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| internal tax placed on production slae of a commodity, usually a luxury item or nonessential |
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| Undeclared war between US and France fought almost entirely on sea from 1798-1800. Used by Federalist as a way to retain power by going to war. Lead to suppression acts like Alien and Sedition Act |
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| An excise(internal tax on goods) tax place on distilled spirits. Very unpopular among farmers; many refused to pay and threatened those that tried to enforce it. |
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| Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 |
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| Farmers against the Whiskey Tax in Pennsylvania started burning homes and attacking tax collectors. It was successful put down by an army raised by the Federal Government; proving it was much more capable and stronger than the previous government American had. |
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| Strong advocate for a Federal government more powerful than state legislatures. Responsible for many economic strategies used to raise funds for American government. |
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| Hamilton's Financial Plan |
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| Five part program for federal revenue and pay off national debt. 1.Funding proposal - all debts incurred by AofC would be honored under new government. 2. Assumption proposal - would assume all of the debt the states contracted during revolution. 3. Established a National Bank 4. Tax alcoholic beverages (FIRST sin tax)5. Tariff - tax on imported goods (important b/c many times imported goods were cheaper than domestic goods, so taxing them allowed American businesses to compete on a level ground. |
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| Problem with Hamilton's Financial Plan |
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| Since all debts made under the AofC were said to be paid off, many of the owners of bonds were not original ones. Many sold their bonds to the more wealthy for a fraction of the cost fearing they would become worthless under new government. Therefore, it helped the rich get richer. ALSO unintentionally started the two-party system since there was a division on what the "elastic" clause meant and how much power it gives to the federal government. Essentially supporters of Hamilton's program vs. non-supporters |
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| Federalists (Hamiltonians) and Democratic-Republicans (Jeffersonians) |
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| Having foresight, being a visionary. Used to describe Hamilton |
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| Necessary & Proper clause |
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| Clause created to make the constitution more flexible. It said that Congress should have all the necessary power to carry out any written power in constitution. Used to justify Congress having the power to establish a national bank. |
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| Provides businesses with loans, serves as a policing agent of other banks so no speculation could be made. |
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| The Spanish still controlled New Orleans's Port and the southern Mississippi River. The Spanish feared America would cease to trade with them so they created this treaty so allow Americans to navigate the lower Mississippi River |
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| British troops still occupied American soil even after revolution. British were also seizing American vessels claiming they were trading with their enemies. Secretary of foreign affairs was sent to England to resolves these problems. The British agreed to withdraw troops and made a trade agreement plus compensation for seized vessels. HOWEVER treaty also made agreement that money owed to British before revolution would still have to be paid. Enraged Americas and caused France to be hostile towards America since they were cutting a deal with their enemy. |
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| As president, he became the head of Federalists. Tried to balance relations with Britain and France. France was hostile to America b/c of Jay Treaty, so he wanted to negotiate with them. But French commissioners wanted a bribe before they would negotiate. In the report this was written in, he changed their names to X,Y,Z. Disliked Jefferson and tried to make Judicial Branch a Federalist stronghold during his time as a "lame-duck" President. |
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| American diplomats went to France to negotiate issues. French requested a 250k personal gift to French commissioners(BRIBE) and 12 million as a loan to France. Adams changed the names of the French commissioners to X,Y,Z. |
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| Authorized President to arrest and deport aliens suspected of "treasonable" leanings (never used, but scared many immigrants who tended to be Jeffersonians). Other act established heavy fines for writing, speaking, or publishing anything of "false, scandalous and malicious" nature against the government or any government official (direct violation of first amendment: freedom of press) |
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| Kentucky-Virginia Resolutions |
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| Jefferson and Madison's proposal to the issue of deciding whether or not a law violated the constitution. Said that states should determine the constitutionality of the law. However, only Kentucky and Virginia approved this law. |
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| Nickname for Jefferson's defeat of Adam in Presidential re-election. |
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| Happens when President loses re-election. Has less political power, but gives opportunity to make unpopular decisions or appointments. Adams become the first one of these. |
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| Judiciary Act of 1801 aka Midnight Judges Act |
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| During Adam's "lame duck" presidency, he to make the Judiciary Branch a stronghold for Federalists by creating this act to create new position for judges and appointing judges that were Federalists. |
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| Initiated because Jefferson told Madison not to deliver commissions to appointed judges by Adams. One of the judges, Marbury, sues Madison for refusing to deliver the documents. Chief Justice Marshall rules in favor of Madison, which strengthened Federalism by establishing judicial review. |
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| Doctrine saying the judicial branch of the federal government possesses the power to determine whether the laws of Congress or the actions of the executive branch violate the Constitution. Decides whether laws are UNCONSTITUTIONAL or not. |
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| America wanted to have control over the port of New Orleans, so they wanted to buy it from the French. Napoleon demanded they buy entire Louisiana providence because he needed money, didn't want to waste troops having to guard the Louisiana territory, and because of the failed war against Toussaint. |
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| Black leader that lead an uprising on a small island that was sugar plantation. Napolean sent 50,000 troops over the course of years. Each attack was a failure due to homeland advantage and yellow fever killing Napoleon's troops |
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| Land purchase from the French that doubled America's size. Favored Jeffersonians, but Federalist opposed it because it would cause depopulation and make Federalists the minority. |
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| Group of lawyers and merchants that supported Hamilton's views who tried to secede New England from the Union. FEDERALIST RADICALS. |
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| First American to be tried with treason and first vice president to never become President. Killed Hamilton in a duel over being governor of New York. |
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| nickname for House of Representative members who advocated going to war with Britain in 1812. Main ones were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. They quickly became the driving force of the Republican party because President Madison lacked the force of leadership to impose his will. |
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| Second war with Britain that resulted from trade restrictions impeding trade with France, British impressment, and British military support to Indians who wanted to resist American expansion in western frontier. Eventually, the war came to a stalemate and the Treaty of Ghent was signed. |
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| Forced recruitment of U.S. citizens to British Navy. Essentially kidnapping American soldiers by seizing ships, which was justified by the British saying they were British deserters. |
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| Peace treaty to end America's second war with Britain. It restored relations between the two nations and brought status quo ante bellum(to make things become the same as they were before the war). However, it left unresolved issues of impressment,natural rights, and trade. |
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| Government act prohibiting trade with a foreign country usually to exert economic pressure |
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| Was a Major General in War of 1812, and was victorious in stopping the British from taking New Orleans. |
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| New England Federalist met together that strongly opposed the war with Britain in 1812 and discussed secession from the Union. |
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| Bill that proposed by John Calhoun highways be built to link East and South to the West using proceeds from Second Bank of U.S. Strongly opposed by New Englanders fearing it would drain their population and create competition in the new territories. Bill later vetoed by President James Monroe. |
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| Era after War of 1812 was over where political bitterness lessened mostly because the Federalist party disbanded and only one party was left. During this time the National Bank was rechartered called the Second National Bank of U.S., Tariff of 1816 and Bonus Bill of 1817 proposed. Era also instilled NATIONALISM in Americans. Ended when Missouri wanted to enter the Union as a slave state and also the Panic of 1819. |
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| Series of major financial crises in the United States. Similar to a depression. First one happened in 1819 and subsequent ones happened in approximately 20 year intervals. They occurred because of Federal government failure to police economy allowing banks to give loans without restraint (no National Bank). Many farmers and manufactures took out loans believing they would continue to expand b/c of war in Europe. |
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| Well-known war hawk and presidential candidate in election of 1824. Candidate from the west that had a well-established campaigned platform called "The American System." Plan was to make America economically independent from Europe by making an interdependent system in America. |
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| Agreement passed between Anti and pro-slavery factions which prohibited slavery north of the 36/30 line. Accepted by southern slave states even though it was a smaller territory because they believed cotton couldn't be grown above 36/30 line. Compromise needed to be issued b/c uneven balance of free and slave states would destroy equality on the issue of slavery within the Senate. |
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| Election that marked re-emergence of two-party system: Jacksonian Democrats and Adam's National Republicans (Whig Party). It also started the modernization of American political system. |
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| Talking bad about opposing candidates beyond political issue and focusing on their personal lives instead. |
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| name for Jackson's Presidency. During that time he dealt with 3 main issues: Red & White relations, Federal Supremacy, and role of government in economic system. |
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| Tariff of 1816 / Dallas Tariff |
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| A protective tariff put in place after the War of 1812 because Britain had excess iron and textile goods from the war and were sold for very cheap. This tariff increased the price of British goods so American manufactures could compete with them. |
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| Most Americans saw native Americans as "noble savages" and didn't see them as people who should be eradicated. Saw them as pre-civilized and innocent like children. Introduced themselves as "the Great White Father." 5 Main tribes considered civilized since they accepted they couldn't defeat white men, so they began to assimilate to American culture and abandoned nomadic customs. They became farmers, learned English, practiced Christianity, and sent their children to universities to become lawyers. |
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| Election between Clay, Crawford, Jackson and Adams. No one won the first election, so 12th amendment made so president would be elected from top 3 candidate by the House. Clay is left out, but is Speaker of the House and gives his support to Adams. Crawford suffers from a stroke and goes out of the race, so Adams wins the election. Jackson outraged by "corrupt deal" made and resigns as Senator of TN and makes a separate political party for the next election |
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| Winner of Presidential election of 1824. Had strong PRESCIENCE: saw a need for interstate highway to be funded by federal government, ports were need on both west and east coast, and proclaimed America should begin voyaging into space. |
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| Native American tribe that went "too far" in their assimilation by the standards of the other tribes. Mainly because they cut their hair which symbolized courage and strength. |
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| Supreme court case that held that Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state government that would infringe on their sovereignty. Law was passed, but President Jackson refused to enforce it. This caused the check and balances system to be weakened. |
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| Inspired by Calhoun, South Carolina that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore nullified. Attempts to force the tariffs would result in South Carolina's secession. |
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| This Act gave President Jackson the authority to use military power to enforce revenue laws on South Carolina. Fortunately, he never had to; instead, a compromise tariff was proposed by Henry Clay—one which John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians eventually accepted called Tariff of 1833 |
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| Tariff of 1833/Compromise Tariff |
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| Tariff made in response to Nullification crisis saying that tariffs would gradually be reduced. After the Force Act was imposed, SC wanted to back out honorable and accepted this immediately. Created by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun |
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| Taking complex issues and simplifying them and even falsifying them to APPEAL to people |
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| Bank of United States (BUS) |
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| Federal economic intervention that provided medium of currency, policed state banks to prevent speculation, and converted different mediums of bank note to nationally acceptable notes. |
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| Economic take-off reasons |
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| 1. Mass of cheap labor from hundreds of thousand of immigrants. Most were Irish b/c they had famine, unemployment, spoke English, and desperate for work. 2. Skilled workers were lacking in America, so they hired people from other countries such as Britain since they had the technical know-how. 3. Had capital- money to invest in order for factories to be built. 4. Entrepreneurial will- abondoning traditional values, risk-taking, desire to industrialize. |
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Upper section of the Mississippi. Combination of west and east sections. Because of: 1. Economic interdependence between factory workers and farmers 2. Construction of railroad 3. Both east and west consisted of FREE STATES.
Had the west formed with the south, it would have changed the whole course of America's history and freedom for blacks would've probably been delayed for another 100 years during Great Depression. |
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| Early historian that hypothesized the western siphoned off discontented eastern workers so they could become farmers instead of disgruntled workers in factories that would be likely to revolt. Be this proved to be false since eastern workers didn't have the skill or funding to maintain a farm. |
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| Very mysterious section of the country. 1/4 of families owned a slave in this region. 3/4 population were Yeoman. Took up about 1/2 of America, but only made up 10% of revenue, but was also the richest due to huge profits from slavery in cotton production. Known to be most violent people inherently and still is today. |
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Border south: DE, M0, KY
Upper south: VA, NC, AR
Lower/Deep South: SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, TX (Most slaves located here) |
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| Labor system based solely on GREEN of white men. Not for superiority purposes. If it wasn't profitable, it wouldn't exist |
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| Slaves started fires on cotton gins, mothers killed their, suicides of slaves reported |
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| examples of slaves not accepting their fate |
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| Singing songs of a day of freedom and how their work was long and hard, never turned down offer of freedom |
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| Nat Turner's slave rebellion |
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| Slave rebellion led by an American slave who taught himself to read and write, became a preacher and organized other slaves to make the whites pay for making blacks suffer. Ended up killing 55 whites and then went into hiding after but was later tried and executed. It was last major uprising before Civil War |
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| Gabriel 1800, Nat Turner 1831, Denmark Vessey 1831 All suppressed. |
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| Slave that purchased his own freedom by winning the lottery. Organized what could have been largest slave rebellion, but was found out before it could take place and was executed. |
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| Dehumanization techniques |
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| Deprive slaves of personal information such a DOB, prevent uprising by encouraging families so males less likely to rebel or runaway. |
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| President of Union during Civil War. Wanted to stop the spread of slavery at all cost and saw it as cancer since it would shrink and die if it couldn't spread anymore. |
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| South wanted to expand slavery, and North wanted to restrict growth. Idea was forcibly pushed onto North to join them in practicing slavery. |
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| President that allowed the annexation of Texas. Wanted to make America a continental power by having ports on both West and East, so he wanted to buy California at any price from the newly independent Mexico. Mexico refused to sell, so Polk encouraged a clash between Mexican and American soldier which he could use to persuade Congress into going to war with Mexico. |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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| End of the Mexican-American War that gave America undisputed control over Texas as well as making Mexico cede CA, NM, AZ, CO, and UT increasing America by 25%. Established Mexican-U.S. border at Rio Grande River. Paid for the land at half the amount originally offered. |
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| Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 |
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| No piece of legislation caused by Congress caused more disruption than this act. Act created new territories Kansas and Nebraska, repealed Missouri Compromise of 36/30 line, and lets each state determine whether or not they will be a slave or free state. Most controversial part was having popular sovereignty. Caused North to DISTRUST South and New Republican party to emerge because of this. |
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| One of the most iniquitous acts ever passed by Congress. All U.S. Marshalls to track down slaves and get commission for taking on the case and more money if they returned the slave. Small difference between being paid for nothing and finding slave. |
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| Only institution in America that wasn't divided prior to Civil War. |
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| Case about slave that sued for his freedom that took 11 years to finish. Ruled by Judge Taney that Scott is still a slave b/c his case was invalid b/c he wasn't living a free state since Congress did not have the power to BAN SLAVERY. Taney used the case to establish this justifying by 5th amendment saying government can't away property w/out judicial hearing. |
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| John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry |
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| Crazy abolitionist that tried to led a slavery uprising by first raiding an armory for weapons and gather slave soldiers to help. Plan failed and everyone involved convicted of treason and hanged. Caused South to DISTRUST North. |
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| Allowed southerns to have the possibility to expand slavery to new territories and made a greater Fugitive slave Act. Created prior to Kansas-Nebraska act in order to avoid civil war. |
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| Election prior to Civil War. Nation Convention for Democrats held in Charleston SC (heart of secession) but couldn't decide b/c Southerns walked out. So convention later held in neutral spot Baltimore, DE. North and South Democrats decided each have their own nominee. With Democrats divided, Republicans easily won making Lincoln president. |
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| Elected as delegate to decide whether or not Georgia should secede from Union. He argued not to b/c it would destroy slavery b/c they would give up their protection by the Federal government if they left. |
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| Committees created in both House and Senate as a last-ditch effort to prevent civil war. House made first proposal that was supported by Lincoln and rejected by south b/c it did not allow for the expansion of slavery. then Senate made proposal that was rejected by Lincoln b/c it allowed for the expansion of slavery. |
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| First shots fired starting the Civil War. Major Robert Anderson gathered all Northern supported and took over the center fort of the Charleston Harbor bay on Christmas day. Eventually got bombarded so they surrendered but no one was killed in battle. |
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| Civil war accomplishments |
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| Abolished slavery in 1865, Union would never again be disunited, Democracy proven to work and be as strong as a monarchy, proved Confederacy was a lost cause, and broke the monopoly the south had on decision making. |
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| Provisions given to newly freed slaves after civil war. Property taken away from confederates and given to slaves as punishment. Later repealed when Lincoln gets assassinated and Andrew Johnson becomes President. |
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