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Definition
o Sumerian cities were conquered by the king to the immediate north (Sargon of Akkad)
o 2300
o Formed a kingdom
o Semitic people |
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o Babylonian Empire
o 1800 BC
o Code: 7 feet tall
Describes what law ports of Babylon can exercise
Why it’s important: compilation of earlier codes and is still in good condition
Covers 250 categories of law (property, criminal)
Not all acts were punishable by death
• Ex: Steal something, pay them back
Kings and officials now can’t just punish people at their discretion there are standards
o Also a conquering king/warrior |
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o Second Intermediate (Hyksos Age)
o 1,750
o “Hyksos Age”
o Egypt was invaded from the direction of the Sinai Peninsula
Egypt fell very rapidly
o Semitic Hyksos people introduced fast, horse-drawn chariots
Militaristic
But came with families
o Hyksos pharaoh essentially became ruler of Egypt (ruled by foreigners) |
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o 1,450
o Egyptian Empire (New Kingdom)
o Wife, but has no sons
o Pharaoh
o Built temples
o First and most important wife of a prominent pharaoh who died
o Oldest son was a minor and not old enough to take over
o Hatshepsut was regent protector for the kid
Married him off to her daughter (now, both his mother in law and stepmother)
o When it came time for him to be of age, she was reluctant to give up power
o Lasted about 20 years calling the shots without surrendering power |
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o 1,300 – 1,213
o Known for Moses and Exodus
o Fantastic builder
o Monuments
o Prominent and honored wife
o Built a monument that was meant to scare people who came into Egypt
o One of most magnificent resting places in valley of kings
o Outlived most of his sons |
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o Anthropomorphic god
o Handsome
o Imposing, physically
o Had a good home/family life
Wife: Isis
Kid: Horace (head of falcon)
Brother: Seth
• Jackal god
• Not particularly stable
• Seth was jealous
• Decided to knock his brother off
o Threw a party and have all Egyptian gods and goddesses show up
o Party favor: Large coffin (“It was Ancient Egypt. What the heck.” –Neil Hackett)
o Asked everyone to see who fit in the coffin perfectly
o Osiris fit Seth slammed the door, took him to the Nile, and cut him up
o Isis put him back together Osiris came back to life
o Horace decided to avenge his father
Murdered Seth |
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Term
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Definition
o c. 2,000 – 1,200
o Put pressure on the Egyptians
o Indo-European people (first in world history)
o Origin: Caspian Sea (Southern Russia)
o Migration population pressure
o Pushed toward the west in one great wave
o Aryan (?????)
o Culturally and linguistically linked to Farsi (Iranian language today)
o Hittite authority = based on natural selection from the class of nobles |
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o c. 1000-500
o Minor civilization
o Semitic people
o Active in trade and commerce
o Existed as city-states for a long time (instead of forming a unified state)
o Had the best fleet in the Ancient world (until Greeks)
o Phoenician alphabet |
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o 559 – 530
o Persian king
o Founder of Achaemenid empire
o Led a revolt against the Medes
o Reign lasted 30 years
o Attacked smaller kingdoms until he finally conquered Babylon
o Died in battle |
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o Ancient Iranian people
o Lived in Media
o Formed after the fall of the Assyrian Empire
o Taken over by Cyrus the Great |
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o Persian King
o c. 522 – 486
o Great builder
o Built Persepolis
Greek for “City of the Persians”
Located in the South
Capital city of Achaemenid Empire
Ceremonial courtyards
Borrowed from Greek architecture
o Brilliant administrator (not much of a conqueror)
o 490 BC: Mission to send some of his army to Greece, where the army of Athenians met him at MARATHON
Greeks won
o Worshipped Ahura Mazda (God of Persian religion) |
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o Traditional Persian priest
o 600 BC: Had a revelation from Ahura Mazda
He supposedly said that Zoroaster is the supreme god of everything that is good
o Arhiman: another Persian god
o Zoroaster got a message to write down his revelation
“Avesta” (book title)
Revelations of Ahura Mazda to Zoroaster
• REVEALED RELIGION
Theological Dualism – there are 2 gods
Source of everything good; Zoroaster could not do evil
Arhiman: evil god
• In rivalry with Ahura Mazda
Fire = important
• Pure, spiritual, powerful form
Zoroastrianism had a huge influence in the Western world |
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Term
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o God of Persian religion
o Zoroaster proclaimed him God
o Ahura = light
o Mazda = wisdom
o Highest deity of worship in Zoroastrianism |
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Term
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Definition
o 4000 – 2300 BC
o In Mesopotamia
o Anu: Sumerian god
o Ur: main city
o Cuneiform (wedge-shaped handwriting)
o UNPREDICTABLE (floods, storms, drought, hot)
o Boundaries in the North only |
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• Semites
o Akkadians, Phoenicians, Chaldeans, Sumerians, Hyksos were Semitic
o 2300 – 2100
o Middle Eastern origin
o Semitic language family |
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1650-1200-dark ages
-invaded babylon
-brought chariot warfare
-only interested in luting and destroying (no great centralized) power |
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-612
-Neo-babylonian revival
-not as great as before
-displaced the jews in Jerusalem
-endo europeans
-last Mesopotamian empire |
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Term
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Definition
1500
Akhnaton
New capital city
New focus on God Monolatry
Sun god-aton
Not interested in army |
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Term
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o 1,300
o “Aton” = sun
o Almost seems deformed
Speculation on what disease he had
Tiny arms, narrow skull
Wide hips
Spindly legs
o “Ank” = symbol for life (looks like female symbol)
o Kids portrayed as also having elongated skulls
Trend in art at the time
o Changed capital from Luxor to AMARNA
o Monolatry = the recognition of the existence of many gods, but with the consistent worship of ONE deity
o Eventually knocked off from power
o Famous for “Hymns of the Sun”
Inscribed on his temples
Emphasized monotheism
You create life
You order nature
Responsible for all that is good in the world
Similar to Psalm 104 (“The Lord’s Care for his Creation”) |
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| 1500,wife of St. Akhnaton, Beautiful, played role in Aton religion she was a behind the screens mover and shaker |
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| Human characteristics, god associated with sun |
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Wife of osiris
mother, care provider, steady influence |
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1200 invaded attempted egypt or ended up in israel--ran into opposition with hebrews
famous for defeat by King David
-1st real threat, caused unification of hebrew |
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After cleisthenes - 180
-lowerclass birth in athens but became one of the leaders in parliment and became a generat
said that future of war was navy
general @ thermopoly who just planned to stall the persians and wanted to evacuate Athens +dominate |
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Term
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Definition
o Was a wealthy Aristocrat
o Father of Athenian democracy
o Increased power of Assembly
o Broke up power of nobility for Athens
Gave the common people the authority to completely run the state
o Founder of Athenian democracy
10 elected Archons (leaders) annually
• Aristocrats were passing around that power among themselves, so that no one gets too powerful
• Ran assembly
• Ran judicial cases
Assembly
• Becomes much more important
• Pay people to sit in the assembly (idealistic)
• Reality: HOW many people are going to quit their jobs to sit in the Assembly? Only people who didn’t have jobs wanted to join the Assembly.
Polemarch: senior military title
o Very idealistic (ideal government)
o Ostracism: Every year, the Athenian assembly took a vote to see if they needed an ostracism. They wrote the name on a broken piece of pottery (ostraca) |
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750
author of the Illiad
-documented history of wars but the way society works is based on his own time. |
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