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Published autobiography Up From Slavery (1901)
Thinks slavery is the way out of poverty
Believes in racial accommodation
Educated black man who fought for the rights of African Americans |
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(1921) African Americans move to Tulsa, OK
Racial tensions culminate to a single event where a black man is accused of rape in an elevator by a white women
Majority of the riot happens in the Greenwood District
This is where the majority of AA middle-class lived
Greenwood was an economic hub for AA known as the “black wall street” |
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Radical feminists with a PhD
March on Washington 1913
Get tons of women together to march on Washington to fight for the women's suffrage
Started out as a peaceful march that turns to violence very quickly
Alice Paul gets kicked out of NAWSA and forms the National Women's Party (NWP)
Would picket the white house from 1914-1917 criticizing the white house |
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Ratified on August 26, 1920
Womens Suffrage! |
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(1919)
Defines what an alcoholic beverage is
Any beverage with more than .5% alcoholic content |
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| “Conspicuous consumption” |
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The Theory of the Leisure Class (1898)
Thorstein Veblen
Why people like to spend
“Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods is a means of reputability to the gentleman of leisure”
Spend money to make sure people know we have money
Buying things like Radios, Seeing films, Refrigerators, cars
Taking things that used to be luxury and become necessities |
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The Age of the Automobile
Ford pioneers new cars in the 1920s and makes cars affordable for everyone
“Americans can have any kind of car they want, and any color they want, as long as it’s a Ford, and as long as it’s black.”
Cars enable lots of travelling and spurs on the creation of an infrastructure that can support cars
Steel and fuel industries go through the roof after cars become wide spread
Huge cultural ramifications from the creation of the car
Cars are reffered to as mobile bedrooms |
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“Cultural fundamentalism”
Anti immigrant in the ‘20s
Hatred of other races in the ‘20s |
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Italian anarchists
In 1920, Arrested for burglary and murder. Evidence is limited. They are put on trial and are found guilty
In hindsight, it becomes more and more obvious that they were found guilty because of their race and their differences within society. Ultimately executed. Their trial becomes a symbol of the backlash against different cultures in the US |
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Dayton, Tennessee
John T. Scopes teaches evolution in the classroom
Scopes is arrested because he broke the law
This trial receives national attention because it captures more than just a simple case about evolutionism, but rather an idea that cultural ideas are changing in the nation
ACLU hires Clarence Darrow to defend Scopes
Prosecution brings in William Jennings Bryan
Bryan will represent the traditional way and Darrow will represent the more modern way of life |
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Al Capone: runs most of Chicago
Paid off everyone that he needs
Great spy network—knew what was coming before things happened
Open about his ideas on prohibition, blatantly says that he defies prohibition
Associated with St. Valentine’s Day Massacre (1929)
Undercover agent says that Capone had nothing to do with it.
It wasn’t Capones men that went and killed all of the men.
Instead it was a cop seeking revenge because this gang had killed another cop
Hoover covered up this message |
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Extremely provocative
Young, single, urban women
Anorexia
Like this image
Symbolic of the 1920’s
Contrast between the old and the new
Sexually active |
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A lot of people start to sell stocks on Thursday
Some rich investors step in (J.P. Morgan) and buy stocks
Stock market overwhelmed by sell items
Too much to combat
Within the first two hours, the sells knocked down all previous gains
Might have been able to ride it out as a nation
but the symbolic value of the stock market lead to scares
Everything crumbled
Over 30 billion dollars disappears from the economy in two weeks
More than we spent in WWI
Banks start to fail
People loose all the money in the banks
Banks stop giving out loans as well
Farmers get hit harder—people stop buying there food
People are broke
3% jobless to 25% jobless |
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| Farmers would threaten other people to not buying their auctioned land and when no one would buy the land (due to threats on their life) the original land owner would buy the land for a penny |
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Veterans start to petition the gov’t for their bonuses. They served the gov’t in their time of need and now the gov’t needs to serve the vets in their time of needs.
July 1932 the bonus army will setup camp in Washington D.C. until they receive their bonuses for fighting in the war
Congress says no and Hoover (Despite agreeing with the Bonus Army personally) will tell them to leave
Hoover sends the police to move the Bonus Army, but they fail. So he has to send the army.
Douglas MacArthur was told to move them without fighting them. He will go against direct orders to not harm them and do whatever it takes to remove the men from the land.
Tear gas, fire, clubbing anything to make them leave Anacostia Flats
This happens in an election year and peoples perception of Hoover is drastically influenced and takes the blame for the entirety of it. Not shifting blame to MacArthur or blaming congress.
“Hoovervilles” are examples of how citizens target Hoover as the bad guy during this time |
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| Iconic image of the great depression. Showing the significance of the great depression how how families felt all througout the country |
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(1933)
No faith in the current banking system, over 5,000 banks had gone bankrupt. Savings were disappearing and people were losing faith in the system
Goal: Restore confidence in the banking industry
Execution: All banks in the nation will close for 2 weeks. While closed the gov’t will send inspectors and only banks that are safe will reopen
95% of all banks reopen. Very few are actually inspected but the goal is ultimately successful in restoring faith in the banking system
A billion dollars gets put back into the banking system
This creates the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) which will ensure that people can bank with them and not have to worry about losing their money. |
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| Civilian Conservation Corps |
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| The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families, ages 17–23. A part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, it provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments. The CCC was designed to provide employment for young men in relief families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression while at the same time implementing a general natural resource conservation program in every state and territory. Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000; in nine years 2.5 million young men participated. |
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Congress will pass through neutrality acts to ensure that the US doesn’t get involved
Three between 1935 and 1937
Acts that would reflect what we learned from WWI
Prohibited shipment of American weapons to any nation at war
FDR criticism: Did not differentiate between “the good guys and the bad guys”
Forbade American loans to any nation at war.
No traveling on the ocean-going vessels of warring nations.
List of non-military goods U.S. could sell to nations at war |
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Munich Pact
Any agreement with Germany and Great Britain
Neville Chamberlain goes to talk with Hitler about his intentions about taking all these countries
Policy of Appeasement
Germany gets Sudetenland
Germany promises not to invade Czechoslovakia and other countries
The peace treaty lasted 6 months |
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US military base in Hawaii
December 1941 decoders capture a vague message that Japan was going to attack the US
December 7, 1941 decoders capture a clearer message that Japan would attack in the next hour
Attack starts at 8am Hawaii time
bombing naval ships, planes, anything military with the goal to cripple the base on Hawaii and thus forcing the US into negotiations
188 ships severely damaged or sunk
180 aircraft destroyed
120 severely damaged
2403 men died
1200 wounded |
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Plan to take out Germany
Come up through the south through Africa
Attack the “soft underbelly” |
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(Nov 1942 - May 1943)
Eisenhower is in charge
Taking control of northern Africa
Is successful and gives us access to the Mediterranean Sea |
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Operation Fortitude
George S. Patton
Good military strategist, but he doesn’t have a great reputation
Eisenhower doesn’t trust Patton
This enables the cross channel attack to be succesful
Patton is used as a ploy to get Hitler to station his troops to defend against Patton so that they can invade somewhere else
Invasion on France happens on June 6, 1944
72 landing craft to get the men over
47 ships of tanks and ammunition
5 million tons of supplies needed for the attack
Parachuting in behind enemy lines to attack both sides
50,000 US soldiers involved, 5,000 casualties
June 6, 1944 we retake France from Germany |
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Doolittles Raid was ineffective and shows that we need to get closer to Japan to properly attack
June 4, 1942
This attack cripples Japan
This ends the Japanese advance in the central pacific ocean |
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Very close to Japan
February 1945
Famous raising of the flag on Iwo Jimo |
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July 1945
Churchill, truman, stalin have a conference
Goal was to deal with post war germany
Truman decides to us the atomic bomb at the conference and gives Japan an altematum |
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| against the Axis abroad and against restrictive hiring practices at home. Their efforts redefined citizenship, equating their patriotism with war work, and seeking equal employment opportunities, government entitlements, and better working conditions as conditions appropriate for full citizens. |
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Established War relocation authority
Setup 10 internment camps to move Japanese americans to
Over 120,000 Japanese and Japanese-Americans were interned throughout the US |
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Women are called to join the workforce
Much higher numbers than ever before and working in many different jobs during this time
Rosie the riveter! Famous icon during this time, propaganda to convince women they can do it
Wage discrimination is still a large issue this time
Female factory workers would make $33 dollars a week and a male counterpart would make $55 dollars a week.
African Americans, Chicanos, many other minorities will feel the same racial discrimitation
Womens Auxiliary Corps
Women serving in the military who fight overseas, but aren’t necessarily on the front lines
Segregated from the other units |
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Chosen because it hadn’t been bombed much before dropping the bomb
Would be able to gauge the damage accurately
Enola Gay piloted by Col. Paul Tibberts will fly the bomb over
August 6, 1945 bomb is dropped on Hiroshima
80,000 killed in the initial blast
60,000 more die from radiation sickness |
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