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Name for FDR's first 3 months as president
During this time, FDR was busy doing so many things such as pass bills (he passed 15) and calling meetings with business leaders, etc.
he was trying to learn about the problems to figure out wasy to solve them |
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when 39 states closed their banks. FDR responded by passing a bill stating that all financially stable banks had to re-open allowing only deposits but all unstable banks could remain closed until further notice
FDR then encouraged people to deposit $ because banks are safer than ever |
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| Civillian Conservation Corporation (CCC) |
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an organization that gave people work to do (mostly environmental).
was disbanded in 1942 because it was segregated and racist |
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| National Recovery Administration (NRA) |
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made 2 major changes:
1) relaxed anti-trust laws and re-legalized unions
2) shortened work hours so that companies had to hire more workers |
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| Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) |
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tried to help farmers that were hurt by the Depression by developing cutbacks that would make everyone even.
the cutbacks were very unrealistic, detremental, and inefficient, which led to ultimate failure. |
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| Southern Tenet Farmers' Union (STFU) |
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| a group that protested against the AAA b/c it was hurting their income, but FDR didn't really help them at all |
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| The process of forming a union. this was mainly brought around by the NRA |
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a politically liberal priest who spoke against FDR and was very anti-Semetic
at first he agreed with FDR and the bank reform acts but later denounced him as a liar and a traitor |
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a senator who proposed new economic deals and wanted to confiscate all incomes over $5million and evenly distribute all the money so that there were no huge gaps between the classes
he was assassinated in September 1935 |
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| American Liberty League (ALL) |
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| formed by unhappy politicians and business people who didn't support the new deal |
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the act of buying stocls at a low price and selling them for a profit once their valuse rise.
this led to greater looses during the Great Depression |
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the act of paying for a small part of a stock and borrowing the rest from a stock brokers and re-paying the debts once the values rise.
because so many people were in debt and both banks and investors were losing money from this, many people sold their stocks which led to the crash. |
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| Main causes of the Depression (not M.A.I.N. causes of WW1) |
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1) Stock Market Crash
2) Vast Unemployment
3) Uneven Wealth Distribution
4) Decreasing Foreign Trade |
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| Hoover's response to the Depression |
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1) AMA
2)gave $2billion to banks, which did nothing |
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| Agricultural Marketing Act (AMA) |
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an act that gave $$$ to groups of farmers so that they would have more crops.
this led to a few wealthy farmers and an increase of poor farmers |
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| Nicola Sacco and Batolomeo Vanzetti |
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In 1921 they were convicted of murder and robbery. Executed 1927.
Evidence did not completely point to them but they were still sentenced to death penalty.
It is rumored that they were convicted because of anti-immigrant and anti-radical feelings of the time. |
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| A violent wave of anti-Communism panic that swept through the US in 1919 and 1920. |
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President Wilson’s attorney general
directed the Red Scare
On 6/2/1919, bombs exploded in 8 cities.
Asked Congress for $5 thousand to launch a campaign against Communism after bombings. |
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In Nov 1919, Palmer’s men raided the Union of Russian Workers in 12 cities and deported them to Russia
Thousands of people, some innocent and even American citizens, were arrested on a daily basis |
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Many laborers went on strike
At first public sympathized but later media brainwashed them into thinking strikes were beginning of Communist revolution |
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Between 1916 and 1920, ½ million African Americans left the South to find new jobs in the North which paid better wages
Northerners were not happy and riots erupted and attacks were made against both sides |
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Marcus Garvey was a Jaimaican immigrant
He encouraged African Americans to return to Africa to create a country and gov’t of their own
1000s of people invested in Garvey’s Black Star Line of ships
Bad idea because they were sold bad equipment and ships
Arrested and charged of mail fraud, Garvey was deported |
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was a progressive idea
it was a law that would forbid the manufacturing, transporting and selling of liquor
Proved to bad a bad law because could not be enforced
People began to “bootleg” alcohol.
People assosciated drinking with some groups of immigrants
18th Amendment started Prohibition, and the 21st Amendment repealed it |
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The Women’s party, a more radical organization, did things like picketing the White House and going on hunger strikes when arrested
NAWSA, another more non-violent group, publicized women’s contributions to the war effort
Ratification pf the national suffrage amendment finally came on August 26, 1920
The right to vote did not give women full equality; still couldn’t hold office, sign contracts, etc.
were granted the right to vote with the 19th Amendment |
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| The Supreme Court deemed laws passed in the Progressive era, such as the Child Labor Act (1916) and later the tax on child-manufactured products, unconstitutional |
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| Federal Emergency Relief Assosciation (FERA) |
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| a public aid service that was given $5million to help the entire nation |
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| Public Works Administration (PWA) |
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gave people jobs improving the entire nation
building railroads, bridges, roads etc |
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| Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) |
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| built dams in the Tennessee River, but the dams flooded farms, ruining farmers' crops |
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1) Truth in Securities Act: eliminated fraud in the stock market
2) Glass-Stegall Act: forbade banks from investing deposited $$ in the stock market
3) SEC Securities in Exchange Commission: regulates business practises |
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| bad response to the New Deal + the Supreme Court declining four bills -> the 2nd New Deal |
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Harding owed his success to Americans’ tiredness with war and progressivism
He called a presidential conference to consider the problem of unemployment
Harding surrounded himself with old friends from Ohio whom were called “The Poker Cabinet” or “The Ohio Gang”
Some of his poker buddies used their position to steal money from the gov’t |
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Harding’s secretary of interior, Albert Fall, became the first cabinet officer to go to jail for leasing government oil fields to wealthy families.
Upon hearing the news, Harding grew depressed and distraught. He became ill in Seattle and died in San Francisco on August 2, 1923. |
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Although he lacked Harding’s personal warmth, Coolidge carried out Harding’s programs.
Selected Supreme Court justices who ruled against progressive legislation
named conservatives to powerful cabinet positions
During the 1920s the Supreme court found 12 progressive laws unconstitutional
Pro-businesses, doesn't really want to have anything to do with regulating them or examining them |
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Herbert Hoover inherited the blame when the Republican prosperity later came crashing down
He helped organized trade associations (groups of firms in the same line of business) to minimize price competitions
Hoover also pushed the Bureau of Standards to standardize everything manufacture
Hoover supported zoning regulations, eight-hour workdays in major industries, improved nutrition for children and conservation of natural resources.
Pushed through for the Pollution Act of 1924 |
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Americans insisted on repayments, but the Allies could not pay unless they got the money Germany owed them in war reparations.
Charles G Dawes, a wealthy Chicago banker, negotiated loans from private American banks to Germany and set up a new payment schedule. |
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| The Washington Conference |
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In November 1921, nine nations came together at the Washington Naval Conference to discuss disarmament (the limitation or reduction of weapons)
The US, UK, Japan, France and Italy pledged to limit the number of their largest ships and to stop constructing new ships.
Japan only agreed after winning concession that prohibited new American, British and Japanese naval bases on the western Pacific islands. |
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Began as a two-nation pact initiated by France’s foreign minister, Aristide Briand, to outlaw war and endure France’s safety
Fourteen nations initially signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928
Although the treaty declared war illegal, it failed to include punishments for future attackers |
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| Relations with Latin America |
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By 1924 the US controlled the financial policies of 14 out of 20 Latin American countries
By 1929 American policymakers had finally began to recognized that US troops in Latin America created resentment abroad and criticism at home. |
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From 1909 to 1933, US Marines were present in Nicaragua, where American bankers and policymakers essentially controlled the economy
Sandino was a liberal nationalist
He fought against the American to restore the Nicaraguan constitutional gov’t
he kept his grassroots army together to fight the US forces until they withdrew from the country |
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was one of the first industrialists (people who dealt with the commercial production and sale of goods and services) to act on the realization that each worker is also a consumer.
Other industrialists called Ford a traitor to his class because his actions went against the idea of keeping wages low and prices high. |
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In 1924 a typical factory worker worked on an assembly line.
Instead of the normal $2 a day, Ford offered $5 a day
Foremen at the Ford plant prohibited workers from leaning on their machines, sitting, squatting, singing, talking, smoking, or smiling on the job and outlawed unions |
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born into an upper-class family in Pennsylvania
he appreciated the virtue of hard work and thought it was a good trainer of character
had a theory known as scientific management |
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created by Frederick Taylor
suggests that efficiency, or time-study, experts analyze each work operations and find ways to minimize the time necessary to do a job. |
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sales and advertising were two professions that grew because of companies’ need of them
a salesperson needed to lean and apply sales psychology taught in a variety of books
salespeople sold Americans what they wanted/needed while advertising workers persuaded Americans that they needed/wanted those things |
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Secretarial work taught women endurance, modesty, and obedience, which is why it was considered a perfect preparation for marriage
Typecasting Women
almost all typists were middle class high-school educated women
most lower-class lacked these skills and middle-class men found better paying jobs
Shop Clerks and Telephone Operators
Telephone companies and new department stores offered women without a high-school diploma a pleasant alternative to factory work or domestic service. |
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