between Charles I and parliamentarians. King Charles was Catholic but he became king of Scotland. Fighting against parliament. Blamed for treason and beheaded, Oliver Cromwell created Republic and wrote constitution to get back. Charles II took over and restored England after it had fallen apart. 1642–1651) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers). The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651.

The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–53), and then with a Protectorate (1653–59), under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule. The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, although this concept was legally established only with the Glorious Revolution later in the century.

also called the Revolution of 1688, is the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England.

The Revolution permanently ended any chance of Catholicism becoming re-established in England. For British Catholics its effects were disastrous both socially and politically: Catholics were denied the right to vote and sit in the Westminster Parliament for over a century, were denied commissions in the army; the monarch was forbidden to be Catholic or to marry a Catholic, a prohibition that continues to 2011. The Revolution led to limited toleration for nonconformist Protestants, although it would be some time before they had full political rights. It has been argued that James's overthrow began modern English parliamentary democracy: never since has the monarch held absolute power, and the Bill of Rights has become one of the most important documents in the political history of Britain.

Internationally, the Revolution was related to the War of the Grand Alliance on mainland Europe. It has been seen as the last successful invasion of England.^[3] It ended all attempts by England in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century to subdue the Dutch Republic by military force. However, the resulting economic integration and military co-operation between the English and Dutch Navies shifted the dominance in world trade from the Dutch Republic to England and later to Great Britain.

The expression "Glorious Revolution" was first used by John Hampden in late 1689,^[4] and is an expression that is still used by the British Parliament.^[5] The Glorious Revolution is also occasionally termed the Bloodless Revolution, albeit inaccurately. The English Civil War (also known as the Great Rebellion) was still within living memory for most of the major English participants in the events of 1688, and for them, in comparison to that war (or even the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685) the deaths in the conflict of 1688 were mercifully few.

Machiavelli-throughout prince pamphlet showing what a mean prince would do. Showed what he thought a good ruler would be Medici family given book. When they became rulers of Italy they dismissed him from office because of book. Main thing is people only saw his views in the prince but only part of his views that they never saw and so therefore never give full credit that restricted him to get elected. People had seen prince and didn’t want to elect him because of views only shown. De Montaigne studied mankind renaissance supported humanism wrote 2 essays –believed in God but didn’t believe that historical events were influenced by God. People all think differently, we’re not one. They had different views than the common vision at the time. Both were writers.

Absolutism in France bourgeoise justified he was king cause god said so. Built palace of Versaille to isolate and protect him and nobles. Colbert created prestige and wealth of France and really built up navy to have good trade and protect themselves.

Cotton gin started revolution. Rapid development of machinery was about mass production. Made govt stable and put money in science and created more jobs and also created class. Helped urbanization and railroads were made so they were able to transport people and things faster. Make everything faster!!!A key to England’s early industrial growth was a large pool of workers willing to accept low wages for long hours of labor in factories and mines. Many of these workers were displaced farmers or farm workers forced from rural areas because of population growth and the consolidation of small farms into large estates by wealthy landowners. Rural families moved to cities or coal-mining towns, where they provided the workforce for the early Industrial Revolution. On arrival few avoided poverty, crowded housing, and poor health. Eventually, the British government responded with legislation to protect workers, especially children, from exploitation. When considering such legislation, parliamentary committees held hearings to gather testimony from workers, employers, physicians, clergy, and local officials.

This was the working class. Looked at as dirty, women and children worked at sweatshops liveded in close places who had eligitimate children. Criminals who invested in prostitutes.

Fraternity, liberty, equality we don’t need monarch’s way and we want some people to vote;

 Pierre during French Revolution when Geaten started dictatorship, an oligarchy (few had power). It was a directory of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity but they ended up killing the Monarch and went to Republic then the oligarchy became killing 60,000 people. Robespierre stampeded and Napoleon came in to clean up the mess.

Trying to reclaim nation and anyone who didn’t believe in counter revolution ideas, committee targeted extreme views even though it was included started in paris and moved out in 9 months. French army removed foreigner invaders. Robespierre arrested and executed.

Happened at end of French Revolution included every nation in Europe. Adopted fair policy. No big rewards or punishments. It was generous to France who had just been defeated was to restore Monarchies ignored wants of democracy which created conflict in WWII.

(French for philosophers) came from every corner of Europe and disagreed on many issues, but all were convinced that reason could be applied to social, political, and economic problems with results as spectacular as those achieved by Newton and other seventeenth century scientists. Specifically, reason could expose the weaknesses, flaws, and injustices carried over from Europe’s “unenlightened” past. The philosophes, therefore, were social and political critics who scrutinized and frequently condemned their era’s legal codes, schools, churches, government policies, wars, sexual mores, class privileges, and much else.

a Genève philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism. His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought. Political philosopher who influenced French revolution, helped development of modern political and educational thoughts is still used in political and education thoughts today. Social contract of man with society. He attacked the institution of private property. Goal of government should be secure freedom and justice for all. Politics immorality should not be separated.

he started the reformation. The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century split within Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, led to the creation of new national Protestant churches. The Reformation was precipitated by earlier events within Europe, such as the Black Death and the Western Schism, which eroded people's faith in the Roman Catholic Church. This, as well as many other factors, contributed to the growth of lay criticism in the church and the creation of Protestantism.

The Roman Catholics responded with a Counter-Reformation, led by the Jesuit order, which established influence over large parts of Europe such as Poland. In general, northern Europe, with the exception of Ireland and pockets of Britain, turned Protestant. Southern Europe remained Roman Catholic, while fierce battles which turned into warfare took place in central Europe.

The Counter-Reformation (also the Catholic Revival^[1] or Catholic Reformation) was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1543–1565) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648 as a response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort, composed of four major elements:

Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration

Religious orders

Spiritual movements

Political dimensions

Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It also involved political activities that included the Roman Inquisition.

Martin Luther started reformation. Jesuits. Offenses and witchcraft, how it worked accusation period of grace then trial then torture. A period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation The Inquisition was part of the counter-reformation which was in response to Martin Luther and Protestantism. The inquisition was headed by catholic church and an inquisitor would come to a village and ask people to point out who was a Protestant. Then they would torture them, get them to confess, etc. Sometimes kill them, this was in 1500's and mostly in Spain.

 British business making money by importing spices from South Asia. But they found they were more valuable spices in india. India was private organization, English joint company. Started by trading with East Indies but ended with trading in Indian subcontinents. Cotton, silk, Indigo dye, tea and opium.

Count Gobineau wrote "On inequality of races," in the mid-1800's and he said that there are 3 types of people: black, white and yellow. The only race that hasn't mixed is the white one and that is why the white man had taken over the world. This has a lot to do with Social Darwinism and the idea that some humans are better than others. It's part of colonial thinking, and the idea of civilizing other countries.