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| Laws passed by states denying many rights of citzenship to free black people before the Civil War. |
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| Outlawed discrimination in public places. |
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| The congressional settling of the 1876 election which installed Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in the White House and gave Democrats control of all state gov.ts in the South. Official end of Reconstruction. |
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| Order by General William T. Sherman to set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast for 40 acre grants to freemen. |
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| Agency est. by congress to provide social, educational, and economic service, advice and protection to former slaves and destitute whites. Lasted 7 years. |
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| Terrorized black people in the south during Reconstruction era. Founded by the confederate veterans in 1866. Also the 2nd KKK. 100% Americanisnm. Native, white, protestant supremacy that opposed modernity. |
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| Redemption of Conservative Democrats as white southerners response to Reconstruction. They prevented blacks and their supporters from voting. Limiting of the 15th amendment. |
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| Labor system that envolved landowners to furnish laborers with a house, farm animals, tools, and advanced credit in exchange for a share for the laborers' crops. Type of economy for free blacks. |
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| Battle of Little Big Horn, 1874 |
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| Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)- Souix right to occupy their land in the Black Hills "as long as the grass shall grow." However, gold found here led to white invasion of the land. General Custer led gold expedition that created indian hostility. Crazy horse and Sitting Bull. Custer's military was wiped out. "Custer's land stand" (1876). |
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| Dawes Severalty Act, 1877 |
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| Peace Policy and stated termination of tribal ownership of land and allotting some land to individual Indians with the remainder (surplus) open for white settlement. Est.d private land ownership. Also education on and off reservation (boarding schools). |
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| To the Souix, this dance would grant them a special place in the after life. Whites took the dance as a warning of tribal retribution rather than a ceremony. Dance sought to rid of whites. |
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| Granted a quarter (160 acres) of the public domain free to any settler who lived on the land for at least 5 years and improved it. Opened settlement in the Great Plains. |
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| Colonel Chivington's order to "kill and scalp all big and little" of the Black Kettle Cheyenne natives. 105 women and children and 28 men dead. |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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| Ended the Mexican-American war and allowed the Hispanics north of the Rio Grande to choose Mexico or stay in US. 15 million for 55% of Mexican territory. About 80,000 Mexicans resided here. |
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| RRs throughout all of US helped trading of precious metal, cattle, and helped build a moving population in search for gold and/or mining. |
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| Wounded Knee Masacre, 1890 |
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Definition
| Souix's resistance to forced assimilation and threatening Ghost Dance brought upon hostility. Wrongful fire of a Souix led to a 2 hour battle leaving many white's injured and over 200 Souix dead. End of Inidian War Era. |
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Term
| AFL (American Federation of Labor), 1886 |
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Definition
| Union that organized skilled workers along craft lines. Excluded unskilled workers, minorities, women, and immigrants. Leader was Samuel Grompers. Goal: Improvement of current conditions. Tactics: Bargaining. |
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| Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 |
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| Suspended Chinese immigration, limited civil rights of resident Chinese and forbade naturalization. Gold rush lead to 24,000 to CA. White workers resentment led to act. |
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| Term applied to late 19th century America that refers to the shallow display and worship of wealth characteristic of that period. |
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| The merger of competitors in the same industry. Ex: Standard oil. |
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| Labor union that included skilled and unskilled workers irrespective of race or gender. Leader Terrance Powderly. Goals: Child labor reform, shorter work day, graduated income tax, end of contract labor, and monetary reform. Tactics: Strikes and producers as cooperatives. |
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| 4 to 6 story residential dwelling, once common in NY, built on tiny lots without regard to providing ventilation or light. Lack of sewage system and air pollution. Health issues: Small pox, tuburculosis, and scarlet fever. Ex: The Jungle |
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| Consolidation of numerous production functions, from the extraction of raw materials to the distribution and marketing of the finished products, under the direction of one firm. Ex: Meat packing Industry. |
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| Mechanization under Fredrick W. Taylor AKA "Taylorization." Technological innovation. |
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| Broad mass movement in the rural south and west. Founded in Texas. By 1891 5 million members. Also branched off to the Colored Farmers' alliance. |
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| Rules that required potential voters to demonstrate that their grandfathers had been eligible to vote. Used in some southern states after 1890 to limit the black electorate. |
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| The national Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, a national org. of farm owners formed after the Civil War. Founded by Oliver Carey. Was a fraternal society and the center of social activities. Attacked big businesses like RRs, farm equipment co.s, banks, and wholesalers. Helped rise of Populist movement. |
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| Segregation laws that became widespread in the south during the 1890s. Lynching and disfranchisment (reduce or eliminate black voters). Ex: Plessy v. Ferguson and Cumming v. Richmond. |
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| Supreme Court decision holding that Louisiana's RR segregation law did not violate the Constitution as long as the RRs or the state provided equal accomodations. "Seperate but equal." |
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| Brought upon by expansion efforts of president McKinley. Southerners wanted Cuba, before Civil War, for slavery expansion in it's sugar mills. However, US protected Spain's rights to Cuba. Cuban independence movements began. After Spain abused orders and USS Maine was destroyed in Havana, declaration of war against Spain began. Only 10 week war. Colonel Teddy Roosevelt fought with his "Rough Riders" to victory. In the end the US secured independence to Cuba. The Platt Amendment declared Cuba to provide land for American bases and help pay back war debt. After US troops withdrew, the amendment turned into the Cuban-American Treaty (1903) which declared US control of Cuba's sugar industry and anti American sentiment among Cubans. |
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| Survival of the Fittest. Justification of unfair social and economic conditions. Says that the fittest and wealthiest survive, the weak and the poor perish, and gov.t in unable to alter this "natural" process. Progressivism rejects this concept. |
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| An amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress in reply to President McKinley's War message. It placed a condition of altruism on the United States military endeavors in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people." |
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| Est. the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which tested and approved drugs before they went on the market. Part of national progressivism. |
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| Founder of the Hull House settlement in southern Chicago, and leading voice for Progressive Era reforms for American middle class women to serve the needs of the urban poor. Goal: Improvement of living conditions of the working class. Workers: educated young women. Recieved Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. Provided faculties and courses. |
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| Journalism exposing economic, social, and political evils. Named by Teddy Roosevelt. Themes: Urban poverty, political and economic corruption, and exploition of industrial workers. Ex: Jacob Riis, S.S. McClure, Ida B. Wells, Upton Sinclair (The Jungle). |
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| Interracial org. co founded by W.E.B. DuBois. Dedicated to restoring black political and social rights. |
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| A ban on the production, sale, and consumption of liquor. Temporarily achieved through state laws and the 18th amendment. |
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| Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890 |
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| 1st federal antitrust measure. Against monopoly. |
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Term
| WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union) |
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| Women's Christian Temperance Union, grew into a powerful mass org. in the late 19th century. Had up to a quarter million members. Activities: Homeless shelters, Sunday school, prison reform, child nurseries, and women's suffrage. Outcomes: State prohibition laws and 18th amendment (temporary). |
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| Black leader who met at the 1905 Niagra Falls Movement to protest against legal segregation and denial of Civil Rights to US blacks. Also founded NAACP. |
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| (CIP) Committee on Public Information |
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| Gov.t agency during WWI that sought to shape opinion in support of the war effort through newspapers, cartoons, speeches, films etc. Dominated by George Creel. Themes: National unity, loathsome character of the enemy, and war as grand crusade for liberty and democracy. |
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| Law against obstructing war efforts and criticism during WW1. Heavy fines, 20 yrs in prison, est. FBI, and example of IWW. Also destroyed much of the radical labor movement. |
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| Journalist and reformer for the CIP. Managed propaganda, PR, ads, cartoons etc. |
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| International org. created by the Versailles Treaty after WW1 to ensure world stability. Part of President Wilson's 14 points. Included 42 founding natiions. Goals: Disarmament, collective security, negotiation diplomacy. Big four: US, Britian, Italy, and France. |
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| Post WW1 public hysteria over Bolshevik influence in the US directed against labor activism, radical dissenters, and some ethnic groups. Creation of the American Communist Party (1919). |
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| Broad law restricting criticism of America's involvement in WW1 or it's flag, gov.t, military, taxes, or officials. Penalties for speaking or writing against the draft, bond sales, and war production. Also, prohibited use of German language in schools, church, street names etc. |
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| (WIB) War Industies Board |
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| Federal agency that reorganized industry for max. efficency and productivity during WW1. Founded by Bernard Baruch. Goal: Business/Gov.t integration. Activities: Setting prices, allocating scarce materials, standardizing products and procedures. |
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| Telegram stating a Mexican Germany alliance if US goes to war. Sent by Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico and intercepted. Promised return of former Mexican territory. |
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| Started by Henry Ford. Post war automobile changed American lifestyle. Price drop so accessible to general public and car as identity (GM) Also affected business life. Ex: Supported rubber, glass, and fabrics industries, and the rise of service stations and fast food restraunts. |
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| Icon of the 1920s and cosmetic and beauty craze. Women's new role in comsumer culture. Also rise of birth control (Margret Sanger). Seen as solution to social problems. |
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| Mass movement of blacks from rural south to urban north. Spurred by new job opportunites during and after WW1 and 1920s. Population in North increased by 20% from 1910-1930. Concentrated in Chicago, NY, Detroit, and Cleveland. |
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| New black cultural awareness that flourished in art, lierature, and music in the 1920s. Harlem: West indian immigrants, from carribbean islands, and impact of The Great Migration. "The new negro movement." |
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| AKA Emergency Quota Act. Setting a max. of 357,000 new immigrants per year. 3% quota based on 1910 census. Goal: To freeze exisiting ethnic composition. Shortly followed by the Johnson-Reed Act. |
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| Years between the end of WWI and the 1920S. Ending with the rise of the Great Depression bcuz the traditional values of this age saw great decline while the American stock market soared. The age name is from F. Scott Fitzgerald's jazz music. |
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| Factory of business employing workers whether or not they mention they are union members. No employee would be compelled to join a union. |
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| System of labor relations emphasizing management responsibility for employee well being. |
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| Unemployed veterans of WW1 gathering in WA demanding payment of service bonuses not due til 1945. |
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| (CCC) Civilian Conservation Corps |
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| Under the New Deal, young men work in national areas. Ex: National forests or parks. Excluded all women. |
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| Catholic priest from Detroit who over the radio attacked Wall Street. Didn't like FDR's policy utilizing radio. |
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| Started by Crash of 1929 or "Black Tuesday." Nation's worst economic crisis, up until 1930s, producing bank failures and industrial and agricultural collapse. Causes: Unequal distribution of wealth and income, mechanization and unemployment, and weakness in specific industries. Also interntational difficulties from WW1 and exports to Europe. Also from gov.t policies like antitrust laws, bank and stock market regulations, labor unions, taxes, declining production, and personal income. |
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| (NRA) National Recovery Administration, 1933 |
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| Plan for economic recovery under FDR's New Deal (1st hundered days). Also lower wages for women. |
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| Social Security Act, 1935 |
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Definition
| Est. federal old-age pensions and unemployment insurance, excluded more than 1/4th of all workers, and funded by payroll tax. Also provided aid for dependent mothers, children, and the blind. The 1st SS Card issued. |
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| TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) |
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| Federal planning agency to promote conservation, electric power, and development in southern states. |
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| (WPA) Works Progress Administration |
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| Under the 2nd New Deal, relief for the jobless. Restricted to "women's work" and paid less. |
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