Term
| 3 Turning Points of Japanese History |
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Definition
1) 300 BC-600 AD: Old Stone Age Japan became an agricultural, metal-working society
2) 7th C: whole complexes of Chinese culture entered Japan directly
a)learning about China, involving trade and embassies with China.
b) implantation in Japan of Chinese T’ang-type institutions
c) the further transformation of these institutions to better fit them to conditions in Japan
3) 19th C: Encounters the west |
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| Japanese "cord-pattern" pottery, which baffles archaelogists |
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-Japanese period in history, beginning around 300 BCE
-a place in Tokyo where its distinctive hard pale orange pottery was first unearthed |
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-During the 3rd century C.E. a temporary hegemony was achieved over a number of such regional states by this Queen
-a shaman who “occupied herself with magic and sorcery, bewitching the people. |
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Records of Ancient Matters (Kojiki) and
-the Records of Japan (Nihongi) |
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Compiled 712 and 720, records of Japanese history
tell of the creation of Japan, of the deeds and misdeeds of gods on the “plain of high heaven,” and of their occasional adventures on earth or in the underworld |
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"great kings"
-originated in the Yamato plains
-Basic social unit of aristocrats is the extended family (Uji)
-Attached to these aristocratic families were groups of specialist workers called be.
-Also there was a class of slaves |
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| -An alliance in the Yamato Court with Paekche, a state to the southwest, the other 2 states were Silla (east); Koguryo (north). |
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| Paekche turned against Japan and joined Silla in attacking the Kaya States, (they were pretty much destroyed by 562) |
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“the way of the gods"
animistic worship of the forces of nature
-began as part of the Yayoi Culture |
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686-697
-conducted Large-scale institutional changes using the T’ang model that were started by Emperor Temmu in the 680s |
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-Established as a Japanese capital in 710
-laid out on a checkerboard grid like the Chinese capital at Ch’ang-an. |
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| -Capital moved here in 794 (later Kyoto), where it stayed until it moved to Tokyo in 1869 |
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| The last Japanese embassy to China |
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-Had to examine the books
-tried to slow down the erosion of tax revenues. |
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| established in 810 to record and preserve imperial decrees. Eventually it took over the executive function at the Heian court, drafting imperial decrees and attending to all aspects of the emperor’s life. |
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| Established in the second decade of the 9th century to enforce laws and prosecute criminals, the commissioners eventually became responsible for all law and order in the capital. They absorbed military functions as well as those of the Ministry of Justice and the Bureau of Impeachment. |
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-In 856 the northern branch became pre-eminant
-986 to 1086 its stranglehold on the court was absolute.
-monopolized all key govt posts
-married daughters to the emperor |
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Definition
-Reasserted Imperial control of government
-reigned from 1072 to 1086, and abdicating at the age of 33, ruled for 43 years as retired emperor (until 1115). |
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The death of the ruling retired emperor precipitated a struggle for power between another retired emperor and the reigning emperor. Each called on a Fujiwara and a local military force for backing.
-Taira Kiyomori (from the Fujiwara clan), who supported the reigning emperor, defeated the opposition in 1160, went to Kyoto, and found himself in charge. So, he stayed to rule. |
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| began the shift from centuries of rule by a civil aristocracy to centuries of rule by one that was military. It saw the formation of the bakufu (tent government), a completely non-Chinese type of government. It also saw the emergence of the shogun |
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1147-1199
-Part of a family in Eastern japan
-1180: responded to a call to arms by a dissatisfied prince, seized control of eastern Japan, and began the war that ended in 1185 with the downfall of Taira
-set up his headquarters in Kamakura, set up bakufu government |
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| Joei Codedecisions of these offices, built up into a body of customary law, were codified in 1232 |
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| decisions of these offices, (created by Yorimoto) built up into a body of customary law, were codified in 1232 |
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| widow of Yorimoto, and her kinsmen form the Hojo clan, moved to usurp the power of the Minamoto house |
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-Kublai Khan sent envoys demanding that Japan submit to his rule
-The first Mongol invasion fleet arrived with 30,000 troops
-2nd invasion force Carrying 140,000 troops |
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-Joined in the revolt against Kamakura
1305-1358 |
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1147-1149
preached by the eminent Bernard of Clairvaux, Christendom’s most powerful monastic leader, attempted a rescue, failure |
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1189 – 1192
Emperor Frederic Barbarosa; Richard the Lion-Hearted, king of England; and Philip Augustus, king of France
Another rescue attempt |
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1202 – 1204
-Pope Innocent III
-led not by kings but by great territorial princes such as Baldwin IX, count of Flanders
-commanders agreed, at the urging of the Venetians, to sack Constantinople first to help pay the cost of transporting the army by ship.
-1202: recaptured the port city of Zara (on the Croatian coast), which had recently come into the hands of the king of Hungary
-Pope Innocent II was infuriated with the high price of ships imposed by the Venetians, that he diverted the crusading army against a king who was not only a Catholic Christian but a papal vassal as well
-Never reached the Holy Land |
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| earlier Crusade of French knights, who, inspired by Pope Alexander II, had attacked Muslims in Spain |
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Definition
1248 – 1254 and again in 1270
-Crusades of Louis IX,saint-king of France
undertaken in Egypt in 1248, the other against Tunisia in 1270. Both failed, and the second cost St. Louis his life |
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Term
•Edessa
•Manzikert (east of the Black Sea)
•Antioch
•Dorylaeum
•Jerusalem
•Ascalon (present day Israel)
•Acre |
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Definition
1044 (battle with Seljuk Turks)
1071 – battle with Seljuk Turks
1097 – battle with Saracens
1097 – battle with Seljuk Turks
1099– battle with Saracens
1099 – battle with Saracens
1191 – battle with Saracens |
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Definition
November 25, 1095
Pope Urban II summoned the First Crusade.
The Seljuk Turks, he explained, a barbarian race from Central Asia who had recently become Muslim, had swept into Anatolia in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) and had seized these lands from the Christian empire of Byzantium
-it was a Christian duty to “exterminate this vile race from our lands |
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| spread the news of the Crusade and in the spring of 1096 five armies of about 60,000 soldiers accompanied by a horde of non-combatant pilgrims with their wives and families set off to the East |
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| Contributing Factors to the Crusades |
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Definition
-Truce of God (limited fighting between Christian lords by specifying times of truce, such as during Lent (the forty days before Easter) and on Sundays. This began in the south of France at the end of the 10th century. Knights lived a monastic life during this time)
-ambitious rulers, like the Norman chieftains who invaded England and Sicily, were looking for new lands to conquer
-Italian merchants wanted to increase trade in the eastern Mediterranean and acquire trading posts in Muslim territory
-rivalry between popes and kings, and without the desire of the church to demonstrate political authority over western Christendom, the Crusades might never have occurred. |
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| surrender of the last Muslim kingdom |
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| a Seljuk army defeated the Byzantine emperor |
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| asked the pope and western European rulers to help him confront the Muslim threat and reconquer what the Christians termed the Holy land, the early centres of Christianity in Palestine and Syria |
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| The real army of the Crusades, however arrived in Constantinople |
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| -Jerusalem fell to the Christians in the 1st Crusade |
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Term
| Jerusalem, Edessa, and Antioch |
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Definition
| The victorious Crusaders divided the conquered territory into these feudal states |
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| Jerusalem itself was reconquered by Saladin, king of Egypt and Syria and, with the exception of a brief interlude in the thirteenth century, it remained thereafter in Islamic hands until modern times. |
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-Crusaders besieged Constantinople, took it by storm, and subjected it to the long-remembered days of pillage and massacre
-Count Baldwin IX of Flanders became emperor, and he and his successors ruled in Constantinople for over half a century. |
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| 1212: ended in tragedy. Thousands of boys and girls flocked into the ports of southern Europe, gripped by religious fervour and convinced that the Mediterranean would dry up before them to provide them with a miraculous pathway into the Holy Land. Many of them returned home sadder but wiser, and the rest were sold into Muslim slavery. |
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1217-1221
Egypt: the real centre of Muslim power in the Near East. The Crusaders captured the key Egyptian port of Damietta in 1219 and refused the Muslim offer to trade Jerusalem for it
-caught between a Muslim army and the flooding Nile. The result was military disaster, the abandonment of Damietta |
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1228 – 1229
Frederic negotiated with the sultan of Egypt rather than fighting him and in 1229 obtained possession of Jerusalem by treaty. The triumph was ephemeral, however, for Jerusalem returned to Muslim hands in 1244. And because of the absence of bloodshed, Frederic II’s Crusade was never dignified by being given a number |
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| 1291: the last Christian bridgehead on the Syrian coast – brought an end to the Crusader States in the Holy Land. The reigning pope described this catastrophe as “ doleful cup of bitterness.” |
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(1122?-1204), one of the most influential women of the crusading era, accompanied her husband, King Louis VII
of France, on the Second Crusade
-Later she married Henry of Anjou in 1151. He inherited the throne of England as Henry II three years later |
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Term
Knight Hospitalers
Knights Templars
Teutonic Knights |
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Definition
-drew chiefly on the French for its membership
-international brotherhood that acquired great wealth through pious gifts and intelligent estate management and gradually became involved in banking activities
-was composed chiefly of Germans.
-religious orders of Christian warriors, bound by monastic rules and dedicated to fighting the Muslims and advancing the crusading cause in every possible way. |
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| Knights of Santiago de Compostela |
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Definition
| dedicated to fighting the Muslims in Spain. |
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Definition
-50 kilometers northeast of modern Mexico City
-(100-750) was one of central America’s most important classic-period civilizations. At the height of its power, from 450 to 600, it was the largest city in the Americas. |
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| -The feathered serpant, culture-god believed to be the originator of agriculture and the arts |
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sometimes called “floating gardens,” were narrow artificial islands constructed along lakeshore or the marshes. They were created by heaping lake muck and waste material on beds of reeds that were then anchored to the shore by trees
-allowed year-round agriculture |
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Definition
-Mexica
At first, the Aztecs served their more powerful neighbours as serfs and mercenaries. As their strength grew, they relocated to small islands near the shore of Lake Texcoco, and around 1325 they began the construction of their capital – Tenochtitlan |
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the southern hummingbird. This cult was originally associated with war, but eventually it became associated with the Sun
-Aztecs made sacrifices to this deity |
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| created the first conquest state based largely on military power, and they extended their political influence from the area north of modern Mexico City to Central America. Established about 968, the Toltec capital of Tula was constructed in a grand style |
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the priest of the cult of Qaetzalcoatl , exiled to the east
-After his exile the Toltec state began to decline, and around 1156, northern invaders overcame Tula itself. |
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| The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula |
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Islamic term for Iberia
"the land of the Vandals" |
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(756-788)
-Under him was the first single emirate in Spain
established his capital at Corboba and began the construction of the Great Mosque |
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Term
Odo, duke of Aquitaine
Charles Martel
Charlemagne |
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Definition
721- repelled a large Muslim raid
732-733 - defeated a Muslim expeditionary force
Late 700's - established a Frankish defensive zone the Spanish March, north of Barcelona. |
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(912-961)
al-Andalus became a full-fledged caliphate, rivalling Baghdad and Cairo in its claims to legitimacy within the Muslim world.
-al-Andalus reached greatest height of prosperity |
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| (977-1002), al-Andalus reached the height of prosperity and power |
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(“protected ones”)
Christian and Jewish Europeans
-Taxed at different rates by the Muslims |
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| These Christians adopted Muslim culture, if not Islam itself, and spoke Arabic. |
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| In the early 11th century, internal dissensions led to the downfall of the caliphate and to the emergence of a number of small Arab states and rulers, "the kings of parts" |
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| under Sancho I (1000 – 1035), this kingdom achieved considerable success and prominence in the north |
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| (1065-1109) proved Castila’s endurance and ability. The Muslim south paid tribute to Alfonso’s warriors. He also opened communications across the Pyrenees Mountains: French aid, soldiers, monastic foundations, and clergy assisted his efforts in the south. In 1085, Alfonso captured the city of Toledo |
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| grammar, rhetoric, and logic – the three first subjects of the Liberal Arts, long bore the character of elementary and beginners’ studies. |
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| geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music – were also studied, but on the whole less thoroughly, excepting possibly music which was necessary in religious services |
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| Otto I, Otto II, and Otto III |
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Definition
(936-973),(973-983),(983-1002)
• there was much intellectual activity in Germany during the 10th century under these rulers |
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•Schools composed of several faculties were called this
-encyclopedic character of its instruction, an ideal which the ancient program of the liberal arts had cherished for ever since the Roman Empire
-Later called universities (corporations) |
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Salerno
Bologna
Montpellier
Paris and Oxford |
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Definition
-First University, 12th C - Medical School
- Law
- Law and Medicine
- Studia Generalia |
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Definition
the fountainhead through which Platonic philosopic thought, Christianized by the great master, made its way into Europe
-Book 'City of God' deals with the social, political, and moral life of man and traces God’s ruling and guiding hand in the march of human events
-earthly city (Bablyon) built by love of self, and heavenly city created by the love of God (Jerusalem) |
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(1193-1280)
-Bavarian Dominican
-one of the greatest botanists. He critically studied astronomy, meteorology, climatology, physics, mechanics, chemistry, and anthropology |
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| (died, 735), who may be considered as having mastered most of the learning available at the time |
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| (died, 804), famous teacher and scholar at the court of Charlemagne. |
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| teacher in cathedral; school at Paris, attracted flocks of students (1079-1142) |
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| (died, 875 ?), and Irishman who spent most of his years on the continent of Europe in charge of the Carolingian palace school. Although a brilliant intellect, his philosophic teachings proved unacceptable. |
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| Arab in Cordoba, (1126-1198) especially instrumental in reviving the study of Aristotle in the Christian west in the 13th century. His great contribution to Aristotelian study consisted in producing a commentary on Aristotle’s philosophy |
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| (died, 1197) had a leading part in making available through translation many scientific and philosophical texts from Greek and Arabic into Latin. Among these were a number of the works of Aristotle and Ptolemy. |
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| (died, 1253). Born in Suffolk, he studied in Paris where he received the degree of Master of Arts, entered the Franciscan order, became bishop of Lincoln, and was actively associated with studies at Oxford where as chancellor he exerted great influence. He appears to have translated Aristotle’s Ethics directly from Greek. He also produced a series of treatises on theology, philosophy, and the sciences. |
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(1225-1274)-perfected the system of thought
-Educated at the Benedictine abbey of Monte Cassino and university of Naples
-1252: began lecturing on theological matters in Paris
-Wrote a large number of books Summa Theologica (discusses the shape of the earth (round), and the problem of causality, showing that there are fine kinds of causes each of which demonstrates the existence of God) and the Summa Contra Gentiles |
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| first grew up in northern Italy, which in the 12th century was leading Europe in commercial and industrial development. This “business rhetoric” was successfully taught by a man named Boncompagni (died, 1240?) in the University of Bologna |
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| -was active at Oxford during the middle decades of the 14th century. He gave lessons in what we may call practical training for a business career. |
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| (died, 1311), won fame from his study of optics and the formulation of the laws of refraction in connection with his study of the rainbow. |
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| (died, 1382), bishop of Lisieux, who studied mathematics, physics, and astronomy, was critical of Aristotelian physics and suggested that the earth was not stationary but was in motion, |
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| (died, 1420) produced his Imago Mundi (1410), a study of the earth, which soon was to be used by Christopher Columbus. |
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| 1571-1630 used maths to prove the planets rotated in different elliptical orbits (which implied Aristotle's circular orbits were not true) •Published ‘The Laws of Planetary Motion’ 1609 •Showed that there was a mathematical relationship between the speed of a planet’s rotation and its distance to the sun |
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| (1546-1642) used telescopes to look at the surface of the moon/to observe Jupiter, Mercury and Venus. When he saw they circled the sun not the earth, he concluded that the earth was not at the centre of the universe. •Work was published in 1610 in ‘The Starry Messenger’ 1623 - Publishes 'The Dialogue' |
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| 1297: 1100 names were written in this book. Those in the Golden Book were considered nobles who were eligible for membership in the Great Council. Venice was most unusual in making its governing elite a legally closed class. |
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Term
| Purse of the Florentine Merchants |
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Definition
| 1357 - seventeen Florentine companies established a weekly courier service between Florence and Avignon over Genoa. Companies other than the founders could also use the service, but their messages went to the end of the queue. |
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Term
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Definition
| of 1347-49 and continued with plagues in 1357-58; 1361-63; 1371; 1373-74; 1382-83; and in 1400. The cycle then slowed, although not all regions were affected each time. |
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Definition
| grant of liberties sometimes came through the formation of a sworn association of the inhabitants |
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Definition
| Perhaps 10% of the population of northern Europe died in the catastrophic famine of 1315 and plague of 1316 |
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| In 1293 the popolo of Florence issued this which brought seven ‘lesser guilds’ into the government, added a seventh prior called the ‘standard-bearer of justice’ who would be rotated among the six districts at two-month intervals. This Ordinance of Justice also required priors to be guildsmen who actually practiced a profession, and declared 152 families ‘magnate’ and hence ineligible for all offices of the guilds or the popolo. The priors and standard-bearers became the Signoria, the chief executive organ of Florence. |
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Edward invaded northern France
English were finally pinned against the coast by a much superior French army at a place called Crecy. Edward's army was a combined force: archers, pikemen, light infantry, and cavalry; the French, by contrast, clung to their old-fashioned feudal cavalry. The battle was a disaster for the French. |
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Definition
| which stated that property (including the throne) could not descend through a female |
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Definition
-French employed the same tactics they had used at Crecy, with the same dismal result
-The French king and many nobles were captured, and many, many others were killed |
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Definition
| First Phase of 100 YW ends with a treaty |
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Term
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Definition
| the French relapsed into their old tactics of feudal warfare once again, and were again disasterously defeated (1415). The English recovered much of the ground they had lost, and a new peace was based upon Henry's marriage to the French princess Katherine. |
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Definition
| Henry V dies, and the war resumes |
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Definition
| English were forced out of Calais, their last foothold in continental France, and they still hold the Channel Islands, the last remnant of England's medieval empire in France. |
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Definition
| took London by force on June 10, 1215. They forced King John to agree to a document known as the 'Articles of the Barons', to which his Great Seal was attached in the meadow at Runnymede on June 15, 1215. A formal document to record the agreement between King John and the barons was created by the royal chancery on July 15 |
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Definition
| 1214: Failure by King John to regain land lost in France |
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Term
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Definition
| known as the "security clause", the longest portion of the entire document. This established a committee of 25 Barons who could at any time meet and over-rule the will of the King, through force by seizing his castles and possessions if needed. This was based on a mediæval legal practice known as distraint |
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Definition
| Magna Carta was reissued in Henry's name by his regents with some of the clauses, including the contentious clause 61, omitted; Magna Carta was again reissued by Henry's regents in 1217. When he turned eighteen in 1225, Henry III himself reissued Magna Carta a third time, this time in a shorter version with only 37 articles. |
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| Peasants near Paris went on a rampage in 1358, moving through the countryside, killing nobles, raping the wives and daughters of noblemen, setting fire to castle interiors and destroying estates. The aristocracy united against the rebels. |
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Definition
in 1428, at the age of sixteen, a voice told her that France's Prince Charles had to be crowned and the English expelled from France.
-Helped defeat the English at Orléans
-Captured by Burgundians at Campiègne
-Imprisoned at Rouen |
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Definition
-the family of the Lancasters against the Yorks
-York family won and placed on the throne Henry Tudor, who became known as Henry VII |
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Definition
•The Portuguese reached the Canary Islands
-discovered Azores about 900 miles west of Portugal |
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Definition
-Portuguese began to colonize Madeira Island
-a ship brought back to Portugal the first slaves and some gold dust. |
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Definition
| a Portuguese explorer, Bartolomew Diaz, sailed as far as the southern tip of Africa |
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Term
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Definition
Sponsored by Queen Isabella of Spain, Columbus, with three ships Santa Maria / flagship/, Pinta, and Nina, set sail on August 3, 1492. On October 2 land was spotted. This was a small island in the Caribbean Sea called Guanahani
In 1496 a permanent base for Spain in the "New World" was established at Santo Domingo. |
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Definition
| In 1511, a Dominican friar returned to Spain concerned about those called Indians. He persuaded King Ferdinand to summon a group of theologians and learned men to suggest a remedy for what was called the "Indian problem." |
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Term
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Definition
•the Indians were by nature idle and given to vice
• Spaniards in the Americas were instructed to congregate the Indians into villages near those Spaniards who received grants of land
• the Spaniards were to build churches
•to give the Indians instruction in the rudiments of Catholicism
•priests were to be maintained
•the Indians were to be forbidden from engaging in commerce
•indian men were to be allowed only one wife.
•the Indians were to work in the fields and mines, but not overworked, and they were to be fed and not beaten. |
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Term
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Definition
| the Portuguese reached Guinea, about 1,200 miles south of the Canaries. An increase in slave trading followed, Portuguese believed that they were giving the slaves an opportunity to become Christians. |
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Term
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Definition
| Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, married, more or less unifying these two kingdoms, |
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Definition
| Inquisitor General under Isabella and Ferdinand. Converted Jews and Muslims as well as Catholic intellectuals |
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Definition
| Vasco da Gama reaches India, brings back spices |
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Definition
-born in the German city of Mainz around 1400
-mentioned in earliest documents as Henne or Henchen
-1411 - family moved to Eltville
-attended the University of Erfurt (maybe)
-A letter written in March 1434 indicates that he was residing in Strasbourg
-1448: Moved back to Mainz
-Johannes Fust supplied the capital for the Bible project
-1453-54: Bibles printed
-Gutenberg was sentenced to turn over to Fust the Bible printing workshop and half of all printed Bibles after a conflict
-"Vocabularius ex" was printed in Eltville from 1465 to 1467
-January 1465, Gutenberg’s achievements were honored with a letter by archbishop Adolf von Nassau and he was given the title "Hofmann" (i.e. gentleman of the court)
-passed away on February 3, 1468. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Latin dictionary put together by Johannes Balbus in 1286 intended primarily to aid in the proper understanding of the Bible |
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