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Definition
-French for philosopher (18th century, Enlightenment)
-More public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of areas such as:
*politics, economics, science & religion
-Pushed for change
-Rousseau:
*Discourse on Arts & Sciences/Origin of
Inequality, Social Contract
-"Man is born free, but everywhere in chains" |
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Term
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Definition
-1793 to 1796 (3 years)
-Western France
-B/t Royal & Catholic Army/Republican French State
-Killed 1/4 to 1/2 of population of 800,000
-Conflict because the Civil Constitution of the Clergy required all clerics to swear allegiance to it
-Example of violence during the French Revolution |
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-Explain natural happenings by science rather than religion
-New questions/ideas, challenging old ideas like Feudalism
-Began to challenge God, caused wars
-Emergence of Rousseau, Diderot, Encyclopedia
-Skepticism: notion that humans understood the world around them (false?)
-End: French Revolution/Reign of Terror |
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Term
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Definition
-Members of the 'Reformed Protestant Church of France'
-16th to 18th centuries
-Against Catholicism
-Thought they were too obsessed with death, praying, hierarchy, order to have redemption
-Series of bloody wars
-St. Bartholomew's Day massacre **1572**
-25,000 Huguenots killed; Catherine de' Medici blamed |
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Term
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Definition
-Queen consort of France from 1547-1559 under Henry II
-Played a crucial role in the monarchy after he and 2 of her sons died
-Strongly against the Huguenots, St. Bartholomew's Day massacre **1572**
-Died in 1589, lung infection |
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Term
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Definition
-"National Interest" in French
-State may act irregardless of legal or moral considerations in certain situations (domestically)
-Layers: economic safety, stability, economic prosperity, culture preservation
-During the Thirty Year's War (1618-1648) France intervened on the Protestant side (even though Catholic) to prevent the spread of the Holy Roman Empire |
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Term
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Definition
-Under Committee of Public Safety/Robespierre
-1793 (10 months)
-Purging of people against the revolution/for the monarchy
-Guillotined
-B/t 15,000 to 50,000 killed
-Started in Paris, moved to countryside
-Robespierre died: July 28, 1794 |
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Term
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Definition
-Royal civil servants under the French Old Regime (14th to 18th centuries)
-Responsible to the king
-Duties were financing, policing, and justice
-Most were young, in their 30s/40s
-Oversaw judicial courts, crimes, helped improve agriculture |
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Term
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-Chief Minister to King Louis XIII, considered to be the world's first P.M.
-Goals: Consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions
-Sought to restrain the power of the nobility, therefore transforming France into a strong, centralized state
-Also famous for patronage of the arts |
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Term
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Definition
-**1598**
-Granted Protestants civil rights in the Catholic country
-Opened a path of secularism and tolerance
-No longer seen as heretics
-Allowed many jobs, including in politics, could bring grievances to the king
-Ended much of the religious conflict of the 16th century |
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Term
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Definition
-Means "Without knee-breeches"
-Poorer members of the 3rd estate
-Members of the Revolutionary Army, driving force
-Supported Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety |
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Term
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Definition
-Extreme independent authority over a region or territory
-Hobbes in Laviathan: to overcome man's "nasty, brutish, and short" life, they must give up some of their personal sovereignty for state sovereignty/protection
-Hobbes: must be *absolute and *indivisible
-Ruler's sovereignty of the country is contracted via the people: if it's not fulfilled, the citizens have the right to break away from their ruler
-French Revolution: sovereignty from ruler to the people |
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Term
| Committee of Public Safety |
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Definition
-Created under the National Convention in **1793**
-Formed the de facto government during the Reign of Terror, led by Robespierre
-Responsible for thousands of executions/trials
-Stopped meeting in 1795 after Robespierre's execution |
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Definition
-Denis Diderot
-**1751**, 17 volumes
-Universalizing all knowledge
-Didn't like salons/academies/workers guilds
-Pedigree did NOT equal virtue
-Essentially dismantled hierarchy |
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-Member of the Jacobin Club
-Established after the Estates General met
-Headed by Robespierre
-Fell after his execution |
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Definition
-**1562 to 1598**
-Infighting and military operations b/t Catholics & Protestants
-Started w/ the Massacre of Vassy and ended with the Edict of Nantes
-B/t 2 and 4 million people killed
-After, Huguenots granted substantial rights and freedoms but persecution still occurred
-Generally dismantled the monarchy but was regained under Henry IV |
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Term
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Definition
-No limit to what the government can do
-Unchecked, no checks and balances system
-Crown is the parliament
-Could argue rule is based on the consent of the governed, and therefore there is never an absolutist government
-Justified by fear of more than one source of authority |
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| Cuius regio, eius religio |
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Definition
-"Whose realm, his religion"
-Religion of the ruler dictated the religion of the ruled
-**1555 Peace of Augsburg was signed**
-Ended conflict b/t Catholics and Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire
-Didn't practice the religion of the prince, could leave
-Didn't address the idea of religious pluralism |
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-Abbe
-Member of the 1st Estate but defended the 3rd
-"What is the third estate? Everything. What has it been? Nothing. What does it want to be? Something."
-Estates General of **1788**
-French population of 25 million, 400,000 were 1st/2nd estate
-Called for voting of heads, not estates
-Estates General = National Assembly |
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