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• Became first president
• He wanted to retire, but everyone trusted him to be pres.
• President chooses cabinet members ( senate has to agree to chosen cabinet members) |
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• Hamilton was an orphan who immigrated to the US from a Caribbean Island
• Aided Washington thru out Revolutionary War
• Self educated
• Chosen by Washington as his secretary of treasury
• As secretary of treasury he had to deal with the debt from confederation congress
• Had to develop new financial plan
- Hamilton’s financial plan
Believed that America could be one of the most powerful countries in the world, and should become a manufacturing nation. The new government needed to repay debts from war, most of the money needed to be paid to soldiers or giving bond money back (with interest) |
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| • Secretary of state during Washington’s president |
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• Senator from Illinois ( free state)
• Wanted Cali to be free slave state and to become part of the union
• Ran against Lincoln for senator seat |
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• Washington’s VP
• Second pres of the US |
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• Dictator
• Seized French gov. from revolutionaries
• He wanted to conquer all of Europe, not the US ( which is why he sold Louisiana to America) |
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• Member of the New Republican Party
• Started life as a poor man, born to poor fam. His father was illiterate and had no intention of seeing his son get an education, so he made him leave school at 3rd grade to work on their small farm. Abe’s neighbor had books, which he borrowed to read at night/ break time.
• He educated himself as a lawyer, and become successful
• Served one term in the HOR in Whig party, when he tried to be re-elected, he didn’t win because he did not agree with the Mexican war and how slavery was trying to be spread |
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• From RVA ( lived in downtown rva)
• One of the diplomats sent to France by Adams
• Educated layer
• Chief justice on the supreme court
• Federalist |
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• Sent by Jefferson to go to France to negotiate and buy from Napoleon
• Congressman
• Republican
• From VA
• Close friend of Jefferson |
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Took a group of men with them and one woman-Sacagawea
Lewis was Jefferson's personal secretary at the white house |
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• Elected US senator in 1828
• Later elected pres.
• Helped America win battle of New Orleanswar hero
• Eventually retired to become politician |
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• First American in Mexico
• Brought American families over ( they had to come in as already married)
• 30,000 Americans
• Most did not learn Spanish or become Mexicans(some were even slaveholders who wanted to spread slavery into Mexico, which was illegal) |
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• President of the confederacy
• Secretary of war
• Eventually became senator in HOR
• Fought in Mexican war as an officer
• Student/ graduate of West Point |
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• Asked by Lincoln to be general in chief, but he said he was not capable or experienced enough to do it. Lincoln pleaded, and McDowell agreed.
• He had 35,00 soldiers stationed in D.C. in July 1861 |
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• Graduated from west point and was number 1 in his class
• First person Lincoln asked to be general in chief, because he heard that Lee was the best
• Officer during the Mexican war
• Declined Lincoln’s offer because he felt he should put his allegiance to his state first, which was VA ( part of the confed) |
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| Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson |
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• Confederate general
• Good/ aggressive commander
• Nicknamed “ stonewall” because of how he rode his horse to the front of battle with no fear even though he could have been killed
• West point graduate
• Was a math professor at VMI up until war started
• Killed very early in war |
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• Began in England
• Factory system ( before this there was no mass production of goods) |
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• Tax on all alcohol
• Try to protect citizens, because higher consumption of alcohol than now
• Because no medications/ pain killers/ physical labor people drank more
• Congress authorized whiskey tax law
• People began making their own whiskey, and most didn’t pay taxes (which was illegal) |
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• Only in PA
• PA farmers vowed not to pay whiskey tax when tax collectors were sent around to collect
• The farmers “tarred and feathered” the tax collectors ( just like the colonist did to Stamp tax collectors)
- The farmers:
Grew grain and crops that could be fermented to make alcohol. They thought they could make more money by selling their alcohol not the grain. They rebelled because tax would cut into their profit.
- Washington/ Hamilton respond to farmers
13,000 US soldiers led by Washington from NY to Philly (which was the capital at the time), Hamilton persuaded Washington that he should not participate in the fight because he was too valuable and should not risk his life. Washington checked into a tavern while Hamilton went to fight. A brief battle took place, but the farmers ran away. This demonstrated the power that the gov. had, breaking laws not allowed! |
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| - In 1792, Washington stayed in office and all the positions were the same except Thomas Jefferson quit because his political belief system/ ideologies differed from Washington, Adams, and Hamilton. |
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• Originally there were no parties, and nothing about them mentioned in the constitution
1. Republican Party: led by Thomas Jefferson
2. Federalist Party: led by Alexander Hamilton
- Republican party:
Interpreted constitution in way that would give more power to the people and less to the federal gov. More power to state gov.
- Federalist Party :
They wanted the constitution to be used and interpreted in a way that gave maximum amount of power to federal gov. consequently states will have less power. |
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• French people wanted to overthrow King ( Louis 16th/ Marie Antoinette)
• Very much resembled the American Revolution
• Became very murderous
- Reign of terror:
30,000 French citizens accused of being against revolution, their heads were severed without trial with the guillotine. They also beheaded catholic’s, priests, and young men who refused to be drafted.
Federalists were against all the death/ murdering in France, Republicans supported it. |
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| Presidential Election of 1796 |
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Definition
• Thomas Jefferson ran on Republican side
• John Adams on Federalist side
• Washington felt like he was too old to be pres. Again
• It was the first time two people ran against each other, because no one felt worthy enough to run against Washington.
• Adams became pres. Washington’s popularity helped him. |
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• During Adams first 3 months of presidency, 70 ships were seized by French, so he tried to work out an agreement w/ the French by sending 3 diplomats to France
• He tried to find a peaceful way to stop France, so he sent the diplomats to meet with Maurice de Tallyrand ( France’s foreign minister). Instead of being there Tallyrand sent three of his subordinates . He wouldn’t meet w/ the US unless France was given >?a $250,000 gift, and a $12 million loan.
• When the diplomats reported to Adams that Tallyrand had “ disrespected” them, Adams was furious, and editorials were put in American newspapers that explained how angry they were, which allowed the president to violate the first amendment ( freedom of speech/press). Republican newspaper editors were fired for writing critical things against America waging war against France.
• Adams went to congress to build an army, he asked for 50 ships to be built and added to the navy. Also he 10,000 more soldiers/sailors in the army.
• In 1800 France apologized to the SU and promised to leave their ships alone in the future, but they later continued to use impressments on sailors, so did the British.
• Republicans did not want Americans to confront the British, Jefferson criticized the building of new ships and army |
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• Adams ran for a second term
• Jefferson tried to be elected again
• Jefferson won, had a lot to do with the federalists previously violating the first amendment
• Republicans won a majority in congress
• Jefferson was re-elected in 1804 for 2nd term |
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| Louisiana Purchase (1803) |
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• Jefferson’s idea to buy Louisiana territory , because it would increase the size of the US without waging war/ losing lives
• Napoleon had taken Louisiana from the Spanish
• Napoleon sells it to US, but Jefferson can’t spend money on behalf of the US unless authorized by Congress. Sent James Monroe to negotiate, but told him to wage $10 million
• $3 million approved by congress
• Napoleon wouldn’t sell for less than $15 million, after several years congress agreed to buy Louisiana
• Jefferson wanted small farmers to live there, working about 15-25 acres of land to support their family
• Yeoman framer- small, independent, hard working farmer ( no slaves) |
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• Between America vs. GB
• Went on for one year
• No one was winning
• They negotiated an end to the war |
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• Negotiated on Dec. 1814
• The biggest battle occurred a year after they agreed to stop fighting |
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• Under control of Andrew Jackson
• US army and 2,000 members of the Cherokee Indian tribe (7,000 total)
• Jackson got there before British and him and his men constructed barricades, so they could hide
• Only 7 US men killed
• Jackson became a war hero/ most popular general
• 8,000 British soldiers of which several thousand died
• No true winner
• America was recognized as being a world power, and were treated with more respect by other nations |
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• Invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney
• Private tutor on plantation where he noticed what little cotton was grown at one time
• Cotton was expensive only rich people could afford it, because of the intensive labor needed to cultivate it
• You put cotton in box, turn handle, and all the cotton seeds would be pulled out
• A lot of the cotton was produced along the Mississippi river (lead directly to New Orleans port) half went to France, GB, and northern states.
• Textile factories: cotton factories in the north that turned cotton into garments |
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• Gods will that America should expand itself as large as possible ( westward all the way from the Atlantic to the Pacific)
• Coined by a journalist named O’Sullivan in newspapers |
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• Confined to Texas
• Americans who lived there started Rebellion against Mexico when won American’s formed a new gov. and called themselves “ Texas”
• Wanted to become slave state, they were refused admittance into the US and were not even allowed to become a territory. Texas remained independent state for 8 years (republic of Texas) before become a state in the US. |
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• Democratic winner James k. Polk
• Polk wanted to annex Texas and make it a part of US as a slave state, and wanted Cali to be part of the US |
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• Polk’s campaign slogan
• Oregon country was jointly owned by US and Great Britain
• Polk would demand Britain to turn over the entire Oregon country or he would declare war.
• He negotiated with GB, and divided Oregon country almost in half (49th parallel) |
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• Polk wanted to buy it
• Sent diplomat John L. Slydell to Mexico city to purchase Cali
• They refused to meet w/ US diplomat, because they were mad that the US annexed Texas
• Polk got angry and hired a general to take a army and put them in a disputed area in hopes to make Mexico made so they could possibly attack the Americans, thus starting the war
• Zachary Taylor took an army to Mexico, made a camp and started making a lot of noise which successfully attracted Mexican army and the fighting began. It was more of a “ scrimmage” and less than 25 were killed on each side
• an actual war lasted for over a year and a half, and US invaded Mexico city and captured it
• This war was very popular, and young men were lining up to a part of it, it became a training ground for young officers
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: US took Cali from Mexico and everything in between. Fulfilling manifest destiny |
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• Dominated b y issue of new territory/ whether slaver should spread into new territory
• New political party was created: free soil party—they believed that slavery should not be allowed to exist in any of the new territory taken from Mexico
• Democratic party—popular sovereignty: it will be up to the people who settle in new territories taken from Mexico to vote/decide on whether or not to allow slavery to exist
• Whig party—tried to win election by inviting a famous general (Zachary Taylor) to run as their candidate. Avoided current issues
• Taylor was elected pres. In 1848 |
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Compromise was needed because California had experienced the “ gold rush” : thousands came to Cali making population 200,000. Most immigrants came to find gold. When they couldn’t find gold in the US most could not pay their way back to their country and were stuck there.
1. Cali admitted as free state
2. Two new territories created from land taken from Mexico ( Utah/ New Mexico territory)
3. Slave trade legal in D.C. ( had public auctions for slaves) |
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• Legalized slaveholders and or agents to go to a free state and look for any person that escaped from them, and then could catch them and enslave them again
• Caused anger in free states
• Commissioners: were in free states to keep free blacks from being enslaved in free states
• Bounty Hunger: searched for runaway slaves ( put rewards up for slaves they wanted to find) |
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• Formed in 1855
• Abolitionists in US belonged to this party
• Believed slavery needed to be ended |
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• Debated 7 times in public
• Ran against each other for Douglas’ senate seat representing Illinois
• They only talked about slavery, even though Illinois was a free state
• Lincoln lost senate election, but became leader of Republican party |
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| Presidential Election of 1860 |
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• The event that imitated the break-up of the US
• During this yr. US divided over issue of slavery
• Democratic party split, with one candidate for the north and one candidate for the south ( Stephen Douglas was senator on north side)
• Lincoln was not put on the ballot, but in the end he won the election on Nov, 1860became pres. In march
• States began withdrawing from the union, but Lincoln would allow slavery to remain as long as the US did not break apart |
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| The Confederate States of America |
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• Became a new country
• Wrote their own constitution that is almost identical to the constitution of America
• Jefferson Davis was president of the confederacy
• The first capital was Alabama, then later became Richmond
• White men could only vote if they owned land
• Originally 4 states were part of it, then 7 states joined after the war began |
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• In Charleston, NC
• NC’s gov. demanded Lincoln to take all troops out or they would be attacked by the confed. army. Lincoln did not take his troops out, and wrote back to the governor that he would only send supplies/ reinforcement.
• On April 12, 1861 – 4:30 am confed. army opened fire on Fort Sumpter. Which began the civil war! |
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- New form of communication
- Invented in 1844
- Instantaneous messages could be sent over wires in the sky, used Morse code |
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• All slave states ( ex. Maryland/ Delaware)
• Border with confederacy and the US
• Maryland fought for US against confed. even though slave state |
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• Became a state in 1863
• Use to be part of all VA
• When VA succeeded from union, the people in the west did not want to join the confed [ they had little to no slaver in w.va]
• Va was the only state to lose territory during the war |
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• Legislature divided over whether or not to join confed.
• Lincoln had all legislature members who wanted to succeed from union arrested |
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• Lincoln thought war would last 3 months, so called for a 3 month enlistment
• Yankees= north, comprised of almost 200,000 blacks who escaped slavery
• Confederates= South, comprised of only white men |
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• Lincoln was urged to send army to capture Richmond (capital of the confed), because thought it would end war. Newspapers reported that confeds had positioned themselves on main highway between RVA/ D.C. ( Manassas)
• Name of stream that ran through the small town of Manassas
• 20,000 Union soldiers, needed to leave 5,000 to protect D.C.
• Some congress men and their families got dressed up and went to watch the war on top of a hill
• During the first part of the war, the US was winning then 4,000 confederate soldiers were dropped off from a train and the confeds began to win
• The Union soldiers got scared and ran off battle field, and they didn’t stop retreating till they got back to D.C.
• Confeds started to celebrate my taking “ souvenirs” off dead union soldiers |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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• Issued by Lincoln on Jan 1, 1863
• President Lincoln decided that because ware was so terrible it would actually end slavery forever
• It ended slavery, but on in areas still controlled by the confed. ( this excluded the border states , because Lincoln was afraid they would leave the union)
• Allowed slaves who escaped to join US military
13th amendment: work began on this amendment in 1865 because Lincoln knew this was the only way slavery would disappear. The amendment said that “ never will there be slavery in the US or any territory, unless that person Is convicted of a crime and sent to prison.” |
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• Movement to end slavery
• Franklin was a member of an abolition society in PA |
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• Started off with 62 members ( half of the members white, other half black)
• Started in NY
• Garrison was talented, young, leader who devoted life to end slavery
• Garrison and members traveled from city to city and rented venues so they could have meetings about abolition in hopes to raise money and awareness |
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• A section in newspapers that attempted to educate the northern population in the free states about the horrors of slavery ( in newspapers)
• The people of the north never had no knowledge of slavery, because they had never seen it, and had never had the luxury of traveling anywhere considering there was only one train
• The writing was used to inform the northerners, it came out once a month
• Very effective and one of a kind |
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• Discussion about it began in 1820 because Missouri (which was just a territory at the time, not a state) asked that it be allowed to become part of the Union as a slave state.
• There were already 24 states at the time, half were slave states and the other half were free states
• There was so much disagreement in congress, because the representatives of the slave states would not let there be more slave states than free states and vice versa. They thought that it would give more power to one side
To fix this issue they created a new state called Maine in 1820, the new state created to keep balance of power in gov.
allowed Missouri to be slave state |
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