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| A type of government in which a dictator exercises extreme control over the masses and seeks in order to mobilize them for action. It emerged in the 1920s and 1930s. |
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| An economic and social system that is based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels. Its goal is to revolutionize from capitalism to communism. |
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| An economic system characterized by collective ownership of property & organization of labor for the common advantage. KARL MARX & FREDRICH ENGELS. The factors of production is collectively owned by the people and the role of government is the government is the people. |
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| An economic system where profit is made by investing money in business ventures. The Factors of Production are the individuals and the role of the government is that they do not interfere. |
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| The idea where one country takes over another to control either the government, economic and cultural aspects. |
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| A type of government that features popular elections. |
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| A prejudice against Jews. This was Hitler's basis for the Holocaust. |
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| a movement that represented 1) severe nationalism, 2) an antisocialist society that worked towards demolishing working-class movements, 3) alliances with influential capitalists and landowners, 4) a forceful and violent leader, and 5) worship of war and military |
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| A war between Germany and France. Germany defeats France in this war and becomes a united nation. This initiated a sense of nationalism in Germany. |
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| A conference in Berlin that liberated some areas in the Balkans from the declining Ottoman Empire. These nationalities sought out independence from Austro-Hungarian and the Ottoman Empire. |
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| The alliance of Austria-Hungary and Germany. Italy was a part of the Triple Alliance, however during the war they switched alliances. The Ottoman Empire joined the Triple Alliance during the war. |
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| The heir to the Austrian and Hungarian thrones. He and his wife were assassinated by Serbian revolutionaries. Austria began to mobilize and eventually declared war on Serbia. His assassination was the “spark that lit the powderkeg” meaning it was one of the causes of the war. |
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| The Central Powers was the alliance of Austria-Hungary and Germany during World War I before the Ottoman Empire joined. |
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| The alliance of Great Britain, France and Russia in the First World War. Serbia was also included, however it was not considered a ‘great power’. During the war, Italy switched from the Triple Alliance to the Triple Entente. They teamed up against Germany and Austria-Hungary (Germany’s only true ally at the time). |
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| This was a war plan executed by Germany that called for defeating France before engaging in Russian ally. They went through Belgium, which sparked a general war. However, they didn’t have the quick victory they expected. This is because they were slowed down by the Belgians. France used taxicabs to transport materials and armies to the warfront. The Germans in fact were defeated at the Battle of Marne. This is because of Belgian resistance, British reserves, French mobilization, and heat. |
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| A war strategy that entailed fighting behind rows of trenches, mines, and barbed wire. This technique resulted in many lives lost and very little territory gained, seeing as it was virtually impossible to mobilize. |
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| During WWI gas tanks would be dropped and release this gas that would eventually make the victims unable to breathe and die. |
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| The idea that a government of national unity plans and controls “economic and social life in order to make the greatest possible military effort.” It was destructive to the opposing army, however it was also somewhat destructive to their own army. |
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| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare |
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| The reason the U.S. joined WWI |
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| It is similar to post traumatic stress disorder. Europe was traumatized by the war. The results of this were the growth of Pacifism, Communist Revolution, and Facism/Nazism. |
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| Woodrow Wilson was the 28th American President. He pushed an idealistic agenda at the Versailles Peace Conference in his “Fourteen Points”. He made national self-determination (the idea that every ethnic group should determine how they’re governed) a huge feature of the final treaty. He created the League of Nations and prevented Germany from being broken to pieces. |
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| President Wilson’s peace proposal, which discussed general optimism and idealism. It also stressed national self-determination and the rights of small countries. |
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| The main leaders at the Palace of Versailles. They included the U.S., the U.K., France, and Italy. |
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| The French Prime Minister whose role in shaping the Treaty of Versailles consisted of protecting France and punishing Germany. He suggested that they reduce the German army to 100,000. He made Germany give land to France and Poland. He blamed Germany for the war and imposed a “War Guilt” clause and reparations on them. He made Germany loose ALL of its colonies and give it to different nations. |
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| A compromise between the big 4 leaders (France, U.S., England, and Italy). It was very harsh on Germany. It stated that national self-determination made new nation-states where the former German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austrian-Hungarian Empires had been. |
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| The treaty where Germany was blamed for war. |
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| Georges Clemenceau made Germany pay reparations after the war was over, blaming them. They were forced to pay reparations equal to all the civilian damages caused by the war. The enormous payments that they had to pay ruined Germany’s development. It put almost unbearable strain on Germany’s new democracy. |
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| It had been seized by Germany in Franco-Prussian war of 1871. It was a symbol of France’s defeat. It was returned to France at the end of the war. |
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| Land was given to Poland in an attempt to make sure that the new Polish state would be able to survive. It was an indication of taking national self-determination seriously. Later, it weakens and embarrasses Germany, cutting off Germans living near Konigsberg. |
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| A group of different countries, initiated by President Wilson, whose goal was to prevent future wars. The U.S. senate would not join because they thought that it would force the U.S. to take unwanted action. Germany and Russia stayed out of the League of Nations, not by choice. |
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| This is the agreement where France receives modern day Lebanon, Syria, and parts of Turkey. The United Kingdom received Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq (French takes north, Britain takes south). This led to a long-term resentment among Arabs who hoped for their own states (national self-determination). |
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| A sign of the U.K. trying to gain support from the Jews. It made the Arabs mad because they saw it as betrayal by Euro-Christians. The British intent became an ongoing part of the debate about whether there should be a Jewish state in the Holy land. |
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| the “haves” or the employers |
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| the “have-nots” or the workers |
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| A philosopher that argued for class struggle (bourgeoisie vs. proletariat). He believed that it would eventually lead to a revolution. He also believed that the wealthy were meant to control the means of producing goods and the poor were meant to perform intense labor under awful conditions. |
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| The difference between the amount that the goods a worker produced is worth and the amount of money the worker made. |
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| Marx and Engel's book that urged to overthrow capitalism. |
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| The parliament that had real legislative power. It was popularly elected At first, it had only limited authority because the tsar restrained great powers. |
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| The ruler of Russia during the First World War. After Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, he ordered a partial mobilization of the Russian army against the A-Hs, but then also had to make it a general war including the Germans. The Germans had the same issue. They decided to attack Paris via neutral Belgium and once they attacked Britain declared war on Germany. |
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| “Constitutional democrats who wanted a constitutional state with democratic freedoms and a Parliament, along the model of England or France. Focused political not economic reforms. Supported by the merchant classes and some liberal aristocrats. When the Tsar was overthrown, they were initially in charge of the Provisional Government.” |
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| A party of people that supported peasant socialism (“where the peasants would be the revolutionary class and establish a Russian type of socialism”). They DID NOT support industrial society. They were ‘Slavophiles’, meaning they loved Russian culture. |
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| “The majority group; Lenin’s camp of the Russian party of Marxian socialism.” |
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| The minority group; Lenin and the Bolshevik’s opponent. |
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| The government set-up that was established right after the February Revolution. It stressed the importance of “equality; freedom of religion, speech, and assembly; the right of unions to organize and strike; and other classic liberal measures.” |
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| The Russian Marxist party. “They believed that socialism would inevitably triumph because the scientific laws of society discovered by Karl Marx, who outlined the critical role of class struggle in history. The owners of the means of production exploit the people who work for them and must be overthrown to create a just society.” |
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| The revolution that occurred when the democratic provisional government gets overthrown by Lenin who promised "Peace, Love, and Bread". |
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| A Bolshevik revolutionary in southern Russia. He began his leadership in 1903, and was known as a good organizer, but did not have any experience outside of Russia. Stalin succeeded Lenin as a ruler of Russia because, even though he did not have any experience OUTSIDE of Russia, he gained all of the support of the party. |
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| Lenin's policy of re-establishing limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of disintegration. Limited capitalism to kick-start economy |
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| A plan launched by Stalin whose ultimate goal was to generate new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity. |
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| A judicial trial held in public with the intention of influencing or satisfying public opinion, rather than of ensuring justice. |
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| Stalin's idea to create huge farms to share land, work and food. It results in many deaths, but food production increases. |
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| A ‘cleaning’ of the communist society, which Stalin believed were attempting to conspire against him |
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| A style or movement in painting where artists paint their own impressions of the moment |
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| A style or movement in art where the artist express their emotions through their art. |
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| A style or movement in art where the artist creates non-representational art (doesn't look like reality). |
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| An early 20th-century style and movement in art in which perspective with a single viewpoint was abandoned and use was made of simple geometric shapes, interlocking planes, and, later, collage. |
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| A 20th-century art style in which painters painted surreal images. |
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| It strays from traditional forms and becomes less representational especially after WWI, reflecting the extreme nature of the age. |
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| A physiologist who said that human behavior is essentially “irrational”. He believed that the mind is full of dark, suppressed urges. |
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| A 'genius' who established new ideas in physics, replacing Newton's laws with more confusing, disturbing ideas. He discovered things such as the theory of special relativity and the theory that matter and energy are interchangeable. |
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| A German philosopher who “utterly rejected Christianity.” He was an atheist who argued against morality. |
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| A leader of Italy who was severely against liberalism and was determined to destroy its existence in Italy. He led the Fascist movement, which started with his seizure of power in 1922. However, he was, in essence, unsuccessful with his movement. His reign was cruel and exaggerated, but continued to exist as a “halfway house” between modern totalitarianism and conservative authoritarianism. |
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| the march that was taken by a large group of fascists in October 1922 to Rome in order to threaten the king and force him to call on Mussolini. This was successful, and overall ended in King Victor Emmanuel III asking Mussolini to form a new cabinet. |
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| the King of Italy at the time of Mussolini’s dictatorship. He did not appreciate the old liberal positions, and asked Mussolini with form an entirely new cabinet that was not liberal. This essentially was the initiation of Mussolini’s legal seize of power, seeing as the government granted Mussolini dictatorial authority for one year. |
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| The agreement made in 1929 that acknowledged the Vatican as it’s own independent state. Mussolini came to terms and decided to support the church financially. The pope was extremely satisfied with Mussolini’s agreement, so in return he expressed his satisfaction and promoted Mussolini’s government to Italians, in order to gain their support. |
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| A democratic government that was installed by the Versailles treaty. This republic was never very strong. |
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| Mussolini’s private army (made up of veterans/unemployed) that are used to beat up the enemies (socialists). |
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| The idea that the reason Germany lost WWI was because the Jews/Marxists in the German government stabbed Germany in the back. |
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| An elite group within the Nazi military led by Himmler (Hitler’s personal bodygaurds). They showed extreme loyalty to Hitler, and due to their extreme loyalty their power increased over time. They eventually had control over specialized such as concentration camps and control of the civilians. |
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| The economic collapse in 1929 that “shattered economic prosperity and presented Hitler with a fabulous opportunity.” The unemployment rate had skyrocketed and the production-rate had decreased immensely. All of these factors were major contributions to Hitler’s political campaign. |
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| The prime minister of England, who appeased to Hitler and gave him Sudetenland. |
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| The act of making peace with someone by giving into their demands. Britain appeased with Germany, and gave Hitler “everything he could reasonably want” in order to prevent a war from occurring. The British appeasement lasted until 1939. |
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| The conference where Chamberlain and the French divided that Sudetenland should be named Germany’s. When Chamberlain returned from the conference, he announced to crowds of people that he assured “peace with honor . . . peace for our time.” |
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| The book written by Adolf Hitler while he was imprisoned. In this book he included his basic themes: race, anti-Semitism, and “living space, with a sweeping vision of war and conquered territory.” He also established something called the Fuhrer. |
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| The “leader-dictator” in Hitler’s reign that had unlimited, arbitrary power. |
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| Hitler’s idea that to be a successful empire, you have to have a lot of “living space” (inspired expansion to Poland and Russia) |
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| The movement, or act, pushed by the Reichstag, that essentially was the initiation of Hitler’s absolute dictatorship |
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| The laws that, in essence, categorized anyone who had Jewish ancestry a Jew, and denied them of all rights of citizenship. |
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| Germany, France, and Italy in World War II |
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| A ten-year agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union in August 1939. The pact stated that each dictator (Stalin and Hitler) would remain neutral if the other were to break out in war. There was an “attached secret protocol [that] ruthlessly divided eastern Europe into German and Soviet zones ‘in the event of a political territorial reorganization.’” |
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| Allies (Grand Alliance) During WWII |
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| U.S., U.K., and the USSR during WWII |
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| The industrial "lightening war" by Hitler |
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| A puppet state during WWII |
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| The Germans were allied with Italy, while the Soviets were neutral. The only nation to defeat was Britain, which was under an uncompromising Winston Churchill. The first battle to win was in the air. Germany began attacking Britain radically (both cities and factories) and this enraged the British people. They worked really hard and held of the Germans, preventing an invasion |
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| The German attack on the USSR that results in Hitler failing to conquer the USSR. |
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| The United States frees France from Germany, beginning the end of WWII |
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| 'Unconditional Surrender' |
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| The Jewish establishments spontaneously destroyed by Germans. Means "Night of broken glass". It is often seen as the start of the Holocaust. |
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| The concentration camps used during the Holocaust where the Nazi's would send all of their prisoners. |
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| The most prominent of the concentration camps. |
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| The doctor at Auschwitz that decides who lives and dies. |
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| The process used in the concentration camps where people were chosen to live or to die. If you were able to work and benefit the Nazis, then you would be chosen to live. If you were 'useless' then you were chosen to die. |
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| The neighborhoods where Jews were held before being shipped to the concentration camps. |
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| The strategy where every member of a group is killed. |
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| Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere |
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| This was the name the Japanese gave to their empire. They named it this because it was believed to establish a “mutually advantageous union for Asia’s long-term development.” It initially followed its goal, however the Asian faith in “co-prosperity” declined as the war continued because real Japanese power constantly sided with Japanese military commanders and their rulers in Tokyo. |
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| The location of the U.S. Naval base in the Hawaiian Islands where the Japanese attacked. This attack was a complete surprise, but that wasn’t necessarily to Japan’s advantage. The Japanese sank every American battleship, but luckily all of the American aircraft carriers were not present at this time. Because of this, the Americans were quickly able to recuperate, and it gave the Americans a feeling of superiority over the Japanese—and united the country in “a spirit of anger and revenge.” |
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| The Japanese attacked U.S. aircraft carriers on Midway Island, in addition to planning on taking Port Moresby in New Guinea—all happening in April 1942. The U.S. had “broken the secret Japanese code” and fortunately defeated Japan in all of these attacks. |
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| A campaign opened by the Americans and their Australian allies toward Japan in July of 1943. This campaign forced the Japanese to remain on a given island with saturation bombing. Once the Japanese were settled on this island, the Americans would attack these beaches with rifles and flamethrowers—securely winning in hand-to-hand combat. |
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| The places in Japan where the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on August 6 and 9 in 1945. These bombings “had led to the final nightmare—unprecedented human destruction in a single blinding flash.” Five days after the second atomic-bombing, the Japanese surrendered to the United States and the war was over. |
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| As opposed to the man-made production of goods, the Industrial Revolution refers to the “greatly increased output of machine made goods.” It began in England during the 18th century (1700’s) |
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| A long term cause from WWI. It is the extreme pride people feel for their country. The struggle for power was visible in the Balkans before WWI, but the Ottoman Empire (which ruled the Blakans) was falling apart. Austria-Hungary saw this and began to annex provinces. The Slavs wanted to revolt, and Russia promised protection. |
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| Woodrow Wilson's idea that every small colony and minority should govern themselves and have self pride. |
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| The area in Germany, after the treaty of Versailles, that was demilitarized by force. Occupied by the ally forces, and in 1936, Hitler ordered the reoccupation and militarization of this area. |
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| A British ruler who, in WWI, came to office by means of promising the people a "blow" to the Germans. |
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| Alexandra's (wife of Tsar Nicholas II) sidekick when she took rule over Russia. Rasputin later got murdered, which put Alexandra into a state of shock, making her unable to help her country. This resulted in the Tsar returning home from the War Front to take charge again. |
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| The head of the provisional government. |
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| Founder of the world's first communist party. He led the October Revolution of 1917 (the first coup d'etat ever in Communism). He believed that Russia can skip the Capitalist phase and go directly to Communism. He also believed that the revolution needed to be led by an elite revolutionary group, which could create a Marxist revolution. |
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| Leader of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia. He was the 2nd most powerful man after Lenin. He competed against Stalin to be Lenin's successor, however Stalin won. He eventually was killed by Stalin's people. |
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| Resistance (because Lenin seized power) developed into Civil War. Lenin formed the 'Red Army'. The forces opposing the 'Red' (Social Democrats) were the 'Whites' (Social Revolutionaries). The Whites lost this war even though they were the more populated party. |
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| Stalin's army during the Russian Civil War. They had similar Social Revolutionaries, however they were more organized and they wished to redistribute the wealth all around Russia. They won the Russian Civil War. |
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| The term for the complete massacre of the Jews; the Holocaust. |
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| The prime minister of England during WWII. During this time, England was the ONLY force against Nazi Germany. |
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| The Japanese creation of a modern, industrial state in response to Western imperialism. It emulated many aspects of Western society. They continued national worship of the "semi-divine" emperor. They successfully resisted Western control, and fought successful wars against Russia and China. They even took Germany's Asian colonies during WWI. These reforms included land redistribution, westernize the school system, modernize the army, build a modern navy, emperor worship intensified, human rights + religious freedom, written constitution, modern banking system, and abolition of feudal system. |
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| Japan established a puppet state under the former Chinese emperor called _________. |
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| Tens of thousands of Chinese killed and thousands of women were raped during this time period. It is considered the initiation of WWII in Asia. |
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