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Definition
| 1850 B.C.E. left his home in the city of Ur and journeyed to the land of Canaan |
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| Ivr/Yehudi (Yehudi derives from Judah, an ancestor of one of the tribes of Israel) |
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Jews of France, Germany, and Eastern Europe, derived from Hebrew word for Germany
speak Yiddish – mix between Hebrew and German
Many isolated themselves either voluntarily or not, from the rest of society |
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Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East.
Derived from Hebrew word for Spain
Ladino language is a mix of Spanish and Hebrew
More integrated than Ashkenazic Jews |
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| Yemenite Jews, Ethiopian Jews, and Oriental Jews |
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Definition
| Jews that do not fit into the two main categories (Ethipians AKA Beta Israel) |
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| This term emphasizes the belief in one God, and the fact that following this God commits us to a number of specific ethical rules or principles. |
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started as a prosecutor of early Christians, converted and brought Christianity to Roman Empire
Believed that Christians must show charity, even to their enemies
taught Christians to appropriate Judaism |
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| used to describe beliefs that are in agreement with the standards set up by the Christian community. |
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| I believe in God, the Father Almighty, creator of Heaven and Earth |
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Definition
| Some of the myths in this story ended up in Genesis in the Bible |
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Term
| martyrdom and monasticism |
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Definition
| The aggression of Christianity surfaced quite early in the history of the Church in the two movements |
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| 313 - series of letters sent by Constantine and Lucinius to their governors, had the effect of legalizing Christianity throughout the Roman Empire |
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Definition
| Oct. 28th, 312 Constantine fought in this battle, against a rival claimant to the emperor's throne. Supposedly, heavens opened up and Constantine had a vision, he won battle, constructed an arch to commemerate the victory |
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325* - Constantine summoned 300 bishops to council in the city of Nicea (modern Izhik) to resolve various religious issues, and Arian Doctrine
- Arianism was declared a heresy |
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Definition
early 5th century the great St. Augustine of Hippo developed this after watching battle in N. Africa
-God could inspire a Christian leader to wage war against Pagans
-justified this by using examples in the Old Testament
-Christian Violence had to be inspired by love for the enemy, this violence is medicinal |
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Western Goths - Christianized Germanic tribe won right to settle within the empire in exchange for their military service as protectors of the borders. They were promised material assistance and land but were treated harshly by the Roman Emperor. Visigoths rebelled and defeated the Roman army at the battle of Adrianople in 378.
Later settled in Southern Gaul & Spain |
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| Eastern Goths, by the 5th Century they settled in Italy, Austria, Croatia, Slovenia |
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| invasion of Attila the Hun |
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overran Rome 455, Showed the weakness of Roman defense, and the inevitable takeover of Rome
Later populated North African Coast |
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| 476* - Barbarian tribal chieftain Odoacer deposed and replaced Western Roman Empire |
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settled in present-France (Northern Gaul)
In 500 converted to the orthodox Christianity and helped convert/conquer Goths and other barbarians in Western Europe |
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| occupied England, Ruled until 1066 |
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-son of King Thiudimir
-Ruled after Odoacer
-Lived with his tribesman in Constantinople area
-wanted control of Western Empire, his army crossed into Italy
-Struggle between Odoacer and Theodoric lasted between 489-493*
-Theodoric poisoned Odoacer at a banquet and stabbed him
-493-526 ‘King of the Goths and Romans’
-Said that Gothic law applied only to Goths, and Roman law applied to Romans
-Co-existence between people |
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Definition
Set of Christian beliefs that focused on relationship between Jesus and God
-Believed that Jesus was not equal with God |
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Definition
| leader of the Visigoths, 24th August, 410, Alaric's men stormed into the city of Rome and sacked it |
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Definition
-construction of Constantinople by Constantine
-Constantinople revealed to the world |
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Term
| Byzantine Empire as a Multicultural State |
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Definition
| Christianity and the Political Roman Framework |
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Definition
-425-630 Ruled, Golden Age
-Able military leader, devoted Christian
*Shared power with wife Theodora
‘One God, One Empire, One Region’
-Restructured Roman Legal Codes, created a new framework for the Empire
-Hacia (Aya) Sophia
-Christianization of the neighbouring Slavic tribes (Cyril and Methodius)
-patriarch of Constantinople had the right to crown emperors
-Eastern Orthodox and Catholic division is a result of the competition between Roman provinces and the Eastern Byzantine Empire to Christianize the Slavs |
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Definition
500-600 - Byzantine Empire was governed by a council of landowners, (political and economic elite)
- Heavily taxed, in order to avoid rebellions, Justinians remodeled the system with people loyal to him |
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Definition
| - (717-741) Forbade the use of images in Eastern Churches, attempted to do the same in Western Churches |
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Definition
(Supporters of Ali) - religious leadership belonged to the descendents of Ali
-Rarely achieved power, although some ruled from Cairo from around 970-1172 |
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| (Sunna --> tradition) – Believed that leaders should be chosen by the community |
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| ‘Submission’ (to the will of God) |
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Definition
-important caravan city and a place of pilgrimage
-cubical shrine containing idols, house of Allah
-a holy well, revealed to the wife of Abraham (Ibrahim) |
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Definition
-Born in Mecca in 570 (died 632)
-Founder of Islam, last prophet sent by God
-Grew up as an orphan, lived with his uncle
-Married a widow named Khadija
-In 610, Mohammed began to meditate at night in the mountains
-Believed that one God had created the world and everything in it
-At the end of time, souls would be judged, believers would go to Paradise |
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Term
| Night of Power and Excellence |
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Definition
-One night, he had a vision
--Realized it was the angel Gabriel who spoke to him
--Said he was hearing the words of Allah (God) |
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Definition
-meaning one who makes “submission” to the Will of God
-Allah is the only God and Belief that Mohammed was the LAST messenger are the two main requirements |
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Definition
-622 Muhammad and his followers fled Mecca to Medina to avoid prosecution
--Pivotal date in the history of Islam, the beginning of the Islamic calendar |
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Definition
Muhammad and his followers in Medina
-community defined solely by acceptance of Islam and of Muhammad as the “Messenger of God,” |
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Definition
-Father of Mohammed’s favourite wife became successor in Medina
-called Caliph (successor) |
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Definition
1. To recite at least once during their lifetime the shahadah (the creed: "There is no God but God and Muhammad is his Prophet"). Most Muslims repeat it at least daily.
2. To perform the prayer 5 times a day, if possible. This is recited while orienting one's body towards the Ka’aba at Mecca).
3. To donate regularly to charity through zakat. This is a 2.5% charity tax on the income and property of middle and upper class Muslims. Believers are urged to make additional donations to the needy as they feel moved.
4. To fast during the lunar month of Ramadan. This is believed to be the month that Muhammad received the first revelation of the Qur'an from God.
5. If economically and physically able, to make at least one hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca. |
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Definition
| 800 - movement the point of traction from the animal’s throat to its shoulders, first appeared |
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Definition
| less efficient harness but widely used in southern Europe, 500 |
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| Florence, Pisa, Brescia, Pavia, and Siena. |
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Definition
| twelfth-century cities that built new walls |
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Definition
the earliest form of city government
•By banding together, local city elite could band together to demand certain things from the rulers, these privileges were usually granted because they also benefitted the rulers
•Manufacturing and trade were encouraged as professions in the cities |
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Definition
| •Named after Merovich (leader of the Franks) |
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Term
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Definition
Founded the first dynasty (c.a. 496)
Christian, (Ruled: 466-511) |
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Definition
Real power behind the Merovingian throne • Representative to the 3 main regions in which the kingdom was divided: Neustria (Western France) Austrasia, (central Germany)
Burgundy Gave rise to the Carolingian Dynasty |
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Definition
(751 – 987)
-Name derives from Carolus, or Charles, afterward Charlemagne, or Charles the Great |
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Definition
| Pepin III “the Short” becomes king of the Franks |
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Term
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Definition
| Franks drive Lombards out of central Italy; creation of Papal States (Papacy) |
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Term
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Definition
768-814 rules as king of the Franks
•Established schools at his court, wanted to create a cultural centre
oStruggled to establish a Christian cultural revival in France
-Was a warring king – constantly engaged in military conflict |
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Charlemagne defeats Lombards in northern Italy
“King of the Franks and the Lombards.” |
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Definition
750-800: protests Frankish domination of Church
-imperial letter alleged that Constantine conveyed to the Church his palace and “all provinces and districts of the city of Rome and Italy and of the regions of the west |
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Definition
Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne
reconstituted the Roman Empire to the West 324 years later
ultimate consummation of the Franco-papal alliance of 751
"Emperor of the Romans" |
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Definition
| Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as “Emperor” |
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Definition
| Treaty of Verdun partitions the Carolingian Empire |
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Definition
| New invasion by Vikings, Muslims, and Magyars |
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Definition
| Ottonian dynasty succeeds Carolingian in Germany |
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Definition
| Capetian dynasty succeeds Carolingian in France |
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Definition
| On the one hand, the king struggled for a centralized government and trans-regional loyalty, and on the other, powerful local lords strove to preserve their regional autonomy and traditions. |
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Definition
| men without possessions to whom the king gave great lands in the expectation that they would be loyal officers of the kingdom |
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Definition
| -a class of nobility created by giving them land, in return they had to serve in the King's army |
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Term
| Charles Martel (“the hammer”) |
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Definition
Died in 741
Created beneficiaries
-Usurped land from the church to give to the beneficiaries |
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Term
| Saint Boniface (ca. 680-754) |
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Definition
| Anglo-Saxon missionary - the most important of the German clergy who served Carolingian kings in converting conquered people to Christianity |
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Definition
| Charlemagne launched a campaign in Spain against Spanish Muslims, defeat for Charlemagne, but establishes an area in Spain |
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Definition
| Wrote “The Life of Charlemagne” after his death |
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Definition
| A poem that rewrote the history of Charlemagne to give a more Christian outlook and provide the Muslims as enemies to Christianity |
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Definition
| appointing relatives to important posts |
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Definition
| selling ecclesiastical appointments to people many of whom were not even members of the clergy |
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Definition
-helped to regulate matters of faith and politics
oSet the rules (canons) for the way of life of people
oAlso had authority over secular matters |
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Definition
The pope crowned the first one in 962.
starting point for a worsening relationship between kings and popes |
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Definition
| The law of the church gave the pope exclusive legal jurisdiction over a clergy and church property wherever located. |
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Definition
Italian monk elected pope Pope Gregory VII in 1073
-Represented an extreme position with his views on the papacy:
1. The pope can be judged by no one.
2. The Roman church has never erred and never will err till the end of time.
3. The pope alone can depose and restore bishops.
4. He alone can call general councils and authorize canon law.
5. He can depose emperors.
6. He can absolve subjects form their allegiance.
7. All princes should kiss his feet. |
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Definition
| Monarchs or lords conferring a ring and a staff as symbols of authority on bishops and abbots in their domain |
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medieval struggle between the church and the lay lords to control the ecclesiastical appointments
Began 11th Century between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Pope Gregory VII |
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Term
| Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor |
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Definition
| oIn 1076 Henry IV was excommunicated (snow) •In 1078, the Pope acted again against Henry, deposing him oHenry and troops forced the Pope to flee Rome to South of Italy oThe Pope died in 1080 while under house arrest |
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Term
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Definition
Sept. 23, 1122
oHenry V was the Holy Roman Emperor, who renounced his right to choose bishops and abbots and do investing
oPope Calixtus II allowed the Emperor to invest, but only to do so to the bishops and abbots appointed by the papacy
-Reduced tensions temporarily |
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Term
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Definition
-instituted reforms designated to strengthen the power of the Crown and weaken the nobility
-appointed travelling justices to enforce his laws, created juries
oStated that criminal acts committed on his domain interfered with ‘King’s Peace’, and people should be tried in accordance with the King’s crown
oPositioned the King as the ultimate authority
-Had difficulty controlling the church |
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Definition
1118-1170
In 1162 became first archbishop of Canterbury
Henry sought to try clerics accused of crimes in royal instead of ecclesiastical courts, Becket refused
Murdered by Henry's knights in 1170, in 1173 Becket became a saint |
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Definition
| Roman civil law, set of legislations “Body of Civil Law” (created by Justinian) |
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Definition
(-Christian practices such as celibacy, continual devotion to prayer, and living apart from society alone or in small groups)
-4th C account Anthony, the most important solitary monk
-in the religious life of almost all medieval Christian lands
-An Egyptian monk named Pachomius started it in the East, in the Latin west was Benedict of Nursia |
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Term
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Definition
Founded in 910 in Eastern France by William the Pious, the first Duke of Aquitaine
Reform movement: improve monastic discipline and administration
peak of Cluny’s influence,(12th C?) nearly 1000 Benedictine abbeys and priories (lower-level monastic houses) in various countries accepted the authority of its abbot
-every abbot and every prior be appointed by the abbot of Cluny and have personal experience of the religious life in Cluny |
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Definition
(480-547): Italy
- introduced monasticism to Latin West
Rule of Benedict: a balanced life of devotion and work, along with obligations of celibacy, poverty, and obedience to the abbot |
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Definition
(lower-level monastic houses)
(Benedictine monasteries of lesser importance than abbeys, local branches of abbeys) |
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Definition
2nd Half of 12th C
emphasized a life of asceticism and poverty |
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Definition
-Last Anglo-Saxon king of England of the House of Wessex (1042-1066)
-succeeded to the throne after the extinction of the Danish dynasty of Cnut |
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Term
Herald Godwinson
Harold Hardrada |
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Definition
-member of a powerful family, Edward’s brother-in-law, claimed the kingship of England for himself upon Edward’s death without heirs in 1066
-another claimant to the crown, (Danish) killed in battle by Herald |
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Definition
October 14, 1066
-Between Herald Godwinson's Army and William of Normandy's army
-Took place at Hastings
William was challenging Herald's claim to the throne
-Began a new era of English political history |
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Term
| William, Duke of Normandy, |
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Definition
-acquired the neighbouring country of Maine in 1063
-Ruled England 1066-1087, known as 'The Conquerer'
-created a stronger English monarchy |
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Term
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Definition
-About 180 great lords held land directly from the king as tenants-in-chief, and several hundred lesser nobles held land from the kings’ tenants-in-chief
-Introduced by William the Conquerer |
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Term
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Definition
1086 - Disputes concerning landholdings and the obligations attached to it led William to order a remarkable inventory of the kingdom
-inquisition, about the extent, resources, and obligations of each estate in England |
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Term
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Definition
| (1087-1100) inherited England and the crown from William the Conquerer |
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Term
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Definition
| the eldest son of William the Conquerer, inherited Normandy and Maine |
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Term
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Definition
-1100-1135 inherited the throne of England when Wiliam Rufus died, defeated Robert in 1106 for control of Normandy
-strengthening of royal lordship, shaping of a system of governance that later came to characterize English monarchy and the role of kingship in English society. |
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Term
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Definition
-attempts to create a loyal bureaucracy
-Henry I raised a group of men from the lower nobility to serve his interests in England, ocurred in England after the reign of William the Conquerer
-solely dependent upon the king’s favour/power |
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Term
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Definition
| 1154-1189, rules after Stephen of Bois (1134-1154) |
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Term
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Definition
| 755, the Franks defeated the Lombards and gave the pope the lands surrounding Rome, |
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Term
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Definition
( 256 – 206 B.C.)
-Northern China/Yellow River – strategic advantage (control of the Yellow River plain) |
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Term
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Definition
Ruled: 246-210 BC (born 259 BCE)
-First Emperor of China, legalist
-In 211 adopted the title of Emperor in order to elevate himself above other kings
-Unified China, created a Great Wall 1400 miles long
-Land divided into smaller sections, like counties, these were administered by people
-officials chosen because of their abilities and knowledge
-Moved former nobility to the capital
-Unified weights and measurements and writing |
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Term
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Definition
most influential philosophy in China
oNeed for a unified country and a strong, centralized state
oLarge and strong army to conquer and control a large territory (conscription)
osystem of rewards and punishments
-severe and impartial law |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
First stage - Military leader come to power
Second Stage characterized by economic rule
Third Stage – conquests and political reforms (peak of the cycle)
Fourth Stage – downward spiral, costs of expansion cause rebellions
Last Stage – Public works fall into disrepair, natural disasters occur, dynasty collapses
Unification is proof that heaven has given the unifier the mandate to rule. |
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Term
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Definition
(206 – 195 B.C.). He rose from plebeian origins
-Capital at Ch-ang an |
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Term
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Definition
(141-87 BC) Martial Emperor - Second Stage (Former Han)
-Initiated new economic policies and built irrigation canals
-Expanded borders
-Entered alliances with northern tribes, then used them to fight other nomad tribes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Former Han Court Officials |
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Definition
-staffed the apparatus of government and advised the emperor directly.
-Most powerful men in China |
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Term
| Former Han empress dowager |
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Definition
| -mother of heir to the throne, often act as regent |
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Term
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Definition
-Came from lower class families
-often continued to advise emperor after he had gained the throne. |
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Term
| Former Han Military Leaders |
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Definition
| -later phase of most dynasties, regional military commanders often became semi-independent rulers |
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Term
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Definition
regent for the infant emperor , became emperor in year 8
-expanded state monopolies, abolished private slavery, made loans to poor peasants, and then moved to confiscate large private estates |
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Term
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Definition
25-220
•Loyang (capital city)
-return to strong centralized government
•159 – Conspiracy of eunuchs
•190 – A general deposed one of the emperors
220- Last emperor deposed |
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Term
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Definition
Chinese armies defeated the Hsiung Nu***
-the first time that the Chinese fought the nomads on non-Chinese turf.
-sparked nomad migrations into Russia |
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Term
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Definition
| conspiracy of eunuchs in the service of an emperor slaughtered the family of an empress dowager and ruled at the court (attempted coup d’état) |
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Term
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Definition
220 to 586
six southern states were called dynasties
-1.continuing economic growth and the emergence of Nanking as a thriving centre of commerce
2.the ongoing absorption of tribal peoples into Chinese society and culture
3.large-scale migrations of Chinese fleeing the north to the south
4.the spread of Buddhism and its penetration to the heart of Chinese culture, especially in the South |
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Term
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Definition
Short lived states formed by nomadic tribes in Northern China after the Han Empire
Juan Juan, Hsien Pi and Toba |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-began the Sui dynasty (581 – 618).
-Grand Canal, unified the north, restored the tax base, re-established a centralized bureaucratic government, and went on to conquer southern China and unify the country. |
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Term
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Definition
(618-906)
-1st emperor (provincial governor) took over the Sui capital, renamed it and made it his own
-tax revenues were adequate to government needs
-Greatly expanded China's borders
-Bureacracy had 3 levels at the top:
Military Affairs - supervised armies, w/ emperor, in effect, the commander-in-chief
Censorate had watchdog functions: reported instances to the emperor
Council of State - Most important, met daily with emperor |
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Term
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Definition
met daily with the emperor
made up of the heads of the Secretariat, which drafted policies;
the Chancellery, which reviewed them;
State Affairs, which carried them out. Beneath State Affairs were 6 Ministries, which was the core of the central government |
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Term
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Definition
| First T'ang Emperor: All able-bodied adult males received an equal allotment of land (women got less), the land-tax system |
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Term
| T'ang four-tier (foreign) policy |
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Definition
To protect borders:
1) send armies
2) nomads against other nomads
3) the defence along China’s borders, including the Great Wall
4) diplomacy - tried to bring the potential enemy into the empire as a tributary |
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Term
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Definition
| •960-1297 capital at Kaifeng Northern Sung (960-1127) Southern Sung (1127-1297) -New commercial crops were developed -Water control policies -Taxes now paid in money -appearance of a scholar-gentry class -magistrate became the sole representative of imperial authority in local society. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1280 - 1365: Mongol Dynasty |
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Term
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Definition
First Yuan ruler
Capital (winter) at Peking
Ruled 1271-1294
-military service a monopoly of Mongols
-ethnic classifications in appointing civil officials |
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