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| revised the constitution: 50|50 aristocrats|the common people - the aristocrats still got to run a bunch of things (e.g. the loans, banks [the $]), but they had to listen to a popular assembly, the ekklesia (the "called out people") - they were supposed to be equal in power, but the aristocrats still had more power |
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Peisistratus: a well-known military hero
- pushed the aristocrats out; brought them back & tried them if they needed $
(didn't listen to the constitution) |
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invented a wildly popular style of gov't: anyone who wanted to be representative was recognized, those with the most votes (had a significant # relative to teh population) had their names put into bins [annual]:
5,000 chosen by lottery (lottery-->no fist fights), would go to the ekklesia
500 of them picked to be voting representatives
- some also chosen to be judges
50 picked monthly to have the town jobs (prytaneis)
daily, 1 man chosen by lottery to be president (prytanis)
10 strategoi (land & sea commanders) picked annually: eventually chosen by competence |
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| commanded the 7,000 Greek allies in the Battle of Thermopylae, sent most home (having an undefendable position): he led the 300 Spartans who stayed |
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| played both sides in the Persian war (specifically the Battle of Salamis): used Xerxes' $ to feed him false info, pushes him to fight: Xerxes loads his soldiers onto the ships & pours out onto the shore; told by the oracle that the Greeks might win if they "fight behind wooden walls" --> convince the Athenians to use their $ to become a major sea-power (purchase timber for boats); was eventually thrown out |
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| took over after Themistocles: formed the Delian League (Greek league of freedom, freeing still-oppresed Greek city-states - $ & boats from each city); thrown out |
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| replaced Aristides (475); thrown out |
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| replaced Cimon (471: strategos); "the greatest statesman of ancient Greece" (461-429): collected $ (extortion) --> paid for jobs for the poor, working-class (e.g. rebuilding boats) --> kept getting reelected; married the most famous madame of Samos, Aspasia |
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| a Boetian farmer who wrote the poems Works & Days (full of the hardship & farm-lore of Archaic Greek country life (a description of the annual round of labor on a Greek farm)) & Theogeny (a dovout, grumbiling commoner's handbook on the gods, who are far more jealous & dangerous to men than in Homers myths (a history of the Greek gods)) |
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| Pythagoras (scientist, poet) |
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reasoned that the most important skill was to be able to take everyone's perceptions & make them see the same thing (his strategy for politics)
- became head of the school
- opened a conferece of sophists (didn't believe in the gods)
concluded from the mathematical relationships that exists between physical objects and sounds that mathematics provided the key to unlocking the universe
- famous for his teaching son astronomy, phyics, mathematics, politics, religious purity, healing |
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| (Athens): felt confident & clever enough to let the people (Athens + Attica) vote |
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| argued the atomic theory, also for democracy (more rights for atoms) |
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| explained the universe on priciples of fluids "all is water" (metaphysics) |
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| greatest lyric poet (female) (short songs inspired by personal feelings) |
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| the Illiad (quarrel between Agamemnon & Achilles), the Odyssey (the adventures of Odysseus on his way home from the Trojan War) - the 1st major pieces of Greek literature (epics), read back into the period of the conditions of the Dark Age |
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his medical research developed throughout the Peloponnesian War
- sought to natural causes for physical problems, sought to cure them with drugs, surgery, & lifestile changes
*alcohol problem w/ his students |
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a stone-cutter, invited people to the marketplace to interview: proved they were immoral
- said he learned important things from one of his 1st significant teachers, Domitia (a woman) |
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- a modernist who believed in progress
wrote political tragedies about life together (human sin of hubris is punished by suffering, but wisdom offers some hope): almost always happy endings
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saw the Deliean Leage turn into an oppressive rulling --> worried Athens was doing the wrong thing - you need to pay attention to what your polis is doing (not always right)
- anti-heroes were the main characters
"no one learns without suffering" (despite gaining wisdom from suffering (from hubris), there's no escape) [tragedies]
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"You & your polis are doing something wrong" - not arguimg about what's right, but watchign the wrong thing develop --> tragic ending
- died in exile |
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(a comic)
came from a wealthy family who was thrown out of Athens --> grew up hating Athens --> wrote satires about Athens
- when children attended school in Athens & tired of hearing how cool Athens was, Aristophanes was their hero (--> Aristophanes famous, plays his written down)
- died in exile |
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taught the ideal of having a town run by philosophers (gov't engineering)
- returned to Athens in 387 (was exiled), founded a school at the "Akademe" grove |
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thought of other cultures & their ideas, taught that all cultures were 1 continuous hull + moral responsibility (international moral responsibility)
- started the stoic school |
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taught that people needed all the fields of study to deal with life (not only 1 skill/worldview) - "liberal arts" education
- had come to Athens to study under Plato
- left Athens for Macedon to tutor Alexander in 342
- began teaching at the grove of lyceum in 335
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| an Athenian historian who wrote the story of the Peloponnesian War, also happened to serve as an Athenian general |
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| his followers were called Cynics ("dogs") b/c they - like animals - spurred social coventions & standards of decency |
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| the leader Thebes became strongest under: E was the only commander who really understood Thebes' new fighting style (a new, deceptive style of phalanx fighting) |
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Troy commanded the entrance to the Hellespont, the waterway by which the greeks imported grain from the Black Sea --> treat to Mycenaea's food supply
- Troy sacked sometime after 1250 B.C., shortly before the Mycenaean kingdoms themselves fell |
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- a sailing & trading port
- smashed by the sea- & land-raiders together in 1200, never rebuilt |
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place for religious practices & where they could talk
- captured by the fighting clans to get along by forcing them to capture U-S in 1000
(was an old Egyptian fort in Thutmose III's empire of Canaan)
(--> Jerusalem) |
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| the only Egyptian trading port: paper (were the only ones making paper) |
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