Term
Thick accumulations of sediment (no meta-sedimentary rocks) are associated with rifting and contain stromatolites overlain by glacial diamictites. What name or names are given to rocks deposited in these basins.
A. Belt-Purcell supergroups
B. Grand Canyon supergroup
C. Duluth Complex
D. Grenville orogen |
|
Definition
| A. Belt-Purcell supergroups |
|
|
Term
What era is associated with the Ediacaran fauna?
A. Paleozoic
B. Paleoproterozoic
C. Neoproterozoic
D. Proterozoic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When did stromatolites first begin to decline?
A.Begining of the Proterozoic
B. Begining of the Paleozoic
C. Begining of the Mesozoic
D. Begining of the Cenozoic |
|
Definition
| B. Begining of the Paleozoic |
|
|
Term
The 1.1 billion-year-old feature that runs from central Kansas through Iowa to the North Shore of Lake Superior to the upper peninsula of Michigan is know as what?
A. Minnesota River Valley Subprovince
B. Duluth Complex
C. Mid-continent rift
D. Trans-Hundson orogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What kind of rocks would you least expect to find in the 1.1 billion year old feature from central Kansas through Iowa to the North Shore of Lake Superior to the upper peninsula of Michigan?
A. Pillow basalts
B. Sedimentary rocks
C. Fossiliferous limestone
D. Rhyolitic flows |
|
Definition
| C. Fossiliferous limestone |
|
|
Term
What is the name given to the early Neoproterozoic supercontinent?
A. Pangaea
B. Gondwana
C. Rodinia
D. Laurentia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following continents are not thought to have rifted away from Western North America during the Neoproterozoic (about 760 Ma)?
A. Australia
B. Antarctica
C. Africa
D. Siberia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the hypothesis associated with the ice age during the Cryogenian?
A. SWEAT Hypothesis
B. Snowball Earth Hypothesis
C. Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis
D. AUSWUS Hypothesis |
|
Definition
| B. Snowball Earth Hypothesis |
|
|
Term
What major orogeny occured from 1300-900 Ma across the eastern and southern areas of Laurentia?
A. Taconic orogeny
B. Acadian orogeny
C. Grenville orogeny
D. Algoman orogeny |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name given to the cycles of formation and break-up of supercontinents?
A. Fisher cycles
B. Walther cycles
C. Wilson cycles
D. Obliquity cycles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Wilson cycle what is the first phase associated with these cycles?
A. Rifting
B. Sea-floor spreading
C. Subduction and convergence
D. Collision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Wilson cycle what large-scale sedimentary accumulations are associated with the third phase of this cyclicity?
A. Epeiric seas
B. Molasse
C. Flysch
D. Melange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Wilson cycle what large-scale sedimentary accumulations are associated with the fourth phase of this cyclicity?
A. Epeiric seas
B. Molasse
C. Flysch
D. Melange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Banded iron formations (BIFs) were common in the Archaean and relatively rare in the Proterozoic. What type of event is thought to coincide with banded iron formation in the Proterozoic?
A. Major meteorite impact
B. Greenhouse climate
C. Glaciation
D. Precambrian Explosion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What organo-sedimentary features are thought to be responsible for oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere?
A. Ediacaran fauna
B. Stromatolites
C. Ancestral Rocky Mountains
D. Belt Mountains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the only positive topographic feature that rose above sea level on Laurentia during most of the Sauk Sequence?
A. Mid-continent rift
B. Transcontinental arch
C. Ancestral Rocky Mountains
D. Belt Mountains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What clastic wedge succession was associated with the Acadian orogeny?
A. Catskill delta
B. Acadian delta
C. Queenstown delta
D. Taconic delta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What clastic wedge succession was associated with the Taconic orogeny?
A. Catskill delta
B. Acadian delta
C. Queenstown delta
D. Taconic delta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The docking of the Avalon terrane is associated with which orgeny?
A. Acadian
B. Sevier
C. Alleghenian
D. Taconic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Caledonide orogeny is associated with what major stratigraphic unit in Europe?
A. Catskill delta
B. Old Red Sandstone
C. Queenstown delta
D. Harlech grits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the ocean that developed along the coast of eastern North America during the early Paleozoic?
A. Atlantic
B. Panthalassa
C. Iapetus
D. Tethys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the southern supercontinent that existed during the Early Paleozoic (hint: it was separate from Laurentia)?
A. Rodinia
B. Gondwana
C. Pangaea
D. Precordillera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following lists the Sloss Sequences in order from oldest to youngest?
A. Sauk,Kaskaskia, Tippecanoe, Absaroka, Zuni, and Tejas
B. Sauk, Absaroka, Tippecanoe, Kaskaskia, Zuni, and Tejas
C. Sauk, Tippecanoe, Absaroka, Zuni, and Tejas
D. Sauk, Tippecanoe, Kaskaskia, Absaroka, Zuni, and Tejas |
|
Definition
| D. Sauk, Tippecanoe, Kaskaskia, Absaroka, Zuni, and Tejas |
|
|
Term
Deposition on the North American continent from mid-Devonian to the end of the Mississippian was part of which Sloss Sequence?
A. Kaskaskia
B. Tippecanoe
C. Tejas
D. Absaroka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What was the time period associated with the growth of pinnacle reefs around the Michigan Basin?
A. Ordovician
B. Silurian
C. Devonian
D. Permian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the age assigned to the base of the Pennsylvanian Subperiod?
A. 299 Ma
B. 318 Ma
C. 251 Ma
D. 359 Ma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What geologic feaure generally is associated with the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary in North America?
A. A meteorite impact
B. A mass extinction
C. A widespread unconformity
D. An ocean anoxic event |
|
Definition
| C. A widespread unconformity |
|
|
Term
What is the definition of a sequence?
A. An unconformity-bounded package of rocks
B. An inter-regional unconformity that spans a short time interval
C. A mappable rock unit
D. An abrupt change in depositional environments |
|
Definition
| A. An unconformity-bounded package of rocks |
|
|
Term
What is the general age of the numerous uplifts associated with the Ancestral Rockies?
A. Mississippian
B. Pennsylvanian
C. Permian
D. Kinderhookian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the late Devonian to early Mississippian orogeny in Nevada and Utah?
A. Acadian
B. Antler
C. Alleghenian
D. Taconic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Generally, what is the age of the Chattanooga Shale?
A. Late Ordovician
B. Late Silurian
C. Late Devonian
D. Late Permian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Chattanooga Shale is laterally correlative with black shales of the New Albany, Bakken, and Woodford formations. Generally, what gives shale a black coloration?
A. Reduced iron
B. Organic material
C. Manganese
D. Coal clasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What time generally is regarded as "the age of crinoids"?
A. Silurian
B. Devonian
C. Mississippian
D. Pennsylvanian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is a transgression?
A. Landward migration of a shoreline
B. Basinward migration of a shoreline
C. Relative sea-level rise
D. Relative sea-level fall |
|
Definition
| A. Landward migration of a shoreline |
|
|
Term
What kind of sedimentary rocks generally are found above the Great Unconformity?
A. Sandstone
B. Shale
C. Limestone
D. Coal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name given to the imaginary line on the margin of a continent, where thin successions on the stable platform give way to enormously thick successions farther offshore?
A. Hingeline
B. Graben
C. Horst
D. Geosyncline |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The Sauk-Tippecanoe Sequence boundary generally is associated with what type of rock (except in Tennessee)?
A. Sandstone
B. Shale
C. Limestone
D. Coal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following events is associated with terminal Ordovician?
A. Greenhouse climate
B. Rifting of Laurentia away from Gondwana
C. Glaciation in northern Africa part of Gondwana
D. Major meteorite impact at Chicxulub, Mexico |
|
Definition
| C. Glaciation in northern Africa part of Gondwana |
|
|
Term
What major biotic event occurred during the terminal Ordovician?
A. Major mass extinction
B. Major faunal radiation
C. Ordovician diversification
D. Migration of Gondwanide faunas to Laurentia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Major colonization and major evolution of land plants occurred during which time period?
A. Devonian
B. Silurian
C. Ordovician
D. Cambrian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following events did not occur during the late Devonian?
A. Major mass extinctions
B. Major eustatic rise of sea level
C. Ocean anoxia events
D. Deposition of a massively thick limestone succession across much of North America |
|
Definition
| D. Deposition of a massively thick limestone succession across much of North America |
|
|
Term
The earliest known amphibian Tiktaalik (375 Ma) is found in rocks of what time period?
A. Devonian
B. Silurian
C. Ordovician
D. Cambrian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What rock unit is associated with a Late Devonian impact in Nevada?
A. Alamo Breccia
B. Pioche Shale
C. Prospect Mountain Quartzite
D. Temple Butte Formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of rock characterizes much of the Mississippian succession in southwestern Missouri?
A. Sandstone
B. Shale
C. Limestone
D. Coal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What orogeny occurred during the late Mississippian in the Northern Appalachian Mountains?
A. Taconic orogeny
B. Acadian orogeny
C. Antler orogeny
D. Alleghenian orogeny |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name given to cyclic sedimentary successions of late Mississippian through early Permian time(which includes all of the Pennsylvanian)?
A. Grand Cycles
B. Cyclothems
C. Wilson Cycles
D. Quadracycles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What time period or subperiod is noted for thick accumulations of coal?
A. Mississippian
B. Cambrian
C. Pennsylvanian
D. Permian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What supercontinent was formed during the late Paleozoic?
A. Gondwana
B. Rodinia
C. Nuna
D. Pangaea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of rocks are associated with Permian strata in the mid-continent region (KS and OK)?
A. Conglomerates
B. Red Beds
C. Greenstone belts
D. Coal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What major event brought a close to the Paleozoic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the age of the Earth?
A. 13.75 Ga
B. 4.56 Ga
C. 542 Ma
D. 65.5 Ma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What layer constitutes the bulk of Earth's volume?
A. Crust
B. Mantle
C. Inner core
D. Outer core |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of material behavior best describes most of the mantle?
A. Brittle
B. Elastic
C. Ductile
D. Fluid or liquid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of material behavior best describes the outer core?
A. Brittle
B. Elatic
C. Ductile
D. Fluid or liquid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What constitutes Earth's tectonic or lithospheric plates?
A. Crust only
B. Crust and sub-crustal upper mantle
C. Crust and entire mantle
D. Upper mantle only |
|
Definition
| B. Crust and sub-crustal upper mantle |
|
|
Term
The exposed part of crystalline and metamorphic continental crust is known as what?
A. Orogenic belts
B. Platforms
C. Cratons
D. Shields |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Areas where mountains comprise most of the geologic record are known as what?
A. Orogenic belts
B. Platforms
C. Cratons
D. Shields |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is considered to be a passive margin?
A. Coastal California
B. North American Atlantic Coast
C. Leading edge of the Caribbean plate
D. West coast of the South American plate |
|
Definition
| B. North American Atlantic Coast |
|
|
Term
Who proposed the idea of continental drift?
A. Ortelius
B. Kay
C. Wegener
D. Hess |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is an example of a continental divergent plate boundary?
A. Pacific Northwest
B. Baja and souther California
C. Iceland
D. East Africa Rift Zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is an example of a transform plate boundary?
A. Pacific Northwest
B. South Island of New Zealand
C. Iceland
D. East Africa Rift Zone |
|
Definition
| B. South Island of New Zealand |
|
|
Term
What is the age of the oldest ocean crust?
A. Cretaceous
B. Jurassic
C. Pennsylvanian
D. Precambrian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of faults are most prominent or noticeable in transform plate boundaries?
A. Normal faults
B. Reverse faults
C. Strike-slip faults
D. Detachment faults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the age of the oldest continental crust?
A. Cretaceous
B. Jurassic
C. Pennsylvanian
D. Precambrian |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following seismic waves cannot penetrate fluids?
A. P-waves
B. S-waves
C. Rayleigh waves
D. Love waves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What layer of mantle is associated with a zone of partial melting?
A. Sub-crustal upper mantle
B. Lower mantle
C. D'' layer
D. Top of the asthenosphere |
|
Definition
| D. Top of the asthenosphere |
|
|
Term
What is the approximate density of ocean crust?
A. 2.7 g/cm^3
B. 3.0 g/cm^3
C. 3.3 g/cm^3
D. 4.5 g/cm^3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the approximate density of continental crust?
A. 2.7 g/cm^3
B. 3.0 g/cm^3
C. 3.3 g/cm^3
D. 4.5 g/cm^3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What layer of the Earth is densest?
A. Lower crust
B. Mantle
C. Inner core
D. Outer core |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not characteristic of turbidites?
A. Plane beds and ripple cross-lamination
B. Greywake composition
C. Deposition in alluvial fans
D. Graded bedding |
|
Definition
| C. Deposition in alluvial fans |
|
|
Term
Who noted, "In a conformable succession of strata, facies that accumulate vertically must also must have accumulated laterally in an adjacent depositional setting."
A. Wegener
B. Steno
C. Walther
D. Hutton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What part of the Milankovitch Theory relates to changes in the wobble of Earth's rotational axis?
A. Eccentricity
B. Precession
C. Obliquity
D. None of the Above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What part of the Milankovitch Theory relates to changes in the shape of Earth's orbit around the Sun?
A. Eccentricity
B. Precession
C. Obliquity
D. None of the Above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of cycle has a periodicity of 41,000 years?
A. Eccentricity
B. Precession
C. Obliquity
D. None of the Above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What assumption did Alfred Fischer make when he plotted the deviations of cycles from an average cycle thickness to examine long-term sea-level changes?
A. Cycles were of equal time duration.
B. Cycles were a response to tectonic adjustments.
C. Cycles were 120,000 years old.
D. Cycles were preserved only in sandstone and shale successions. |
|
Definition
| A. Cycles were of equal time duration. |
|
|
Term
What is the implication that we can draw from the presence of heavy elements on Earth and in the Solar System?
A. The Sun is a secondary star that formed from the nebulae of one or more exploded stars.
B. The Sun is a primary star system that devolped at the begining of the universe.
C. The Sun primarily burns iron through nuclear fusion.
D. The Sun primarily burns carbon through nuclear fusion. |
|
Definition
| A. The Sun is a secondary star that formed from the nebulae of one or more exploded stars. |
|
|
Term
What is the term applied to an unconformity-bounded package of rock?
A. Sequence
B. Facies
C. Correlative equivalents
D. Plutons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the stratigraphic geometry associated with lapout in a basinward direction?
A. Onlap
B. Erosional truncation
C. Downlap
D. Toplap |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What cataclysmic event occured around 4.52 Ga on Earth?
A. The Moon collided with Earth, forming Mars.
B. Mars collided with Earth, forming the Moon.
C. Venus nearly collided with Earth giving both planets a retrograde rotational motion.
D. A Mars-sized impactor collided with Earth,forming the Moon. |
|
Definition
| D. A Mars-sized impactor collided with Earth,forming the Moon. |
|
|
Term
What hypothesis suggests that the early Sun produced less energy?
A. Greenhouse hypothesis
B. Faint young Sun hypothesis
C. Planetesimal hypothesis
D. Snowball Earth hypothesis |
|
Definition
| B. Faint young Sun hypothesis |
|
|
Term
What evidence is there that water was present on Earth during the Archean?
A. Pillow basalts
B. Sedimentary rocks
C. Early stromatolites
D. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of rock suggests that Earth lacked free oxygen during the Archean?
A. Banded iron formations
B. Turbidides
C. Gneisses and schists
D. Greenstone belts |
|
Definition
| A. Banded iron formations |
|
|
Term
What type of rocks accumulated in greenstone belts?
A. Pillow basalts, granulites, and migmatites
B. Pillow basatls, sedimetary rocks, and mafic and ultramafic volcanics
C. Granulites, migmatites, and volcanic rocks.
D. Limestones, dolomite, and shale |
|
Definition
| B. Pillow basatls, sedimetary rocks, and mafic and ultramafic volcanics |
|
|
Term
What is the age of the oldest rock on Earth (not including meteorites)?
A. 4.56 Ga
B. 4.4 Ga
C. 4.28 Ga
D. 4.04 Ga |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What geologic "age" was associated with magma oceans?
A. Archean
B. Cambrian
C. Hadean
D. Proterozoic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following chemicals is not thought to have been associated with abiogenesis?
A. Methane
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Ammonia
D. Sulfuric acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following rocks has been regarded as a potential catalyst for early biogenic replication?
A. Limestone
B. Pillow basalts
C. Clay minerals
D. Banded iron formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who performed the experiments that suggested that complex substances like glycine and formaldehyde could form less complex chemical substances?
A. Oparin and Haldane
B. Watson and Crick
C. Martin and Lewis
D. Miller and Urey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who named the Cambrian system?
A. Winchell
B. Sedgwick
C. Smith
D. Murchison |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who named the Ordovician System?
A. Conybeare
B. Smith
C. Murchison
D. Lapworth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who named the Devonian System?
A. Smith and Winchell
B. Desnoyers and d'Halloy
C. Agassiz and Arduino
D. Sedgwick and Murchison |
|
Definition
| D. Sedgwick and Murchison |
|
|
Term
Who named the Permian System?
A. Lapworth
B. Sedgwick
C. Murchison
D. Arduino |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who came up with the concept of superposition?
A. Steno
B. Smith
C. Hutton
D. Brogniart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who made and published the first geologic map?
A. Smith
B. Sedgwick
C. Murchison
D. Arduino |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who first recognized the widespread influence of the Ice Ages?
A. Arduino
B. Anaximander
C. Agassiz
D. Aristotle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who was the founder of the Neptunist school of thought?
A. Xenpphanes of Collophon
B. Aristotle
C. Cuvier
D. Werner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which statement best describes the Neptunist school of thought?
A. Rocks formed from magmas.
B. Rocks formed the oceans.
C. Rocks formed during major cataclysmic events.
D. Rocks formed long gradual processes that still operate in modern times. |
|
Definition
| B. Rocks formed in the oceans. |
|
|
Term
Who first described a three-fold geologic time division that consisted of Primary,Secondary, and Tertiary rocks from his studies in the Alps?
A. Agassiz
B. Desnoyers
C. Arduino
D. Brogniart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who was the founder of the catastrophist school?
A. Cuvier
B. Hutton
C. Phillips
D. Werner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name of the concept that expresses the idea that younger rocks overlie older rocks?
A. Original horizontality
B. Superpostion
C. Cross-cutting relationships
D. Lateral continuity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who expressed the idea that the Earth shows no vestige of a begining and no prospect of an end?
A. Smith
B. Lyell
C. Hutton
D. von Humboldt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements best encapsulates the idea of uniformitarianism?
A. The past is the key to the present.
B. The present is the key to the past.
C. The future is the key to the past.
D. The past is history, the future, a mystery, and the present, a gift. |
|
Definition
| B. The present is the key to the past. |
|
|
Term
Who named the Silurian?
A. Murchison
B. Sedgwick
C. Lapworth
D. Conybeare |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the age of the Earth?
A. 4.5 Ga
B. 3,850 Ma
C. 542 Ma
D. 4.03 Ga |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the age of the oldest rocks found on Earth (in Quebec)?
A. 3.8 Ga
B. 4.03 Ga
C. 4.28 Ga
D. 4.4 Ga |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the age of the oldest granite protolith in the Acasta Gneiss (found near Great Slave Lake)?
A. 3.8 Ga
B. 4.03 Ga
C. 4.28 Ga
D. 4.5 Ga |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who was the philosopher that the most important aspect of a scientific hypotheses is its falsifiablity?
A. Kuehn
B. Popper
C. Aristotle
D. Pyrrho |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is a Type II error?
A. Accepting a true null hypothesis
B. Rejecting a false null hypothesis
C. Rejecting a true null hypothesis
D. Accepting a false null hypothesis |
|
Definition
| D. Accepting a false null hypothesis |
|
|
Term
What philisophical school of thought best describes modern science?
A. Cynicism
B. Skepticism
C. Dogmatism
D. Nihilism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the age of the base of the Cambrian Period?
A. 650 Ma
B. 542 Ma
C. 318 Ma
D. 251 Ma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the age of the base of the Triassic Period?
A. 318 Ma
B. 251 Ma
C. 145.5 Ma
D. 65.5 Ma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How much time did the Cretaceous Period span?
A. 80 Million years.
B. 70 Million years.
C. 100 Million years.
D. 145 Million years. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What principle is associated with the idea that if fragments of one rock are found in another rock, the fragments must have derived from older rocks?
A. Cross-cutting relationships
B. Inclusions
C. Original horizontality
D. Lateral continuity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What "time-rock unit" is associated with an epoch in chronostratigraphy?
A. Erathem
B. System
C. Series
D. Stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What "time-rock unit" is associated with an age in chronostratigraphy?
A. Erathem
B. System
C. Series
D. Stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy?
A. System
B. Group
C. Formation
D. Member |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the mineral that most commonly is used for U-Pb dating in felsic igneous rocks?
A. Quartz
B. Zircon
C. Corundum
D. Plagioclase feldspar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the type of radiation associated with emission of a helium nucleus?
A. Alpha particle
B. Beta particle
C. Gamma radiation
D. Delta radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In radioactive decay, how much parent material is left after four half-lives?
A. One quarter
B. One eighth
C. One sixteenth
D. One thirty-second |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is typically he last mineral to form from a magma?
A. Olivine
B. Quartz
C. Pyroxene
D.Plagioclase feldspar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who came up with the idea that minerals crystallize from a magma in an orderly manner with both continuous and discontinous reaction series?
A. Bowen
B. Steno
C. Smith
D. Werner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the "Ring of Fire"?
A. The pattern formed by volcanoes around the perimeter of the Atlantic Ocean?
B. The pattern formed by volcanoes around the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean.
C. The pattern formed by volcanoes around the perimeter of the Indian Ocean.
D. The area around stratovolcanoes where there is significant risk to population centers. |
|
Definition
| B. The pattern formed by volcanoes around the perimeter of the Pacific Ocean. |
|
|
Term
What is the principal mineral constituent in limestone?
A. Dolomite
B. Quartz
C. Calcite
D. Gypsum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the two types of metamorphism?
A. High grade and low grade
B. Intrusive and extrusive
C. Contact and regional
D. Chemical and detrital |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the parent rock of marble?
A. Quartz sandstone
B. Shale
C. Limestone
D. Granite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the mineral compostion of Shale?
A. Calcite
B. Gypsum
C. Quartz
D. Clay minerals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of unconformity is associated sedimentary strata that were deposited over uplifted and eroded igneous rocks?
A. Angular unconformity
B. Paraconformity
C. Nonconformity
D. Disconformity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of unconformity is preserved at Siccar Point?
A. Nonconformity
B. Disconformity
C. Paraconformity
D. Angular unconformity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who first propsed and published the idea of evolution by natural selection?
A. Lyell
B. Wallace
C. Darwin
D. Sedgwick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is no longer considered a viable means for evolution?
A. Spontaneous generation
B. Genetic drift
C. Mutation
D. Gene flow |
|
Definition
| A. Spontaneous generation |
|
|
Term
What type of speciation associated with development of a geographic barrier and development of two sub-populations in isolation?
A. Allopatric speciation
B. Peripatric speciation
C. Parapatric speciation
D. Sympatric speciation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who discovered the double helix structure of DNA?
A. Darwin
B. Patterson
C. Watson and Crick
D. Lord Kelvin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What group of organisms generally is regarded as having one of the most complete biostratigraphic records during the Cenozoic (e.g., the one with the most transitional forms)?
A. Fiches
B. Horses
C. Trilobites
D. Jellyfishes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the name given to the surface that marks the boundary between two conformable formations?
A. Unconformity
B. Thrust fault
C. Contact
D. Conformity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What characterizes an angular unconformity?
A. Uplift
B. Erosion
C. Missing time
D. All of the above. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who came up wit the concept of "Deep Time"?
A. Smith
B. Lord Kelvin
C. Strachey
D. Hutton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What extinctions killed 96% marine and 70% terrestrial species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the leading suspects for the Permian extinction? |
|
Definition
Bolide impact
Volcanism in Siberian Traps
Gas hydrate release
Sea-level change |
|
|
Term
| What evidence is shown for the leading suspects in the Permian extinctions? |
|
Definition
Possible impact craters
Mutations from UV radiation recorded
10% negative shift in carbonates |
|
|
Term
| What time period is associated with the Sonoman orogeny? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What time period is associated with the Golconda Thrust? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What time period is associated with the Havallah sequence? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What period was there Rifiting in Gulf of Mexico and East Coast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a associated with the Louann Salt? |
|
Definition
| Dessicated basin following initial rifting of Gulf of Mexico |
|
|
Term
| What time period is associated with the Louann Salt? |
|
Definition
| Late Permian to Mid Jurassic |
|
|
Term
| What is a dome or anticlinal fold in which overlying beds have been ruptured by squeezing out of plastic core material? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What time period is associated with the Nevadan Orogeny? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which time period did the development of the Sierra Nevada batholith? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Strikine,Quesnell, and Cache Creek Terranes develops offshore of Western North America during what time period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Navajo Sandstone get deposited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Sundance Sea in the Great Plains develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Western Interior Seaway develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of terrain is the Sierra Nevada batholith? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pendants are associated with the Sierra Nevadas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the Jurassic time what formation has large petroleum reservoir across the southern states? |
|
Definition
| The Jurassic Smackover Formation |
|
|
Term
| When did Non-Marine and Marginal marine sediment get deposited in the west? |
|
Definition
| Triassic to Early Jurassic |
|
|
Term
| What formation is Upper Jurassic and contains abundant fossil dinosaurs, turtles,fish, and amphibians. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When were there no time for glaciations and runaway greenhouse effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was the break-up of Pangea nearly complete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the begining of the Laramide Orogeny occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Rocky Mountains begin forming? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Orogeny is associated with the Rocky Mountains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Nevadan Orogeny complete along with the Sierra Nevada intrusions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Chalk made out of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did Chalk appear in the Paris Basin and White Cliffs of Dover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Western Interior Seaway develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the Cretaceous when type of rock was getting deposited in Kansas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What time period was the Mancos Shale deposited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What deposits are above the Mancos Shale? |
|
Definition
| Sanstone and coal deposits. |
|
|
Term
| The Cretaceous coal fields of Utah are part of which front? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who found evidence of impact of the KT boundary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was the iridium anomaly in clay at the KT boudary found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which anomaly was the marine succession that was uplifted by thrusting associated with collision of Italy with the Adriatic plate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the six supported diagnostic evidences supported by the KT impact? |
|
Definition
1.Impact crater
2. Meteorites
3. Shatter Cones
4. Shock lamellae
5. Mineral Polymorphs
6. Geochemical Traces of an impact |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 supporting evidences of the KT impact? |
|
Definition
1. Top-down deformation
2. Round topographic features
3. Massive non-linear breccia bodies
4. Mixed faunas in breccia |
|
|
Term
| What are found in ocean sediments around the world at the KT boundary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where was the KT boudary impact site hypothused? |
|
Definition
| Chicxulub Mexico on the Yucatan Peninsula |
|
|
Term
| Where was the first proposed impact site of the KT boudary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What number of the top five extinctions is the KT boundary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of deposits are found in Texas,Missouri,Alabama and Puerto Rico? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the alternative hypothesis for the Mass Extinction on the KT boudary. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who argued that the Chicxulub is not the smoking gun for the KT extiction. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many impacts and years caused the KT extiction? |
|
Definition
| Muliple impacts over 300,000 years. |
|
|
Term
Crossopterygian fish gave rise to who?
A. Tetrapods
B. Thersapid
C. Protoceths
D. Eutherians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What evolved when Tiktaalik a lobefinned fish crawled onto shore?
A. Tetrapods
B. Thersapid
C. Protoceths
D. Eutherians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 characteristics of Tetrapods? |
|
Definition
Three-chambered heart
Limb and hib bones
Modified ear parts
Otic notch on skull
Labyrinthodonts |
|
|
Term
What gave rise to early reptiles during the Carboniferous?
A. Tetrapods
B. Thersapid
C. Protoceths
D. Eutherians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What amphibian lineage developed in the Permian?
A. Tarsier
B. Eutherians
C. Temnospondyls
D. Tetrapod |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many holes does Anapsid have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many holes does Diapsid have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hole does a Euryapsid have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What typer of hole does a Synapsid have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anapsid were associated with who?
A. Marine Reptiles
B. Amphibians
C. Birds
D. Large Browsers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Diapsid were associated with who?
A. Dinosaurs and Birds
B. Marine Reptiles
C. Mammals
D. Amphibians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Euryapsid were associated with who?
A. Dinosaurs and Birds
B. Marine Reptiles
C. Mammals
D. Amphibians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Synapsid were associated with who?
A. Dinosaurs and Birds
B. Marine Reptiles
C. Mammals
D. Amphibians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who develops amniotic eggs with a leathery outer shell?
A. Dinosaurs and Birds
B. Reptiles
C. Mammals
D. Amphibians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are Synapsid reptiles with sails in the Permian?
A. Basilosaurs
B. Hadrosaurs
C. Pelycosaurs
D. Ankylosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What was the most famous pelycosaur of the Permian?
A. Basilosaurs
B. Hadrosaurs
C. Dimetrodon
D. Ankylosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What reptiles evolved from synaspid stock?
A. Eutherians
B. Thersapid
C. Pakicetus
D. Tetrapod |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What Pangaean animals that Wegener argued was evidence of contintnetal drift?
A. Lepidosaurs
B. Thersapid
C. Pachycephlosaurs
D. Cynognathus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Did reptiles lineages survive the Permian extinction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Was the climate in the Permian and Triassic Warm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Was the Jurassic and Cretaceous cooler that the Triassic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why was the Jurassic and Cretaceous cooler? |
|
Definition
| Break up of Pangaea, modified Ocean circulation and development of large mountain ranges. |
|
|
Term
Who was the root stock of dinosaurs and evolved from diaspid reptiles?
A. Ankylosaurs
B. Archosaurs
C. Hadrosaurs
D. Lepidosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the Triassic period what were snakes,lizards evolve as a seperate lineage of diaspid reptile?
A. Ankylosaurs
B. Archosaurs
C. Hadrosaurs
D. Lepidosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What had Bipedal locomotion and gave rise to dinosaurs?
A. Ankylosaurs
B. Archosaurs
C. Hadrosaurs
D. Lepidosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Dinosaurs known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ornithischians and Saurischians are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ornithischians have what type of hips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Saurischians have what type of hips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dinosaurs with bony armor on back?
A. Ankylosaurs
B. Archosaurs
C. Hadrosaurs
D. Lepidosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dinosaurs with bony plates on back?
A. Ankylosaurs
B. Archosaurs
C. Stegosaurs
D. Lepidosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dinosaurs with bonyheads?
A. Stegosaurs
B. Pachycephalosaurs
C. Basilosaurs
D. Ceratopsians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dinosaurs with horns?A. Stegosaurs
B. Pachycephalosaurs
C. Basilosaurs
D. Ceratopsians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dinosaurs with duckbills?
A. Stegosaurs
B. Pachycephalosaurs
C. Hadrosaurs
D. Ceratopsians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sauropodomorphs and Theropods are two varieties of which type of Dinosaurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sauropodomorphs were what type of Dinosaur?
A. Flying Dinosaur
B. Large Browsers
C. Swimming Dinosaurs
D. Carnivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Theropods were what type of Dinosaur?
A. Flying Dinosaur
B. Large Browsers
C. Swimming Dinosaurs
D. Carnivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pterosaurs were what type of Dinosaur?
A. Flying Dinosaur
B. Large Browsers
C. Swimming Dinosaurs
D. Carnivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Nothosaurs were what type of Dinosaur?
A. Flying Dinosaur
B. Large Browsers
C. Swimming Dinosaurs
D. Carnivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Placodonts were what type of Dinosaur?
A. Amphibians
B. Marsupials
C. Marine Reptiles
D. Mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did placodonts go extinct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What modern mammal thought to resemble early mammals?
A. Tarsier
B. Monotremes
C. Dugongs
D. Manatees |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What marine life in the Mesozoic is know for Evolution of new lineages
Corals and sponges form reefs resembling modern varieties. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What marine life in the Mesozoic is know for Giant ammonites prowled the deep Ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What time period did marine life in the Mesozoic is know for Bivalves dominated reefs and Oyster-like bivalves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who discovered a mosasaur in Maastricht, Netherlands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What time period did birds evolve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| synapsid therapsid reptiles had what characterictics? |
|
Definition
Mammary glands
Three middle ear bones
Well developed brain cortex
Hair
Four-chambered heart |
|
|
Term
| What Orogeny happend in Wyoming, western Colorado, and eastern Utah ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Larimide Orogeny happen? |
|
Definition
| late Cretaceous to Oligocene |
|
|
Term
| What is a broad series of parallel mountain ranges |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When did the Sevier Orogeny happen? |
|
Definition
| middle Jurassic to Eocene |
|
|
Term
| The Servier and Larimide Orgeny overlap what two things? |
|
Definition
| overlap in time and geographically |
|
|
Term
| What Basin is extended up to 300%extension overprints the effect of Sevier thrusting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of accreting a clastic wedge and ophio-lite complex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of Obduction? |
|
Definition
| California rocks of the Franciscan mélange |
|
|
Term
| What Melange consists of blue schist facies rock (high pressure, low temperature), turbidites, jade, and pillow basalts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of wedge is the Franciscan Melange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Franciscan Mélange and Great Valley sequence were emplaced and deposited begining in what time period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Epoch is associated with a Cannonball Sea” in North Dakota is shaly marine remnant of Western Interior Seaway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Epoch is associated with the Green River Formation, fresh-water lacustrine environ-ment(fish) in western Wyoming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Epoch is associated with Claron and Wasatch formations, Utah, non-marine succession at Bryce Canyon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Epoch is associated with carbonates of the Ocala Group found in Florida? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Epoch is associated with Ogallala Formation in the High Plains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Epoch is associated with Wilcox Formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Epoch is associated with Frio Formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Major aquifer is in the High Plains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what time period did the Mediterranean Sea experienced the Messinian salinity crisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what time period did the Monterey Formation deposit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what time periods did the closure of Isthmus of Panama, allowing migration and adaptive radiation of South American faunas into Central and North America |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what time periods did the Olduvai Gorge hominid fossils and tools occur? |
|
Definition
| Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene |
|
|
Term
| Are Crocodiles and alligators mostly unchanged for 200 Ma. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the Cenozoic known as “The Age of Mammals”? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coral reefs generally are found between what latitude? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does Coral growth essentially keeps up with subsidence of the volcanic core the islands until they can no longer do so due to cold water or rapid sea-level rise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Primitive egg-laying mammals?
A. Monotrems
B. Thersapid
C. Tetrapod
D. Protoceths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pouched mammals?
A. Marine Reptiles
B. Monotremes
C. Dugongs
D. Marsupials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Embryonic development in utero?
A. Placental
B. Microspherules
C. Obduction
D. Accretionary Wedge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Placental mammals belong to a group known as?
A. Monotrems
B. Ankylosaurs
C. Pakicetus
D. Ceratopsians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Dog-sized, had unusual ears for an early Eocene?
A. Monotrems
B. Ankylosaurs
C. Pakicetus
D. Ceratopsians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The “walking whale”, early Eocene?
A. Ambulocetus
B. Ankylosaurs
C. Pakicetus
D. Ceratopsians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Middle Eocene (45 Ma) had a flipper and would not be a viable walker?
A. Ambulocetus
B. Ankylosaurs
C. Pakicetus
D. Protocetus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Late Eocene (37 Ma) together with Durodon had melon organ for echo-location
A. Hadrosaurs
B. Stgosaurs
C. Archosaurs
D. Basilosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What evolved from land mammals and adapted to aquatic life?
A. Tarsier
B. Pachycephlosaurs
C. Manatees and Dugongs
D. Marsupials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What provided land bridges from Asia to North America
and Europe to Britain?
A. Obduction
B. Placental
C. Glaciation
D. Accretionary Wedge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What time period was the Sierra Nevada Mountains glaciated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What time period was the Periglacial lakes developed in California’s Basin and Range valleys |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who was the famed geologist who proposed a megaflood for formation of the Channeled Scablands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Great Lakes are a result of what time period glaciation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quartz silt angular, broken and interlocking, source glacial dust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What during the Holocene has led to isostatic rebound in some formerly glaciated areas
A. Obduction
B. Placental
C. Deglaciation
D. Accretionary Wedge |
|
Definition
|
|
