Term
| Transcontinental Railroad |
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Definition
| completed in 1869; links country (market network); fills western territories |
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| · 1889; OK had been assigned to Native Americans; 100,000 settlers entered Oklahoma on day it opened for settlers; by 1893, whole territory claimed by settlers; last territory to be filled by settlers |
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| · writer of popular fiction books; very successful; all essentially had same story of single man in countryside moving to the city and using talent to rise to success; central concept: hard work=prosperity |
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Andrew Carnegie “Gospel of Wealth” |
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Definition
· wealthy, powerful, innovative, ruthless in capturing market; son of immigrants; entered low position RR job, shifted interests to steel co., became very successful wealthy businessman and philanthropist; took steps to display that he was an example of “self made man” · originally Carnegie speech; so popular it turned into a book; said that businessmen had obligation not to keep money, but to put it back out into community |
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“Confidence Man” Jay Gould New York Gold Conspiracy |
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| · only people who stabbed people in the back, broke moral rules, schemed to get ahead made it in this era· one of wealthiest leading businessmen but later known as a con man; instead of putting money to charity, spent money on lavish things which he flaunted; involved in shady business; involved in NY gold conspiracy· Gould and other businessmen bought all gold from market, price got very high; dumped it all on market, price plummetsàlots of people went out of business |
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| making money of laborers in factory setting |
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Tramp Culture Kosher Food Riot Pullman Strike |
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| · “hobos”; factory workers pick up and leave often· people couldn’t afford to feed their families so housewives stole food and burned it in bonfires in streets· 1890s railroad industry shut down for weeks because of strikers; national troops called in to stop strikers |
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| emerged in the South; rich farmers leased land to poor farmers; workers got small portion of crop to sell; 1880s-1890s: working class bound to land b/c in debt; whites and blacks |
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The Grange National Farmers Alliance |
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| The Grange: movement popular by 1870s; 1.5 million members; organized farmers for buying/selling in marketplace “for mutual protection and advancement”National Farmers Alliance: created in 1880s; did everything Grange did but also had political agenda: RR charges should be regulated by law, lowering of protective tariff, promoted federal income tax (caused wealthy to get wealthier), subtreasury plan (gov’t built large warehouses to put crops in to hold and gradually market) |
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The People’s Party Tom Watson |
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Definition
| The People’s Party: people’s party; party of farmers; in populist movement of 1890s; convention promised to raise hellTom Watson: speaker at Populist convention |
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National Railroad Strike Haymarket Riot Homestead Strike Coxcy’s Army Knights of Labor Eugene V. Debs
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| National Railroad Strike: 1877 wage cuts in PA à workers go on strike & more people across country join; RR owners tried to protect RR and keep running; strike broken by RR workersHaymarket Riot: 1886; started over labor conflict; union went on strike; police came to keep order; bombs thrown into crowd injuring and killing; police caught 8 “radicals”; trial: jury of businessmen convicted them; 4 were executedàuproar: ppl argued that they were scapegoatsHomestead Strike: 1892; Homestead steel mill owned by Andrew Carnegie; wage cutsàunion goes on strike & Carnegie flees country; strikers destroy property; managers hire Pinkerton Protection Agency; battles b/w union and thugs gets violent; broken by companyCoxcy’s Army: 1894: severe recession in economy; ppl out of work (20% unemployed); ppl decide to confront gov’t to agitate for labor laws under leadership of Jacob Coxcy; walked from Ohio to DC; thousands set up tents “tent city”; army & police break it upKnights of Labor: first big labor movement post Civil War; called for 8 hr workday; abolition of child labor; humanitarian relief for unemployedEugene V. Debs: in RR industry; part of Unions; ended up going to jail; radical ideas; became leader of socialist party; ran for president multiple times |
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American Federation of Labor Samuel Gompers |
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Definition
| American Federation of Labor: focused on economic objectives; pushed notion of objectives for workers; wanted nothing to do with socialist party; used collective bargaining, labor strikes, higher wages, lower hours, better working conditions; successful, but left ppl out: women, African Americans, unskilled workers, immigrants Samuel Gompers: leader of AFL |
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Scientific Racism Henry Cabot Lodge |
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Definition
| Scientific Racism: scientists (mainly biologists) claimed that immigrants biologically inferior to N. Europeans theoretically; immigrants should not be assimilatedHenry Cabot Lodge: Senator, leader of scientific racism; set up immigration laws limiting certain people |
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Race Suicide
Theodore Roosevelt |
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Definition
| “Race Suicide”: claim that #’s in Victorian families shrinking while #’s in immigrant families increasing; in 20 years, Victorians overwhelmed by numbersTheodore Roosevelt: “rising star” in Republican party; became interested in race suicide and gave speeches regarding topic |
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Monopoly Capitalism Charles Schwab |
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Definition
| Monopoly Capitalism: shift away from small businesses to big corporations who want to dominate a particular industryCharles Schwab: head of U.S. Steel; nobody knew him, “faceless beurocrat” |
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| put into place by RR Co’s in 1880-90s; set up time zones for efficiency; later adopted by Congress |
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Herbert Spencer Liberal Protestantism |
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| Herbert Spencer: English writer; hero to businessmen, said businessmen defined society, talked about dangers of overwork; concluded it was time to preach “gospel of relaxation”Liberal Protestantism: pre-war, lots of discussion about heaven, hell, & sins; post-war, mainstream Protestantism: put on Sunday outfits & go to church; weakened sermons (everyone good & less hell talk) |
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Neurasthenia George M. Beard |
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Definition
| Neurasthenia: epidemic among Victorians in 1890s; symptoms: insomnia, desire for stimulants, hopelessness, fear of society & responsibility; attributed to fast-paced urban lifeGeorge M. Beard: defined & explored neurasthenia |
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Definition
| tremendous (second worst) economic depression; unemployment, huge impact on working class people, fueled a lot of labor discontent/Populist movement; symbol of crisis of late 19th century |
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| 1898 US conflict with Spain, ended up involving Cuba and Philippines; first foreign war |
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| originally a poem, turned into a song; about football boys |
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| belief that God had a special plan and place for USA |
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“Yellow Press” William McKinley |
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Definition
| Yellow Press”: newspapers pressuring McKinley to get Spain out of “New World”William McKinley: President at time of Spanish-American War |
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The Philippines Admiral George Dewey Emilio Aguinaldo |
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| The Philippines: group of Spanish colonies that USA liberated from Spain during war; revolted against USAAdmiral George Dewey: leader of surge that entered Philippines to liberateEmilio Aguinaldo: leader of Philippine nationalists and guerrilla fighting |
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| personally funded by Theodore Roosevelt; recruited people from college campuses (football players) and west (cowboys); famous for “charge of San Juan Hill” that made T.R. a hero |
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Definition
| William James: wrote against war (essays); believed U.S. had betrayed own anti-colonial traditionàUS now a colonial powerMark Twain: bitter opponent of Spanish American War; sarcastically suggested that flag should be changed: stripesàblack and red stripes; starsàskulls |
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Definition
| ;s Credit Mobilier Trust bought out senators to not investigate their corrupt activities |
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Bossism Tammany Hall George Washington Plunkitt |
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| “Bossism”: big political machines in big cities run by political bosses; political boss would provide services (jobs, $, etc.) to immigrants in return for vote loyaltyTammany Hall: most famous political machine in NY; tan politics there for 20 or 30 yearsGeorge Washington Plunkitt: wrote book “Plunkitt of Tammany Hall”; was involved with running of Tammany Hall and outlined very frankly what went on within it |
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Muckrakers Ida Tarbell Lincoln Steffens |
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Definition
| Muckrakers: opponents of bossism; journalists who dug into corruption of political lifeIda Tarbell: most famous Muckraker journalist; wrote articles about John D. Rockefeller and laid out what he had done corruptly to buy off politicians “History of Standard Oil”Lincoln Steffens: focused on urban political machines; “The Shame of the Cities” |
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Term
| Initiative and Referendum |
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Definition
| attempt to return power to the people; people directly vote for legislation |
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| progressive from Midwest; Wisconsin governor and senator; pushed values of local progressives |
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Square Deal New Nationalism (both by Teddy Roosevelt) |
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Definition
Square Deal: by Teddy Roosevelt; embodiment of national progressive movement; big government must be created to keep up with big business “New Nationalism” : made by Teddy Roosevelt; his platform: corporate liberalism; big business/labor/government will work out legislation in public interest |
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| National Civic Federation |
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Definition
| public interest group; members: Andrew Carnegie, Samuel Gompers, and other elected officials |
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| shift in economy; away from producer capitalism to consumer |
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| as opposed to self-control Victorian value |
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| in terms of organization of American life; shift from individualism |
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| Progressivist in democratic party, elected president in 1912; gained nomination from democratic party; proponent of “regulated competition”, urging national gov’t to break up big corporations; anti-war progressive and elected in 1916 based on anti-war platform; Progressive in politics, but in private life, was Victorian gentleman and stern moralist |
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War Industries Board Selective Service Act George Creel, “Committee on Public Information" |
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Definition
| War Industries Board: created in 1917 to organize industrial priorities; regulates what is produced and economic affairs during the war timeSelective Service Act: May 1917; put millions of men into military draft; mass mobilization; 1918: 24 million men in draft in some fashion George Creel, “Committee on Public Information”: one of gov’t agencies put together during war; aimed at getting public behind war; hired artists to make posters and art to support war; voluntary censorship: if you don’t like war, sensor yourself and don’t make it |
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| like United Nations; international body wherein future conflicts would be mediated by representatives of nations; Wilson supported and felt it would be useful for democracy |
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| Europeans negotiated treaty; English and French punished Germany, extracting lots of money from Germany |
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| 1919; violent clash between whites and blacks, lasts about 5 days; lots of ppl beaten up, many killed; racial fighting spread and loss and destruction of property |
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“Red Scare” A. Mitchell Palmer |
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Definition
| “Red Scare”: 1919 and 1920: USA moving against radical laborers; gov’t throws them in jail; fear that communists are hiding everywhereA. Mitchell Palmer: leader against “Red Scare” |
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| good example of American consumer capitalism; 1911 he opened up a large plant and begins to put out thousands of Model T Fords; assembly line system eased job, allowed for enormous production; Ford “put America on wheels” b/c millions of people could afford to purchase one |
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Self-Fulfillment Personality Abundance |
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Definition
| Self-Fulfillment: holds that people should feed their desires instead of suppressing their desires like old Victorian value in order to be happy“Personality”: images that people project outward to other people“Abundance”: characteristic of America; economic abundance; personal abundance: way to be happy is to have an “abundant” life emotionally, psychologically, economically, etc. |
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Term
Dale Carnegie. How To Win Friends and Influence People |
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Definition
| Dale Carnegie. How To Win Friends and Influence People: one of the bestselling books in 20th century America; from Missouri and went to school in Warrensburg; went to NYC and became official for YMCA and began giving talks (which became very popular); compiled speeches into book, which is a “how to” book for middle class Americans; tells people that to get ahead in corporate America, people need to “cultivate” own image, develop pleasant and attractive personality; main message: if you want other people to do what you want, the key is to make them feel important, manipulating by “sucking up” |
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Domestic Science Good Housekeeping |
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Definition
| training of scientific experts that look at family dynamics; how to improve and reorganize family life to make efficient; emphasis on consumer goods: mothers told that they could run an efficient household by buying newest consumer goods; washing machines, vacuums, etc; “declaration of war” on germs; mom was factory manager at home, striving to make household as efficient as possible |
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Term
| Bruce Barton, "The Man Nobody Knows" |
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Definition
| very influential figure in pop culture; born in 1880s to Protestant family (Victorian America); became interested in new ideas at turn of century; becomes famous when he writes articles about ministers who have become famous by having charismatic personality; 1919 founds ad agency, one of biggest and most popular in the country; 1925: writes book “The Man Nobody Knows”: biography of Jesus; presents Jesus as being “founder of modern business”, argues that Jesus was first “ad man”àknew marketing values of miracles, performed miracles then marketed across Jerusalem; Jesus’ sparkling personality propelled him forward; becomes “Jesus specialist” and consultant |
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1922, famous novel,, main character: George Babbitt; lived in Midwest, real estate/insurance agent; epitomized consumer culture that had consolidated after WWI; babbittry became symbol of middle class life; Lewis did not like this |
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| “crusade” against alcohol |
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| 1920s emerged as most important revivalists of Fundamental Religion; goes around preaching gospel in large meetings; charismatic speaker; worked people up; attacked: movie industry, popular entertainment, automobiles |
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| Dayton, Tennessee, John Scopes arrested for teaching evolution in biology class; put on trial; BIG NAMES: Clarence Darrow: famous trial lawyer went to TN to defend Scopes; William Jennings Bryan: went to assist prosecution; H.L. Mencken: journalist, funny man who had a large audience, believed law was stupid and people who supported law were idiots as well, wrote funny newspaper stories about trial: people there are primitive |
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| most extreme example of dissent from right; went “underground” then reemerged in the Midwest and border states northward in the U.S.; agenda shifts to being against not only African Americans, but also against Jewish, Catholics, immigrants, etc.; motto: 100% Americanism |
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| 1921 murder in business in middle of night; left security guard dying on street; Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian American socialist (radicals) immigrants that were brought to trial for murder; turned into political trial b/c people felt they were being tried since they were; after long trial, were convicted of crime and were executed in 1927; evidence has come to light that they were actually guilty of crime |
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| refers to famous writers and artists that criticized mainstream America strongly, included F. Scott Fitzgerald, T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway; leave country in 1920s for Paris out of disgust with mainstream American values; caught up in bohemian counterculture |
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| new women of 20th century; strike terror to Victorian values, wore short loose clothing; sensuality, smoking, drinking, loose values |
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Marcus Garvery Black Nationalism |
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Definition
| Marcus Garvery: 1920s founded organization: Universal Negro Improvement Association; pushed message of black separatism; insisted on black equality and black separatism: black America needs to carve out own niche in modern America; promoted “black capitalism”: blacks need to create own economy and blacks only buy from blacks; later said that separatism may not work and that blacks should think about pooling money and returning back to Africa; ended up getting in trouble with federal gov’t and goes to jailBlack Nationalism: black leaders suggest that blacks do not have a chance in with modern white Americans; should move away, separatism in order to be successful |
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Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes Louis Armstrong Bessie Smith |
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| Harlem Renaissance: Harlem: largest African American community in U.S.; in New York; explosion of cultural activity in many directions: writing and music (creation of Jazz); a lot of A.American critiques said that whites crowded out blacks to listen to jazzLangston Hughes: writer; wrote very powerful material; identified African Americans as collaborators and participants; blacks have shaped mainstream valuesLouis Armstrong: famous Jazz trumpet playerBessie Smith: famous Jazz vocalist |
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