separate accomodations did not deprive

blacks of equal rights if the accomodations

were equal.

Cumming

v.

County Board of Education

(1899)

communities could establish schools for

whites only, even if there were no

comparable schools for blacks.

poor whites feared rich whites would use black votes against them

rich whites feared poor whites would use black votes against them

Jim Crow laws

an elaborate system of segregation

reaching into almost every area

of southern life

Ida B. Wells

black journalist who published series of articles after 3 friends' lynched in Memphis.

launched international antilynching movement

Sharecropping

endebted farmers (black & white) worked their lands for someone else, who had claim on a part of the farmers' crops.

"slavery by another name"

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law forbidding immigration of "skilled and unskilled" Chinese workers

also forbade courts from administering citizenship to any Chinese already in US

The Dawes Act of 1887

gradually eliminated tribal ownership by forcing Indians to become farmers

assimilation: sent Indian children to boarding schools, Christian churches, etc...

The Homestead Act of 1862

permitted settlers to buy plots of 160 acres

for a small fee if they occupied that land for

5 years and improved it.

multiracial working class

whites worked w/ blacks, chinese, mexican, indians, etc.

whites work in management & skilled labor

immigrants worked unskilled labor: mines, railroad, agriculture, etc...

"range wars"

great tension in the west

competition between:

sheepmen and cattlemen,

ranchers and farmers.

3 Romances of the West

1. famous landscape paintings

2. idolizing the rugged, free-spirited lifestyle of the "cowboy"

3. the fascination of the frontier

"Concentration" Policy

(1851)

government assigned all Native American tribes their own defined reservations

this divided the tribes from each other and made them easier for the govt. to control.

Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)

Indian leaders Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull lead army of 2,500 tribal warriors to S. Montana

they surprised Col. Custer and his regiment, and killed every man.

Wounded Knee Massacre

(December 29, 1890)

cause of the battle is unknown

fighting broke out

40 white soldiers, 200+ Sioux died.

manifest destiny

"Taylorism"

("scientific management")

theoretician: Frederick Winslow Taylor

made human labor compatible with the demands of the machine age and increased employers' control of the workplace

impact of electric power

1870s

electricity as source of light and power

Charles F. Brush - arc lamp for streets

Edison - incandescent lamp (lightbulb)

Bessemer process

process for converting iron into steel by blowing air through molten iron to burn out impurities and create much stronger metal.

created by Henry Bessemer & William Kelly

"horizontal integration"

and

"vertical integration"

horizontal: combined many firms in same enterprise into a single corporation

vertical: took over all diff. businesses it relied on for its primary function

Standard Oil Company

J.D. Rockefeller's oil co. in Cleveland

expanded horiz. & vert. = MONOPOLY

created "cutthroat competition"

"holding company"

Social Darwinism

"gospel of wealth"

belief that people of great wealth not only had great power but a great responsibility to use their riches for the good of the community.

Andrew Carnegie-donated much to charity

child labor

38 states publicly pressured to pass laws,  child farming: exempt from this,

child factory workers: the law merely set minimum age of 12 & maximum workday of 10 hours - employers often ignored this

Railroad Strike of 1877

10% wage cut, workers destroyed equiptment, rioted in streets, etc..

over 100 people died before strike ended.

America's 1st major national labor conflict

the Tycoons

Andrew Carnegie - steel industry (vertical integration)

Gustavus Swift - meatpacking

Henry Heinz - canned foods

JP Morgan - Finance Capitalism "watered" stock

Rockefeller - Standard Oil, trusts, holding companies (horizontal integration)

Knights of Labor

workers & women who fought against child labor & long hours but wanted a long-range reform of the economy.

Terence V. Powderly - lead Knights to 700,000 members by 1886.

American Federation of Labor

(AFL)

Samuel Gompers: leader, focused on: wages, hours, conditions.

demanded national 8-hour workday - would strike if not granted by May 1, 1886.

as promised, strikes & demonstrations occurred nation-wide.

(see Haymarket Bombing)

Haymarket Bombing

May 1st - strikers at Haymarket Square in Chicago, bomb thrown, killing 7 policement, injured 67 others.

police killed 4 strikers (and 4 strikers the day before)

this was an alarming symbol of social chaos and radicalism for middle-class Americans.

Labor Weakness

In the 1880s, who were viewed as the most powerful men in the nation?

J.P. Morgan

John D. Rockefeller

Andrew Carnegie

Panama Canal

Theodore Roosevelt was denied his request to build a canal through Central America.

So he backed the local Panama revolution for independence from Columbia.

"immigrant ghettoes"

ethnic neighborhoods that provided

newspapers & theatres in native languages,

native foods,

church & other native organizations

tenements

multiple-family rental buildings in NYC

many windowless rooms

little or no plumbing or heating

urban transportation

1870 NYC opened first elevated railway

1897 Boston opened the first American subway

rising income = mass consumption

ready-made clothing

mail-order houses, chains & dept. stores

Sears & Roebuck - 1st mail-order catalog

Chicago-Marshall Field 1st US dept. store

leisure

sports: baseball, football

Vaudeville: music, comedy, magic, etc...

movies - DW Griffith 1st gave films plots

Coney Island: Luna Park 1903

reading: "dime novels"

The Bell System

1878: first "switchboard" opened, making the use of telephones more practical

the job of telephone operator was born

(used young white women-enjoyable)

Stalwarts v. Half-Breeds

2 groups competing for Rep. party control

Stalwarts: traditional, machine politics

Half-Breeds: reform politics

The Depression of 1893

nearly half of labor force out of work

lasted 4 years

Coxey's Army-create jobs for unemployed

The Platt Amendment

an amendment that barred Cuba from any political independence whatsoever

gave US the right to intervene in any and all of Cuba's affairs;

US naval stations on Cuba territory

Nineteenth Amendment

Amendment passed in 1920,

guaranteeing voting rights to women throughout the nation.

Settlement Houses