Term
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Definition
| Capitalism impeded development in South America, belief in a need for socialism |
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Definition
| Aztecs divided land into these, which had to pay taxes (in cocoa beans) |
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Definition
| provided warriors for sacrifice/Sacred Ball game provided people too |
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Term
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Definition
| Native men had to work for the state for a certain numbers of day/year (based on old European Corvee system) |
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Definition
| people fell into debt to the Spanish because they had to buy food and clothes from the estates that they worked on, because they couldn’t leave the estates |
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Definition
| large estates created a sort of feudal system, created debt peonage |
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Term
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Definition
| conscription labor system, six months of labor per year |
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Definition
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Definition
| king of the Incas, one of two brothers vying to be the king of the Incas, he is captured by the Spanish and held for ransom |
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Term
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Definition
| moves gold and silver out of the Americas twice per year, vessels arrive |
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Term
| War of Spanish Succession |
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Definition
| Ends in 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht |
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Definition
British gain the right to carry slaves into Spanish territory – 4800/year for 30 years
o Instead, British bring in consumer goods, it is important because it is the first contact that the British can have with Spanish ports in the New World |
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Term
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Definition
•1731 – Ship of Captain Robert Jenkins is checked by the Spanish, Jenkins loses his ear and keeps in it a pickle jar
-1738: British use this opportunity to start a war |
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Definition
| decision making bodies, court of last appeal, advisory body for the king |
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Term
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Definition
| King’s main representatives |
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Term
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Definition
| French position, developed after the war of Spanish Succession around 1780s |
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Term
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Definition
| Advised viceroys, top judicial body |
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Term
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Definition
| Local town councils, had members of the most respected families |
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Term
Viceroyalty of New Spain
Viceroyalty of Peru |
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Definition
Headquarters at Mexico City
Headquarters at Lima |
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Term
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Definition
| sent by the King to investigate abuses and check policies |
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Term
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Definition
| people born in Spain or Portugal, formed the governing elite (governors, judges etc) Usually stayed in New World for a short time before returning to Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| Spaniards/Portuguese who are born in Latin America, staffed most of the political and economic institutions, ‘backbone’ of politics and regional commerce. Become upset that they do not have strong political power in Latin America. |
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Term
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Definition
| Equivalent of the Metis – children of Spaniards/Portuguese and natives, had low social status, become the artisan class. If they were pale enough, they could pass as Creoles |
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Term
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Definition
| Treated as different people, suffered huge population losses up until the 1700’s, when the population rises again to about 8 million, spent lives in labour, debt peonage, kept in rural areas as the tribute-paying caste. Originally the Spanish tried to avoid natives in Costa Rica. Native towns maintained intact, kept the traditional way of ruling. Indians could avoid tribute by passing themselves off as mestizos |
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Term
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Definition
| – local leaders used to mediate the demands |
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Term
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Definition
| Respectable people in society, mostly white and wealthy, military officers, intellectuals, lower hierarchy of the clergy etc… |
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Term
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Definition
| people that worked with their hands, artisans, shopkeepers etc… |
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Term
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Definition
| concentrated in certain areas, when they are brought over as slaves (ex: Cuba, Brazil, and Venezuela). Work on plantations, in sugar cane fields (better at surviving disease in sugar cane fields than Europeans), and in mines, below Indians on social scale |
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Term
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Definition
| African equivalent of mestizos, (European man and African woman) |
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Term
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Definition
| Worked with natives, Franciscans were the first ones (came with Cortes), supervised the building of catholic churches over destroyed temples, composed a written language for the natives, missionaries learned the native languages. No mestizos or Indians could be ordained. The crown supported the missionaries. Acted as a banker to the peninsulares and the creoles |
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Term
| 1740s – Juan Santos Atahualpa |
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Definition
| said he was a descendant of the Inca Atahualpa, used guerilla tactics to try to drive Spanish out of the area. In response, the governments exempted more people from the Mita system, and recruited more troops as a militia (By 1760s there were about 4000 militia patrolling) |
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Definition
| Focused on East side of Lake Titicaca, the local Kuraka of Tinta (Tupac Amaru II, a mestizo) jailed the local leader of the colonial government, and had him executed. (Economic reasons) Amaru gets about 6000 followers, didn’t make any attempt against the Spanish crown, just wanted economic change. In every area that they went to, Amaru’s army established their own government. In 1781 he surrounded Cuzco, but was captured and killed. However his brother carried on the rebellion for a few more years. |
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Term
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Definition
| the Lake Titicaca area on the Bolivian side, Catari was also a Kuraka. Less of an armed rebellion, but continued on for 10-15 years. Catari was executed in 1781. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the Columbian highlands, also about taxes. Led by creoles. The crown took away a lot of native land, natives blamed the colonial officials. Also there was a rise in taxation, which caused native revolts. Berbeo steps in and takes leadership. The revolt was called ‘Communero’ to show that they were not against the crown. An army of 20 000 marched on Bogotá. The archbishop signed a capitulation in response to the concerns. |
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Term
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Definition
| leader of the Communero revolt. Wealthy, businessman. |
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Term
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Definition
| The partner of Berbeo in the Communero Revolt |
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Term
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Definition
| British capture Havana in 1762, held it for 1 year, brought 700 ships into Havana that year as opposed to 10 that the Spanish normally brought |
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Term
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Definition
| King of Portugal --> to Brazil, (Napoleon had discovered that Portugal was still trading with Britain) |
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Term
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Definition
Charles IV of Spain – abdicates the throne: His son Ferdinand now ruler, Ferdinand forced out for Joseph Bonaparte (Napoleon’s brother), court fled to Seville, sought help of the British
oThis led to a question in L.A of who to follow (Cabildos? Viceroys? Napoleon?) |
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Term
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Definition
| Constitution of this year passed – established a limited monarchy |
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Term
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Definition
| starts the revolution in 1810, most of his support came from lower classes and indigenous people |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of poorly paid workers, unemployment, poor social conditions, this is the city that September 16th, 1810 starts the revolution movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Student of Hidalgo, continued the revolution after the death of Hidalgo. Became a guerilla leader, in 1812 he liberated Southern Mexico. Establishes a congress which in 1813, declares Mexico to be independent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proclaims independence for Mexico in 1820, claims himself to be Emperor in 1821. Lasts for 2 years and then is overthrown by a republican government. Mexico splits into a liberal and conservative group |
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Term
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Definition
Creoles/Mestizo
Peninsulares |
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Term
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Definition
| Portuguese looking for Prestor John (Ethiopia – Xtian?) – Christian settlement |
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Term
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Definition
| asks for medicine and doctors to be sent to the Congo |
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Term
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Definition
o High literacy rate
o Bring in new leadership styles |
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Term
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Definition
300 BC – 1000 AD
•Capital at Timbuktu |
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Term
Rise of Mali
Rise of Songhay (seperate) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| African King, Wrote about his journeys through Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| King of Mali, made an important Hajj to Mecca with a huge entourage of followers |
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Term
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Definition
| The door of no return – slave port in Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| mulattos that acted as the go-betweens in the slave trade at Gorée |
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Term
| French East Indies Company |
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Definition
| 1620’s – 1720, comes in as a monopoly trader |
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Term
| Dutch West Indies Company |
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Definition
| 1620’s-1730s - , had royal backing, attacked the Portuguese and English |
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Term
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Definition
| 1630's, British joint-stop company with a monopoly, transported sugar and slaves, especially from Jamaica |
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Term
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Definition
| brings the slave tonnage down to 1 slave per ton |
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Term
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Definition
--British bans the import of slaves to specific areas (West Indies)
--British prohibit slave trade with foreign colonies |
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Term
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Definition
| Slavery is prohibited officially in Britain |
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Term
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Definition
| British convince the Portuguese to stop importing slaves, British get the right to search ships for slaves |
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Term
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Definition
Spain had lost most of its empire, agreed to abolish slavery north of the equator, but still continued slavery until the 1860s
-Brazil refuses to abolish slavery |
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Term
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Definition
-French cooperate with the abolition
-British abolished slavery on all British territory |
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Term
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Definition
-Brazil agrees to abolition
-Cuba stops slavery |
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Term
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Definition
established by the British in the 1820s, consisted of ¼ of the royal navy
oIn 1840s, went into Sierra Leone and freed slaves
oSigned agreements with African kings to search for slavers in Africa
oEstablished judicial commissions along the coast |
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Term
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Definition
| Dutch East India Company establishes Cape Town in order to grow food for the East India Company as they travelled around the South of Africa |
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Term
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Definition
Napoleon and Britain both sent fleets to the Cape of Good Hope, the British arrive first on Christmas Day
-A state of emergency is declared, the British take Capetown until 1814, when the Dutch ceded it permanently to the British |
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Term
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Definition
| Guarantees equal rights to all people of colour, passed by the British |
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Term
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Definition
| •Xhosa and Zulu create a movement/migration called this |
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Term
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Definition
| a migration of boertrekkers(begins in 1835), into the Orange Free State and Natal |
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Term
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Definition
| •1854 – British recognize the Orange Free State as Boer territory |
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Term
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Definition
1884-1885
oCarving up of Africa
oLiberia and Ethiopia are the only African countries that retain their independence
oLeopold calls Africa a giant cake |
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Term
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Definition
– protestant missionary from Scotland, also worked for the Royal Geographic Society
oNot a very successful missionary, only 2 converts
oLord Henry Stanley went to look for him |
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Term
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Definition
used to produce Quinine
oTree named after the wife of a viceroy in Peru
oBrought to England, used by Charles II in 1660’s
o Brought to France in 1670’s, and brought to Spain by the Jesuit Priests
oTwo scientists in the 1800’s isolated Quinine from the bark and sold it as an anti-malaria bark
oMid 1800’s – Dutch and English smuggled it out of Africa |
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Term
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Definition
Another factor that allowed European domination in Africa
oFired 10 shots/second
oHiram Maxim developed it in 1884, knighted by the British in 1901 for this |
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Term
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Definition
(English) held all of Northern Nigeria on a budget of 100 000 pounds/year
oRan the country with 5 Europeans and 120 lesser European officials |
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Term
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Definition
Civil service exams
o 3 sets of exams for a bureaucratic position
o Blossoming of Buddhism |
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Term
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Definition
•Agricultural revolution (able to harvest two types of rice each year)
•Merchant status increases due to the loss of agricultural land in Northern China
•State monopolies on some materials such as copper
•Paper currency, credit (flying money) trade by sea/land, gunpowder used
•Double-hulled ships with watertight compartments, use of the compass
•Canton – major sea port in China
•Foot binding – starts out with courtesans in the courts, sign of beauty
•Studied astronomy and astrology |
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Term
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Definition
-Mongol invasion 1206
•Peking (walled city) withstands Mongol advances from 1211-1218
ocaptures Chinese artisans and makes them help him
o1218 – Mongols slaughter the people of Peking |
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Term
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Definition
took over from Ogedai – rules Yuan dynasty from 1271-1294
oYuan lasts until 1368 and is made up of China/Mongolia
-• Capital at Peking, referred to himself as the ‘Son of Heaven’
•Took over the south of China |
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Term
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Definition
was in China from 1275-1292
oVenetian traveler from a family of merchants
oMay have not actually been in China |
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Term
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Definition
| -Buddhist society, opposed Mongo Rule, minor demonstrations |
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Term
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Definition
•1368-1644
oSecretariat is abolished, increasing power of the Emperor and direct rule
-• Civil bureaucracy under six ministers, central military hierarchy , 500 guard units, position of soldier was hereditary, hierarchy of censors, (sent out to areas to hear public grievances)
-Censors are powerful (direct access to the King) |
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Term
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Definition
1368-1396
-COnfucian Society
-Country divided into 15 provinces - unit - Departments - Counties
- Census of 1393
- Taxes collected 2x/year
-2000 elite bureaucrats, 20 000 total |
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Term
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Definition
•Court educated, eunuch, sailed to Africa
•Established new tributary states along the East Coast of Africa
•Fast, double-hull ships
•First fleet to use the compass, found latitude
•Burned incense sticks to measure time and distance
•Emperor built him a shipyard
•Purpose of his voyages was to explore and expand China’s commercial reach, and show China’s superiority
•Mainly peaceful encounters
•Lots of doctors went on the voyages
•Chinese mainly focused on land defenses |
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Term
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Definition
- Ming Emperor 1402-24
-Grand Canal expanded
- Fortified coast against Japanese Pietes
-Capital moved to Beijing, finished Kublai's palace there
- Sponsored 7 voyages of Zheng Ho
-Ming Pottery, encyclopedia with 11095 volumes
-Demoted eunuchs
-Army deteriorated |
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Term
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Definition
merchant and west-African annexationist
o Got all of the British companies in the Niger valley to combine into the United African Company (1879)
o Established 100 trade posts in the interior, signed about 300 treaties
o Treaties gave the right to exclude foreigners (other Europeans) |
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Term
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Definition
| From Nigeria, captured as a slave at age 7, ended up on a Virginia plantation |
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Term
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Definition
| an edict to destroy all large ships – tried to eliminate exploration on the seas |
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Term
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Definition
| focused on building his tomb, had a party in his tomb |
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Term
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Definition
| A eunuch that was a butler was allowed to run the whole government |
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Term
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Definition
led a peasant uprising
• 1644: his army begins to advance on the capital (Peking) |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the Ming generals that reached a deal with the Manchu, responsible for defending the Great Wall, allowed the Manchu to enter through the Great Wall |
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Term
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Definition
• Manchu reached imperial capital in 1638
-means “pure” – defending tradition, not bringing major change
-• Wanted racial purity for the Manchu
• Manchuria was closed to Chinese immigration
• Did well because:
o Respected Chinese tradition, trained to fight and hold power
o Made up about 2% of Chinese population
o Accept idea of Civil service exams, extended exams to all regions of China
o Confucian ideals |
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Term
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Definition
| Around 1700: Pope decided that Jesuits were submitting to native ideas like Confucianism |
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Term
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Definition
-refuses to Kowtow to the Emperor, and his demands are not recognized for a long time
o Bring two Chinese Scholars to translate
o Sail in the Lion ship, and the Hindustan, arrive in early July 1793 with lots of gifts
Brought hot air balloons, watches, clocks, pottery etc
o Emperor later dictates a letter to George III, stating that there was no need for their ‘barbarian products’ and that China wouldn’t open to the British
-had been told to establish a permanent mission at the Chinese court, trade at several ports, a warehouse at Beijing, didn’t want to pay duties on any imports/exports |
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Term
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Definition
| • EIC loses its monopoly in India but continues to bring Opium into China, through corrupt officials in Canton |
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Term
• First Opium War 1839 – 1842
• Treaty of Nanking – 1842 |
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Definition
o Chinese have to open 5 ports, and pay 21 million Mexican dollars to the British merchants
o Import of Opium is supposed to be banned, but in reality it continues
o Cohong monopoly is abolished at Canton
o Lease on Hong Kong for 99 years |
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Term
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Definition
– Western powers try to change the Treaty of Nanking, but China refuses
-Another treaty is created, establishing British right to trade anywhere in China, allowed to send in Missionaries wherever they want, and are allowed to legally import Opium to China |
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Term
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Definition
-Foreign Invaders
• Good soldiers
• Longevity of Rulers
• Brilliant Administration
• Good Legal system
• Encouraged trade
o Caravan routes through India
• Unity of purpose
• Sunni Muslim Heritage
• Fixed tolls and duties for merchants, great trade revenues for both land and sea trade
o Firmans for sea trade (licenses that gave a person the right to carry products between ports)
• Religious toleration
• Cultural legacy |
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Term
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Definition
| clay seals found from 7000 BC |
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Term
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Definition
| Group that invades from Afghanistan from 12th C |
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Term
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Definition
Vedas, Upanishads (later these formally form Hinduism)
o Ashoka – introduced new ideas, including Dharma – right conduct |
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Term
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Definition
• Brahmin – priests, princes and rulers
• Kshatriya – nobles, local rulers
• Vaishya – peasants
• Sudra – working class
• Untouchables – Dalits, does menial work
o Outlawed in the 1950’s, but still continues in a sense |
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Term
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Definition
(pleasure/love) is one of the ideas of Hinduism
• Classifies love into 4 types
o Intercourse
o Mutual Attraction
o One sided love
o Physical attraction
• 7 types of congress |
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Term
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Definition
1525: o Babur (who is Muslim) led an army into Delhi in 1526
o Victory at Panipat (10 000 (Babur) vs 100 000)
o Trained artillery and 1000 musketeers
o Proclaimed Emperor of Hindustan
Rajputs - Hindu Warriors
Marathas - Warriors |
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Term
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Definition
ruled 1526-1530
o 1524 – tries to restore family fortunes in Northern India
o Had become a ruler at age 12
o Not interested in his wife
o Headquarters at Kabul
o Built a modern army with muskets and cannons
o 1520 onward – led 5 expeditions into India
o Proclaims Mughal dynasty – changed name of Mongols
o Kohinoor Diamond – mountain of light
o Tried to lay down Mughal rule in Agra and Delhi
o Had trouble with the Rajput princes to the North
o Battle of Patna (1529) – after this Babur planned to return to Kabul, but got sick
o Humayun (Babur’s son) is acknowledged as his successor |
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Term
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Definition
o Tried to divide land with his other brothers
o Faced many revolts, known as being a little lazy
o Forced out of Agra, flees to the North
o Internal exile in Sind, marries
o Flees to Persia
o Tries to retake India, and in 1554 he sets off for Delhi
o Died after tripping on a stone |
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Term
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Definition
1556-1605
o “The Great Mughal” (Humayun’s son)
o Born while his father was in hiding
o Extended control into central India
o Always on guard, led to his success
o Born a Muslim, accepted Islamic policy of religious toleration
o Allowed Hindus to come work in court and in the army
o Interested in other religions
o Established framework for revenue collection
o Later became hostile to Islam, started his own religion known as the Divine Faith
Combined elements of many religions
o Built a house of worship
o Liked Sheikh faith, with rejected the caste system
o Later rejected Christianity because he didn’t believe that God would allow crucifixion
o Removed the head tax on non-Muslims
o One of his sons, Salim, spent several years rebelling against Akbar |
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Term
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Definition
– shows the start of Mohammad’s flight
-Akbar started a new calendar with the start of the divine faith |
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Term
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Definition
| – Islamic law that Muslims followed, but Akbar let Hindus follow their own law |
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Term
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Definition
1605-1627
o Salim became the next ruler, changed his name to this
Means “Seizer of the World”
o Gets a bad reputation, partially due to his wife
o Left a daily diary
o Patron of the arts and scientist
o Had a problem with one of the princes (his brother maybe?)
Had two friends of the prince sewn into the wet skins of an ox
o Rise of the power of women (Nurjahan? )
o Contest of his first and the 3rd son |
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Term
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Definition
1627-1657
o Son of Jahangir
o Expands Mughal empire to its absolute territory
o Brutalized empire
o Most of his subjects lived in absolute poverty
o Severely raised taxes
o Constructed the Taj Mahal
o Made Delhi the permanent capital for the Mughal Empire
o Built the Peacock throne, which is later taken away to Persia
o Banned building of Hindu temples
o Refused to take any Hindu wives
o Laid siege to a town to persecute Portuguese Christians
Converted them to Islam
o Two sons Dara and Aurangzeb fought for inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
-Mixture of Islamic and Hindu arquitecture
-Mausoleum for Shah Jahan and one of his wives
-1632-48 |
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Term
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Definition
-1658-1707
o Last of key Mughals
o Put his father under house arrest and claimed throne
o Under him, things begin to fall apart
o Tried to reform some social evils, but forced conversions to Islam, drove non-Muslims from court
o No new temples were to be built
o Restored the head tax
o Upon his death, leadership of India enters a crisis |
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Term
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Definition
o Emperor
o Sultan
o Nawab – Nabobs
o Wazir – vizier
o Zamindars – zamindaris
o Jagir |
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Term
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Definition
EIC
o 1757-1762
o Comes back to England and buys his way into parliament |
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Term
|
Definition
| East India Company becomes the French East India company, and becomes a ruler in India |
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Term
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Definition
| 1592 – Japanese trading fleet to explore the Western Pacific Basin |
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Term
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Definition
-supported Christianity
-was the most powerful man in Japan at the time, but faced rivalry from the Buddhist monks
o Christianity served as a religious counterweight against Buddhism |
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Term
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Definition
Sword Hunting and Christian Persecution
o Christianity was gaining many followers and since Christians were obedient to God over the emperor, this worried Nobunga
o Nobunga banned the use of swords except for Samurai’s
o Nobunga prevented further conversion to Christianity |
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Term
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Definition
• Seizing on a split between his chief rivals, Ieyasu maneuvers his adversaries into open conflict – Oct 1600
• Decisive win for Tokugawa, who declares himself shogun in 1603
• Establishes a stable government |
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Term
| Three categories of Daimyo |
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Definition
o Shimpan – direct relatives of Tokugawa, most loyal
o Fudai – Allies of Tokugawa at the Battle of Sekigahara
o Tozama – Either against or neutral to Tokugawa |
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Term
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Definition
(alternate attendance system)
o Every other year each Daimyo had to make a trip to modern Tokyo
o Cost a tremendous amount of money
o Their wife and male heir remained in Tokyo as a sort of hostage |
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Term
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Definition
(laws governing military households)
o Each Han had to take an oath of loyalty
o Had to provide men |
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Term
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Definition
| 1635: Japan does not want anymore contact with the West |
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Term
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Definition
1637: Christians in Nagasaki protest the restrictions
o The government captures and brutally kills 50 of the Christians |
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Term
|
Definition
| Japan officially closes its doors |
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Term
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Definition
Westerners confined to the port of Nagasaki
•Red Seal ships limited to three per year (compared to about 100 before) |
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Term
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Definition
| code of conduct, martial arts |
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Term
| Ishida Baigan and Shingaku |
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Definition
frugality, diligence and devotion to money-making
o Sought to defend merchants with Confucian ideas |
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Term
| • Yoshimune (Shogun) and the Kyoho Reforms |
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Definition
o Steps to increase efficiency
o Massive public work projects |
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Term
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Definition
| doing one’s duty to the lord in accordance with one’s place in society |
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Term
Fuijiwara Seika and Hayashi Razan:
Wang Yang-Ming School |
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Definition
-Confucianism as a Big Tent Ideology
-the principle of all things was located in the mind |
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Term
|
Definition
| benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, propriety and faithfulness |
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Term
Kansei Reforms
Tempo Reforms |
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Definition
-conservative in nature, social welfare, moral behaviour
– reduce spending and increased income |
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Term
| School of Dutch learning (Rangaku) |
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Definition
o In 1729 the first Japanese/Dutch dictionary appears
o Study begins in many sciences
o Dutchman opens first medical school outside Nagasaki |
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Term
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Definition
o Development of foreign trade
o Necessity of developing the nation’s economy towards military ends and Western trade
o National obligation to increase size of the country
o Japan should open up to the West only in terms of trade and foreign affairs |
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Term
| National Learning and Sonno Joi |
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Definition
o Advocated for the return of the Emperor to a more prominent position
o Sonno Joi means ‘revere the emperor and expel the barons’
o Xenophobic/ethnocentric ideas
o Keeping Japan from the rest of the world |
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Term
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Definition
– The Russians try to make contact with Japan
– The Japanese send an expedition to explore Siberia
– The Opium Wars between China/Britain/France |
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Term
|
Definition
-March 1854
-Townsend Harris and Imperial discontent
- All American ships could receive supplies like coal, and all American shipwrecked people could be treated humanely
-Within months other European powers arrived to sign similar treaties
-Later, in July 1858 a commercial treaty is signed between the US and Japan |
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o Economic crisis, rise of the merchant class, collapse of the traditional agrarian base of society
o Economic backwardness
o The arrival of the west is the key moment in the fall of the Bakufu |
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o First adopt an anti-western attitude
o Shishi strongholds |
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| Choshu Han fire on Europeans themselves, Europeans retaliate |
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– Bakufu forces in modern Tokyo storm the forces of Choshu Han and Satsuma Han
o This is the pretext for the final confrontation between the Bakufu and the Emperor
•Emperor comes back into the center of Japanese political life |
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| 1628-44 -Last Ming Emperor -Asked his family to commit suicide |
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| 1644-61 -Ch'ing Emperor -Child King |
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| 1661-1722 -Son of Shunzhi -Greatest Ch'ing Emperor -Extended into Tibet/Took Taiwan -Faced Peter the Great - signed Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689 (Excluded Russia from N. Manchuria) -Produced 5000 volume encyclopedia and a Chinese Dictionary -Welcomed Jesuits/patron of the arts -Had 35 sons |
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| -Use Chinese and Manchu official in each position -Kept Manchuria closed to the closed to to the Chinese -Insisted Chinese wear their hair Manchu style -Used banner system for military protection |
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| 1736-1795 -Reissued classical works - 36 000 volumes -Destroyed Mongol Power -Made Tibet/Burma/Nepal pay tribute -Expanded Chinese control by Millions of Sq. miles -Faced problems with Eunuch Ho-Shen -Had to put down the White Lotus Society Rebellion |
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