. |
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221-206 BC short rule over ruled due to overly strict system, first imperial dynasty of China. Shihuang, divides empire into commandaries/counties. The Chinese dynasty (221 BC to 204 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall, Replaced the Zhou dynasty and employed Legalist ideas in order to control warring states and unify the country. Burned a lot of books that would be "subversive" to his autocratic rule. There was the National Census, Great Wall of China, standardization of coinage, weights, and measures throughout the entire realm, and made all script length uniform. Shi Huangdi unpopularity lead to the dynastys downfall and a peasant family established the Han Dynasty.
221 BCE
Qin Shuangdi united China by force (he expanded his feudal kingdom and conquered his neigbors)
*Central gov. based on legalism
He ruled strictly, emphasizing military and farming over education (burned books!) |
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| Emperor Qin, Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of the Qin dynasty which came to power in 221 B.C. and unified China under a strong central government for the first time in history. First Emperor, spent 20 years conquering most of the states. Built the strong authorican government of Qin dynasty, abolished feudalism in China, replaced feudal states with 36 military districts. Sent spies. Had high taxes, replaced coins of Zhou w/ Qin coins. |
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The Golden Age - 400 years
Capital- Chang'an
202 BCE - 220 CE
Second imperial dynasty of China, |
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| high-level supervisory agency in ancient China, first established during the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE). The Censorate was a branch of the centralized bureaucracy, paralleling the Six Ministries and the five Chief Military Commissions, and was directly responsible to the emperor. Part of the Chinese bureaucracy that made sure Gov officials were doing their jobs. |
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| "The Socialist Emperor" Was full grown and attempted large scale reform based on Confucianism.Han minister who usurped the throne in 9CE because he believed that the Han had lost the mandate of heaven. He ruled until 23CE. expanded state monopolies, abolished private slavery, made loans to poor peasants, and then moved to confiscate large private estates. |
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| period of the ancient Roman civilization where the government operated as a republic. It began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, traditionally dated around 508 BC, and its replacement by a government headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate. A complex constitution gradually developed, centered on the principles of a separation of powers and checks and balances. 7 Hills. The city also had several theatres. Gymnasiums, and many taverns, baths and brothels. Many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks. |
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| A body of permanent members, 300 to 500 of Rome’s most powerful and wealthy citizens-and from popular assemblies of citizens. Most enduring institutions in Roman history. Survived tumultuous Roman political and governmental shifts. Limited serving time. |
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| Tribune was a title shared by elected officials in the Roman Republic. Tribunes had the power to convene the Plebeian Council and to act as its president, which also gave them the right to propose legislation before it. They were sacrosanct, in the sense that any assault on their person was prohibited. They had the power to veto actions taken by magistrates, and specifically to intervene legally on behalf of plebeians. The tribune could also summon the Senate and lay proposals before it. The tribune's power, however, was only in effect while he was within Rome. His ability to veto did not affect regional governors. |
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One of two classes of Roman citizens.
The plebeians wee the common people--the farmers, peasats, and freed slaves. They could not hold public offices, but they were allowed to vote on laws. Slowly over the centuries that the Roman Republic existed, the plebeians recieved more rights. By 200 B.C., they had most of the same rights the patricians had. |
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| The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. Largest war for their time. The main cause of the Punic Wars was the fight of interests between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic. |
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| The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. Largest war for their time. The main cause of the Punic Wars was the fight of interests between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic. |
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| Followed end of Roman Republic. Characterized by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean. |
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| was the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. The most well known by far of the queens called "Cleopatra", she is the one usually meant when this name is mentioned. After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, she aligned with Mark Antony in opposition to Caesar's legal heir, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (later known as Augustus). |
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| Title meaning “Revered One,” assumed in 27BCE by the Roman ruler Octavian (63-14 BC) This was one of many titles he assumed; others included imperator, princeps, and Caesar. first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.In 27 BC the Senate awarded him the honorific Augustus ("the revered one"), and thus consequently he was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus. The emperorship was never an office like the Roman dictatorship which Caesar and Sulla had held before him. |
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| was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. The Pax Romana began with the accession of Augustus in 27 BC, which marked the end of the Roman Republic and its final civil wars. Latin for “Roman Peace”. |
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| Horse-riding people who pushed southward around the middle of the second century BCE and wiped out he Greek kingdoms in Iran. They then extended their power all the way to the Mediterranean, where they ran up against the Roman Empire in Anatolia and Mesopotamia. |
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| Central figure in Christianity, Taught that God is the father of his people-sinners are always liable to fall away. God is a good Shepherd, emphasis on virtue and merit, eventual empowerment of the meek. |
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| Most influential early Christian missionaries. According to the writings in the New Testament, Paul was known as Saul prior to his conversion, and was dedicated to the persecution of the early disciples of Jesus in the area of Jerusalem. Along with being ethnically Jewish, Paul was born a Roman citizen. Promoted idea of atonement so that humans can reconcile with God. |
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| Mystery religions, sacred mysteries or simply mysteries, were religious cults of the Greco-Roman world, participation in which was reserved to initiates.[1] The main characterization of this religion is the secrecy associated with the particulars of the initiation and the cult practice, which may not be revealed to outsiders. The most famous mysteries of Greco-Roman antiquity were the Eleusinian Mysteries, which were of considerable antiquity and predated the Greek Dark Ages. One of three types of Hellenistic religion. Imperial cults, offered sacrifices to Caesar. |
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| Mycenae was a city in Greece of the second millennium BC mentioned by Homer. Heinrich Schliemann proved it a reality in the 19th century. The Mycenaeans were archaic Greeks who built huge citadels of large boulders utilizing a primitive corbelled arch. Examples are Tiryns and Mycenae, the chief city from which the culture takes its name. |
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| largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete and probably the ceremonial and political centre of the Minoan civilization and culture. The city was destroyed c.1700 BC (possibly by earthquake, perhaps by invasion) and was splendidly rebuilt only to be destroyed again c.1400 BC, possibly by an earthquake, by invaders from the Greek mainland, or both. King midas may not have existed, first settlers may not have been greek, Mediterranean triad, more peaceful/without walls. |
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| the Greeks, led by Athens, won over the Persian Empire in 490 and 480-79. As a result of those wars, the Athenians had established an Aegean empire, and Athens rapidly became the economic, political and cultural center of the Greek world. (Compare the U.S.A. after WWII.) During the half-century from 480 to 430 B.C., the Athenians developed democracy; created tragic and comic theater; and constructed, under the leadership of Pericles (495-428), a monumental crown to her imperial democracy on the Acropolis, replete with a Temple of Athena called the Parthenon. |
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| Ionian city for 1400 years until 700 AD. Miletus was a great port, bringing riches to its people from all around the world. Once greatest and wealthiest, originally Neolithic, records began in Bronze age under Hitite empire, city liberated from Persian rule by Alexander the Great. First with street grid plan. |
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| was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece. It emerged as a political entity around the 10th century BC, when the invading Dorians subjugated the local, non-Dorian population. From c. 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece. Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence. No superfluous arts, rich had advantage over poor. Sparta fought against Athens in the Pelopennesian war and won, but destroyed their own society in the process. |
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| The city of Athens during the classical period of Ancient Greece (508–322 BC) was a notable Polis (city-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the Delian League in the Peloponnesian War against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League. widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy,[4][5] largely due to the impact of its cultural and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BC. Defeated in Peloponnesian war. Center of cultural development of literature, philosophy, and the arts. |
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| The city is notable for its rich Greek history, culture, amphitheatres, architecture, and as the birthplace of the preeminent mathematician and engineer Archimedes. This 2,700-year-old city played a key role in ancient times, when it was one of the major powers of the Mediterranean world. Capital of Sicily. |
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