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| First Roman Emperor after Battle of Actium that ruled for 45 years. Saved Roman State after violence and civil war. Roman people named him Augustus. Provided two centuries of peace. |
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| Takes Octavius 8 years to develop this government system in 23 BC. Solved his problems by allowing him to keep absolute power and hide the fact that he had this power. Makes it seem like the republic still continues as if there was never a break in the republican past. Princeps= means first citizens. |
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| Augustus proved highly popular, the chief source of his power was his continuing control of the army. Therefore, the senate gave Augustus the title Imperator or commander of chief. |
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| Augustus was also responsible for setting up a Praetorian guard of roughly 9000 men who has the important task of guarding the emperor |
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A dynasty that started when Tiberius, Augustus successor, took power. They had the tendency to take power from the senate and act more as rulers than "first citizens of the state", instituted an imperial bureaucracy. Ended with the Roman Legions revolting against the last emperor NERO
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| A roman emperor during the reigns of Julio Claudians who took responsibilities from the senate given to them by Augustus and acted more as ruler to institute an imperial bureaucracy. He got rid of people who were in his way including his own mother. Accused of burning a large portion on Rome to the ground in order to build a larger imperial palace and when the Roman legions revolted, Nero committed suicide saying: "what an artist the world is losing in me!" |
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| Roman Peace. It was 2 centuries of peacing starting with Augustus. It was the golden age of the roman empire with peace and prosperity. During this time, the empire was at it's largest. This was the turning point when rome plunged into anarchy which was a period of constant civil war and constant attacks from the outside |
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| One of the 5 good emperors of the Pax Romana. Created an alimentary program to help the poor. Known for creating public works. |
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| One of the 5 good emperors of the Pax Romana. Constructed public works such as bridges, roads, including Hadrian's wall that separated Roman occupied England from Scotland. |
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| One of the 5 good emperors of the Pax Romana. Gave citizenship to all free inhabitants during the time of the Greco-Roman civilization. During his time, culture and language spread. |
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| Latin poet in Republican period. Strong influence on Hellenistic age, expression of love and hatred |
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| Roman philosopher, constitutionalist, theorist and statesman, known for his humanism and political writings. Roman lawyer |
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| The most distinguished poet of Augustan Age. He wrote his greatest works in honor of Augustus. His master piece was the Aeneid, this work intended to rival Homer |
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| Roman poet. He was the last canonic poet of rome. He was banished in Tomis by Augustus because of this publications. He published the Amores. |
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| An ancient source for the history of early Roman empire. According to him, Rome was engaged in almost continuous warfare with enemies for hundreds of years. Provided detailed narratives of roman efforts and his stories taught Romans moral values such as tenacity, duty and courage. One of the 3 great Roman historians |
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| He split the empire in east and west. He chose the eastern side and gave the western half to someone else. He created Tetrarchy or rule by four. He appointed four co-emperors to rule quarterly divided empire to secure the empire from outside attacks |
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| Roman general that fought with a dozen other generals to rule. First to permit free religion. Encouraged the spread of christianity. Established constantinople. |
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| Battle of Milvian Bridge. Constantine vs Maxentius to become emperor. Day before battle, Constantine is praying and sees a huge flaming cross that says: "on cross says you will conquer." He slept that night, jesus visits him in a dream and explains christianity to him. He says that if Constantine puts the sign of the cross on his men's shields and banner, it will carry them in battle and he will win. Constantine does this and wins. He becomes the emperor. |
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| Founded the Severan dynasty of the Roman empire, last empire before the chaos. He expanded the Roman territories on the Southern, easter frontier restrengthening Hadrian's wall, Antonine wall in Britain. |
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| It granted religious freedom to everyone in the empire which was established by Constantine. It granted people to worship christianity without persecution which made it popular. |
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| German vikings that were responsible for taking down the western part of the Roman empire. They were nomadic people that were pushed from their land by the Huns so they needed to conquer more land. After taking the western part of the empire, it fell into a dark age for 600 years. |
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| The battle of Adrianople. The visigoths were displaced by the huns. They went into Roman territory and settled as roman allies. Soon afterword, they revolted. The Romans attempt to stop the visigoths at adrianople but the romans were crushed |
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| The last emperor of the western empire of Rome. After this, all germans in the west somehow convert to christianity. These tribes destroyed the west and replaced it with nothing. Western empire plunged into the dark age. The east empire later becomes the Byzantine empire. |
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| Son of God who dies for sins. |
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| Servant of God who went around the world preaching for God's word. He was a Roman citizen and he used to be a persecutor of Christianity but later turned into a follower. He gives most of scriptures in new testimonial bible. |
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| Nomadic Arabs who existed during Roman Times. They were polythesitic and supported themselves via sheepherding, robbing caravans, and some trade. Tribal leaders were named Sheiks and chosen by council of elders named Majlis |
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| The ruling member of the tribe duing Roman times |
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| A council of elders in charge of selecting a sheikh (the ruling member of the tribe) from one of the leading families |
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| The last prophet in Islam. The angel Gabriel came to him in a cave telling him that he was chosen by God to give revelations. He spent the next 12 years revealing the religion that was told to him by the angel. He wrote them down=Qur'an (Koran) |
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| Discouraged by the systematic persecution of his followers, and the failure of the Meccans to accept his message, Muhammad and some of his closest supporters left the city and retreated north to the rival city of yathrib, later named Medina, "city of the Prophet". That flight known in history as the Hejira marks the first date on the official calendar of Islam. |
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Islam-submission ("surrender to the will of god")
Muslim- people of the book. One of the major world religions. Believed there is only one god and Muhammad is his last prophet. Muslim is the name of those who follow the faith |
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| Muslim community. The first umma was founded by Muhammad at Mecca |
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| The Holy book of Islam. It is the collectsion of the sayings of Muhammad. |
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In order to become a good muslim, you must follow these 5 pillars:
1. Belif in Islam, there is no god but allah and muhammad is his prophet.
2. Pray 5 times a day in the direction of the Ka'bah
3. Give to charity
4. Make a pilgramage to mecca at least once in your life if you can afford it.
5. you must fast in the month of ramadan. |
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| A form of governance based on adherance to the way of life of Islam described in the Koran. Muslim scholars known as ulama draw law to follow the Koran |
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| A temporary leader of the Islamic community and were also at times became considered a religious leader or imam |
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| Was related to Muhammad. Wanted to be caliph. He and followers believe only relatives of Muhammad should lead Muslims. They had divinity/blessed blood. |
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| Also wanted to be caliph. He and followers belive caliph should be the best man to lead- elected democratic. he was the one to win against Ali, soon after he creates heritary monarchy. He startes the ruling dynasty called ummayad, his decendant ruled for almost a century |
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Two branches of Islam:
Sunni- Supporters of Muawiya: Majority of Mulisms
Shi'ite: Supporters of Ali lost, they followed the decendants of Ali-Imam |
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| The hereditary monarchy set up by Muawiya which lasted for almost a century |
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| The newly united Arabs wanted to expand so they battled the Byzantine army at the Yarmuk River |
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| The abbasids caliphs brought political, economics and cultural change to Islam. Help break down distinction between arab and non-arab muslims. Abbasid dynasty created after overthre umayyads |
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| 5th Arab Abbasid Caliph in Iraq. His time was marked by scientific, cultural, and religious prosperity. Art and music flourished significantly. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom). He established in many stories that are fictional and factual since he was a great source of being intellectual, political, and militarily. |
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| Came from cental Asia. They converted to Islam. Turkish leader captured Bagdad and brought back Islamic way of life. When Turks were challenged by the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine turned to the Crusades. |
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| Christian states that raided Islamic territories. They put the Sinai Peninsula back under Christian rule. Their actions created a dividing wall between Muslims and Christians |
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| A library and translation institute established. It was founded by Harun al-Rashid originally and culminated by al-Ma'mum, whose son of Harun. It was built for two main reasons: one for translating the great scholars into arabic language and to preservate the translated books in the libraries. |
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| Collection of Middle Eastern and South Asian stories and folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age. |
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| A Persian polymath: philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, and poet. He wrote treatisies on mechanics, geography, mineralogy, music, climatology, and theology. |
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| Physician and intellectual known as avicenna. He was one of the men that used classical text to seek greater knowledge of the divine will and to seek a better understanding of the laws or nature. Sina believed that the world operated not only at the will of allah but also by its own natural laws. |
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| A form of religious belief that called for a mystical relationship with allah and human beings |
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| A big part in the commercial trade between India and Mediterranean. Was the Christian part of a Muslim world in Africa. The muslims were wanting to control more over slave and ivory trade. |
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| In Ethiopia, owned its prosperity to its location on commercial trade. Christian kingdom in Ethiopia; a naval and trading power that ruled the region. |
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| Slave rebellion. Black-slave revolt against the Abbasid caliphal empire. Basran landowners had brought several thousand East African Blacks (Zanj) into souther Iraq to drain the salt marshes east of Basra. The landowners subjected the Zanj, who generally spoke no Arabic, to heavy slave labour and provided them with minimal subsistence. |
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| First great civilization of Africa. Little is known about it. They had no system of writing, no written history, and disappears. They were replaced by Mali. |
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| Was created by Sundiata Keita. It was the biggest in the suda, they conquered other ethnic groups. People followed Keita to Islam. They adopted Arabic, now they have a writing system=now written history. The highest point of empire was when Mansa Musa was ruler |
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| Created Mali. First African ruler to convert to Islam. He didn't force his subjects to convert however |
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| During his rule, Mali was the second largest empire. He went on pilgrimage to Mecca and brought 60 thousand of his people with him. Took 2 thousand pounds of gold to pay for pilgrimage. Gave some to charity as well. He spent soo much gold that the gold value plummeted. He showed that he had so much power and organization in empire that he could leave for a year and no problems would arise while he was away. |
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| When the oldest son inherits the throne when the king dies what eventually brought down the African empires. |
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| The last and biggest African empire created by Sonni Ali. Power of the Songhai declines after Ali's death because of the sons, grandsons and great grandsons fight to rule and rebellion occurs. Final blow to Songhai came from Northern Morrocco |
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| Created Songhai. Had large army, and cavalry. Built a large navy to control rivers. Enemies believed that he knew magic. He died by drowning. |
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| Son of Sonni Ali. Immediately faced rebellion by his cousin Muhammad Askia who succeeded and became king. |
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| Ruler of Songhai. He wants to unify all different people in area. He makes himself caliph and imposes Islam on all people. Now they must be loyal to him. He then conquers the main ports and the empire stretches across the desert proclaimed a jihad against Baru. His death lead to 60 years of civil war and violence |
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| Morrocan victory. Sultan almansor (ruler of Morocco) wanted to expand power and wanted to make more money by controlling trade. Songhai breaks apart internally so Almansur sends an army to Songhai. Morroccan army had less soldiers but better military technology so they won the battle of Tondibi. |
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| From Mongolia. Were never unified and would constantly fight each other. They created the biggest empire that spread. Were barbarian tribes. They went 54 years without being defeated. They were in better shape that those who fough against them. There were two types of land: Controlled by mongols and will be controlled by mongols. Mongols imposed peace and order over lands which made it easter to travel around. Technologies were being discovered. Mongols marked an end to 5,000 years of human history. Civilized people always had to worry about barbarian attacks. Last barbarians to have impact. |
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| Became important military leader that unified mongols under his rule. He wanted to expand/conquer because he believed mongolia was too small for their growing numbers, mongols so war like and if they didn't have enemies then they would attack each other and because they believed war was fun. They quickly conquered a large empire. Before he would attack, he would send spies. he would also use terror as a weapon. |
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| Battle of Kalka River. Russia was not unified at the time and was divided into independent states which made it easier for the mongols so they didn't have to attack all of russia. The Russan state the mongols fought against was lead by Mstilav. Before the battle, the mongols spied like the usual and found that russia had 80,000 soldiers but these soldiers were not professional. Mstilav was a brave military leader. The ratio was 4:1 so mongols pretended to be afraid and flee so the Russians could follow. The russians followed and got tired. Mongols attacked and won!! |
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| Genghis khan's successor (3rd son). It was a peaceful transition. Mongol Empire continues to expand. The empire had spread to central europe and all the way down to the Mediterrnean. |
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| Grandson of Genghis Khan that fought against Ariq boke his brother to rule. He was the last ruler of the Mongols before the empire declined. Mongol empire would never be unified under him or ever in history again. He was powerful but not enough to keep the mongols going. He tried to rule like a chinese leader causing Mongols to lose their edge. |
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| Battle of Ain Jalut was turning point of Mongolian empire. First defeat of Mongols since Genghis Khan. This defeat convinced other countries that the Mongols can be beat. A civil war breaks out between Kubilai and Ariqbuke. The Mongol Rule is weakened and was divided into 4 separate states. |
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| A dynasty that adopted legalism and transformed chinese politics. They had a highly centralized stated that divided into 3 branches (civil authority, military authority and a censorate). Unified the system of weights and measures. Standardized monetary system and written forms of chinese. They began building great wall of china |
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| An empire that adapted Confucian doctrine into legalist institutions. During this dynasty, populations tripled needing large and efficient bureaucracy to maintain the state in proper working order. The Had era was one of unparalleled productivity and prosperity. They had a major expansion of trade. |
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| System of thought based on the teachings of Confucius who was a political and social philosopher. Concern revolved around proper human behavior which was accomplished in accordance with the Dao "way". Each individual had its own Dao and each had a duty to follow it throughout their life. Ignoring the Dao resulted in negative consequence |
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| A chinese philosophy traditionally ascribed to the perhaps legendary Lao Tzu, which holds that acceptance and spontaneity are the keys to harmonious interaction with the universal order. Dao- a chinese concept, literally "the way" centrally described the behavior proper to each member of society |
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| Most populous city in the world at the time. It is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization. Its territory acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers was greater than that of the Han period. |
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| Born in a poor peasant family in central china. Successful gang leader who became a ruler of a small part of china. He later conquered all of china and drove mongols out once and for all. New emperor of china. He reestablishes peace and order. |
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| Commander of a peasant rebel army which fought against the Yuan regime |
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| Dynasty that strengthened the great wall and pacified the nomadic tribes. Turned to traditional confucian institutions. Along the Yantza river valley, factories and workshops vastly increased, populations doubled and new crops introduced. |
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| Becomes 2nd emperor of china. Faces trouble within his own family by uncle chu ti who holds 3 sons captive in the city of manlang |
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| Chu wen's uncle. He wants to be emperor so he rebels against Chu wen, the only problem he has against rebelling is that chu wen is holding his son's captive. Chu ti rebles and takes the throne. His goals: Demonstrate to the world that the Chinese are back and that they are th emost powerful in all earth and history. Establishes tribute system: land and sea expansion as well. |
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| Leader of China's great navy. Led 7 voyages of exploration. Chinese government burned and stop sponsoring voyages by passing laws forbidding building these kinds of ships. |
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| Chu-ti sent ambassadors everywhere to as others to come back to poking to this system. It was expected to bring tribute to chu ti by rulers from other countries on a regular basis. |
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| A group of leaders who appeared who wanted to expanded their own by power by limiting feudalism. They increased tax revenue, encouraged trade and sent voyages of exploration and sail to goods. |
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| Feudal nobels had to be born into nobelity to keep status for life. They ran small parts of the country and had powers/priviledges. They didn't have to obey laws of the king. Passed their own laws that they enforced in their courts. New Monarchs wanted to limit this |
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| An outspoken advocate of European expansion who said that he was motivated by "his great desire to make increase in the faith of Jesus Christ". 3 objectives: Finding christian kingdom to ally against muslims, acquire new trade opportunities for Portugal, extending Christianity and he led Portugal to navigation of the coast of Africa |
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| Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from the Europe to India. First to sail around the bank of africa to india and back. Took 2 years to get to india and back faster than land. |
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| Italian sailor that thought he could sail to china by going west. He knew the world was round and thought it was small enough to get to the east in a couple of weeks. He named San salvador thinking it was off of japan even though it was south america.. He goes back home thinking he found the east. He goes back again discovers south america, central america. This marks the beginning of the rise of Europe. |
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| King and Queen of Spain. Their marriage created Spain. They were new monarchs. They gave Columbus 3 ships to see if he can find China going west. When Columbus thought he found it, they gave him 3 more voyages. |
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| Came from the chichimeca which were barbarians that moved into mexico from the north. They were from Aztlan so they got the name from that. They settled in Tenochtitlan and became the most powerful empire. They rewrote history saying that they were the selected ones to rule. They fought other city-states and made them pay tribute. Created aquaducts, dikes, writing systems. They were intact until Spaniards came |
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| Was the capital city for the Aztecs. It would be decided that they would make their settlement there due to a prophecy of a eagle on a cactus with a serpeant in its mouth. No one wanted to go there because there wasn't enought land for agriculture, always flooded and must travel by canoe |
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| Ruler of the Aztecs when Cortes came to Tenochtitlan. He believed that Cortes was Quetzacoatl coming back as he would in 1519. He was killed mysteriously |
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| God of resurrection, death and destruction |
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| Led the Spaniards. Discovered in the inlands that most of the people were not Aztecs but conquered ethnic groups, people hated the Aztecs because of human sacrifices, and spanish military tech beats Aztecs: steel armor/weapons, gunpowder, cannons, rifles, horses. and finally finds out about Quetzacoatl legend and takes advantage of it. |
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| Brother of Montezuma that took over his death. Didn't believe that Cortes was related to any Aztec god and sets up a plan to get him out of the capital |
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| Battle of the Night of Sorrows |
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| Spanish escape from Tenochtitlan headed on western causeway after Cuitlahuac comes into power, aztecs expected this and ambushed them. Many spanish die from battle and drowning due too much gold they were carrying. Aztecs victory! |
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