Term
| What is the function of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| -provides oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide from the body (produced by cell metabolism) |
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Term
| How does the respiratory system perform its function? |
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Definition
| -brings the gas phase of inhaled air extremely close to the liquid phase of circulating blood, thus oxygen and CO2 rapidly diffuse b/n the inhaled air and the circulating blood |
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Term
| What are the two functional portions of the respiratory system and what are their components? |
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Definition
-Conducting portion: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and a branching system of bronchi
-Respiratory portion: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli |
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Term
| What is the function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| -connects the exterior of the body with a respiratory portion |
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Term
| What is the function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| -where gas exchange takes place |
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Term
| What are the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
-vestibular
-respiratory
-olfactory |
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Term
| What are the functions of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
-warming and humidifying air
-trapping inhaled debris |
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Term
| Describe the epi of the Vestibular Region of the Nasal Cavity |
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Definition
-stratified squamous
-integument continues through nostril into vestibule of the nose |
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Term
| Describe the epi and its contents of the Respiratory Region of the Nasal Cavity. Other layers? |
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Definition
-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi
-included goblet cells (secrete mucus)
-mucous glands in lamina propria and tunica submcosa (humidify air)
-venous plexuses in lamina propria/tunica submucosa (warm air)
-lymphoid tissue in lamina propria/tunica submucosa |
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Term
| What is the function of the respiratory section of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
-mucus (pdc by mucus glands) traps debris
-mucous glands humidify air
-venous plexuses warm inhaled air |
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Term
| Describe the epi of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. What 3 cell types does it contain? |
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Definition
-tall pseudostratified columnar epi
-olfactory cells, sustentacular (supporting) cell, and basal cells |
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Term
| What are olfactory cells (in olfactory region of the nasal cavity)? What do they do? |
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Definition
-bipolar neurons that respond to odorant molecules (apical portion is a modified dendrite)
-modified cilia project to surface
=>the axon extends from the base of the cell and is one of the fibers of the olfactory n |
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Term
| What is a sustentacular (supporting) cell of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
-tall cell with broad apex and narrow base
-function unknown |
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Term
| What is a basal cell of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
-compose a single layer of small cells near basal lamina
-differentiate into olfactory cells |
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Term
| What special structures reside in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity? What is its function? |
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Definition
-Bowman's glands: branched, tubuloalveolar serous glands
-keep surface epi moist, provide a solvent to carry odorants to olfactory receptors, and help remove odorants so the receptors will not be continually stimulated |
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Term
| What is the key macroscopic identifying feature of the trachea? |
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Definition
| -C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings that encircle it on the ventral and lateral aspects |
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Term
| In most species, the _______ muscle (type of muscle?) joins ends of cartilage on the dorsal aspect of the trachea (a position equivalent to tunica muscularis). |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the epi and contents of the the Lamia Epithelialis Mucosae of the Trachea |
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Definition
-epi= ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epi (aka resp epi)
-contents: goblet cells, basal cells (single layer near the basal lamina), endocrine cells |
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Term
| Describe the contents of the Lamina Propria/Tunica Submucosa of the Trachea. |
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Definition
| -loose CT, many elastic fibers, NO LAMINA MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE, mixed sero-mucous glands with ducts that open onto epi surface |
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Term
| Describe the Tunica Adventitia of the Trachea |
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Definition
| -areolar loose CT that blends with surrounded CT |
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Term
| The trachea divides to form two ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of bronchi are structurally similar to the trachea? |
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Definition
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Term
| After entering the lungs, the bronchi branch into ________ and _________. What happens to the cartilage rings around the trachea and bronchi and the distance extends? |
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Definition
-secondary bronchi
-tertiary bronchi
-rings become smaller and are then replaced by interrupted cartilage plates and disappear beyond the tertiary bronchi |
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Term
| Describe the macroscopic appearance of the Tunica Mucosa of the Bronchi |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the epi/contents of the layers of the Bronchi |
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Definition
-Lamina epithelialis mucosae: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi throughout the bronchi
-Lamina propria: rich in elastic fibers, diffuse lymphoid tissue, mast cells, eosinphils
-Lamina muscularis mucosae: present throughout the bronchi and bronchioles (continuation of trachealis muscle)
-Tunica Submucosa: mixed sero-mucous glands (disappear distally) and cilia
-Cartilage occupies position of the tunica muscularis |
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Term
| ___________ are the smallest components of the conductive portion of the respiratory system. Their walls contain no cartilage or glands. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the layers of the Tunica Mucosa of the Bronchioles |
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Definition
-Lamina epithelialis mucosae: no goblet cells, has low ciliated cells and non-ciliated bronciolar cells (NCB)
-Lamina muscularis mucosae: smooth m in discrete bundles that form a loose network in loose CT, innervated by autonomic nerve fibers |
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Term
| What is the function of non-ciliated bronchiolar cells (NCB cells)? Aka...? |
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Definition
-form done-like projections into the lumen of the bronchiole, are the precursor of other bronchiolar epi cells
-aka Clara cells |
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Term
| Repeated branching of ____________ leads to repiratory bronchioles. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the epi of respiratory bronchioles |
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Definition
-simple cuboidal and non-ciliated in more distal branches
-wall are interrupted at intervals by thin sac-like outpocketings (the alveoli) |
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Term
| What is the function of alveoli in the respiratory bronchioles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Respiratory bronchioles open into _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Macroscopically describe alveolar ducts |
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Definition
| -almost completely lined by alveoli |
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Term
| The end of the alveolar septa abutting the alveolar ducts are covered by what kind(s) of cell(s)? |
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Definition
-few smooth muscle cells
-a few epi cells |
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Term
| Each alveolar duct terminates in what structure? |
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Definition
| -an alveolar sac (a group of alveoli) |
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Term
| What is the function of alveoli? |
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Definition
| -the site of gas exchange b/n inspired air and the blood |
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Term
| Describe the alveolar wall |
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Definition
-consists of alveolar epi, capillary endothelium, and the interstitial tissue b/n them
-has small openings |
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Term
| What is the barrier to diffusion b/n the alveolar air and the blood? |
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Definition
| -epi, basal lamina, basal lamina of the endothelial cell, and the endothelial cell |
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Term
| What are alveolar pores? What is their function? |
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Definition
-small openings in the alveolar wall
-allow passage of air b/n adjacent alveoli |
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Term
| What are the 2 most prominent types of cells in the alveolar epithelium? |
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Definition
-Type I Alveolar Epithelial Cells (AEC-I): also called type I pneumocyte
-Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells (AEC-II): aka Type II Pneumocyte |
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Term
| Describe a Type I Alveolar Epi Cell. About what percentage of the alveolar surface do they cover? |
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Definition
-simple squamous epi: extremely thin except at nuc
-attached to each other via tight junctions
-cover about 95% of alveolar surface |
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Term
Describe a Type II Alveolar Epi Cell.
What is its purpose? |
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Definition
-rounded cell
-secretes pulmonary surfactant that coats epi lining of the alveoli |
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Term
| What is the function of pulmonary surfactant? |
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Definition
| -mixture rich in phospholipids that reduced the surface tension of the liquid in the lung so the alveoli do not collapse during expiration |
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Term
| Describe the contents of alveolar intersitital tissue |
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Definition
| -mainly capillaries, fibroblasts, mast cells, monocytes |
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Term
| What kind of cells act as the primary defense against particulate matter in the respiratory system? |
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Definition
-alveolar macrophages (aka pulmonary macrophages)
-defend against dust and bacteria |
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Term
| How do alveolar macrophages defend the alveoli from particulate matter? |
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Definition
| -they phagocytose debris that will eventually be carried up the airway to the pharynx, swallowed, and digested in the stomach |
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Term
| Outline the pathway of an alveolar macrophage |
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Definition
-they arrive as blood monocytes and differentiate into macrophages in the interstitium of the lung
-are free cells that move across the surface of the alveolar wall |
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Term
| Definition: Pulmonary Pleura |
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Definition
| -serous mems that line the cavities that contain the lungs |
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Term
| Describe the components of pulmonary pleura |
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Definition
| -consist of a thin layer of collagenous tissue covered by a layer of mesothelial cells (simple squamous epi) |
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Term
| Visceral Pleura vs Parietal Pleura |
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Definition
-Visceral: the portion over the surface of the lung
-Parietal: the portion of the wall of the thoracic cavity |
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Term
| What is the function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the portions of the conducting portion of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
-nasal cavity
-pharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles |
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Term
| What are the functions of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
-gaseous exchange
-oxygen
-carbon dioxide |
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Term
| What are the components for the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveoli (alveolar sacs) |
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Term
| What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
-vestibule (cutaneous region)
-respiratory region
-olfactory region |
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Term
| Generally describe the vestibule of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
-integument continues thr nostril into vestibule
-non-keratinizing stratified squamous epi |
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Term
| Generally describe the epi of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity |
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Definition
| -ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi and goblet cells |
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Term
| Generally describe the epi of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity |
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Definition
-it is a specialized epi region
-tall pseudostratified columnar epi |
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Term
| Specifically describe the respiratory region of the nasal cavity |
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Definition
-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi and goblet cells
-serous and mucous glands in lamina propria and tunica submucosa
-lymphoid aggregates
-numerous blood vessels |
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Term
| Describe the apical surface of the epi cells of respiratory epi |
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Definition
| -cells have 200-300 motile cilia as well as microvilli |
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Term
| What results from a defect in cilia? |
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Definition
| -may result in immotility thus increased risk of respiratory infections |
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Term
| What is the specialized function of cilia in the respiratory tract? |
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Definition
| -moves the apical mucous layer of the respiratory tract to the pharynx to be swallowed |
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Term
| What are the specialized serous glands of the lamina propria/tunica submucosa of respiratory epi? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 cell types found in olfactory epi? |
|
Definition
-olfactory cells
-sustentacular (supporting)cells
-basal cells |
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Term
| Structurally and functionally describe the olfactory cells |
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Definition
-bipolar neurons with apex that is modified dendrite with modified cilia (olfactory knob)
-nuc are in middle layer
-axon extends from base to become giber of olfactory nerve that extends to brain |
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Term
| Structurally and functionally describe sustentacular cells in respiratory epi |
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Definition
-tall cells with broad apex and narrow base
-nuc occupy superficial layer
-function unknown |
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Term
| Structurally and functionally describe basal cells of respiratory epi |
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Definition
-single layer of small cells near basal lamina
-precursors of olfactory cells |
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Term
| What are the 4 layers of tubular organs? What are their components? |
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Definition
-Tunica mucosa (lamina epithelialis mucosae, lamina propria mucosae, lamina muscularis mucosae)
-tunica submucosa
-tunica msucularis
-tunica adventitia or tunica serosa |
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Term
| Is the trachea flexible or rigid? Why? |
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Definition
-it is a flexible tube
-due to the C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings |
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Term
| The ends of C-shaped rings are joined dorsally by the what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 layers of the trachea? |
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Definition
-lamina epithelialis mucosae
-lamina propria/tunica submucosa
-tunica muscularis is taken up by trachealis m (dorsally)
-tunical adventitia |
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Term
| Specifically describe the components of the lamina epithelialis mucosae of the trachea |
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Definition
-ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epi
-respiratory epi with goblet cells
-basal cells in single layer near basal lamina |
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Term
| Specifically describe the lamina propria/tunica submucosa of the trachea |
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Definition
-loosa CT with elastic fibers
-NO lamina muscularis mucosae
-seromucous glands
-lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, etc |
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Term
| Specifically describe the tunica muscularis of the trachea |
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Definition
| -trachealis m (dorsally) that joins ends of cartilage rings |
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Term
| Specifically describe the tunica adventitia of the trachea |
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Definition
-areolar loose CT
-blends with surrounding CT |
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Term
| Outline the branching pattern of the trachea to the lungs |
|
Definition
-trachea divides to form two primary bronchi
-after entering the lungs, bronchi branch into secondary and tertiary bronchi
-distally, they become more numerous, smaller in diameter, and the cartilage rings become smaller and are replaced by interrupted cartilage plates, and eventually disappear |
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Term
| The interrupted cartilage plates disappear at the level of the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the tunica mucosa of the bronchi |
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Definition
| -consists of the lamina epithelialis mucosae, lamina propria mucosae, and lamina muscularis mucosae |
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Term
| Describe the tunica submucosa of the bronchi |
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Definition
-begins to merge with tunica adventitia distaly
-contains mixed sero-ucous glands
-decreased glands distally in bronchi |
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Term
| In the bronchi, the tunic muscularis position is occupied by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Histologically describe the components of the tunica mucosa of the bronchi |
|
Definition
-Lamina epithelialis mucosae: ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epi (resp epi); fewer goblet cells than trachea
-lamina propria: typical, rich in elastic fibers, lymphoid tissue, mast cells eosinophils
-Lamina muscularis mucosae: not a continuous layer of smooth m (continuation of trachealis m) |
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Term
| Describe the tunica submucosa of the bronchi |
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Definition
-begins to merge with tunica adventita distaly
-contains aggregates of lymphocytes
-contains mixed sero-mucous glands
-decreased numbers of glands distally in bronchi (fewer glands in smaller bronchi) |
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Term
| Bronchioles are the smallest components of ________ portion of the respiratory system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the lamina epithelialis mucosae of the tunica mucosa of the brionchioles. |
|
Definition
-folded
-simple, ciliated low columnar cells and non-ciliated bronchiolar (NCB) cells (Clara cells)
-NO GOBLET CELLS (replaced by NCB cells) |
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Term
| Describe the lamina muscularis mucosae of the tunica mucosa of the bronchioled |
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Definition
-smooth m in discrete bundles
-loose network of m in loose Ct
-innervated by autonomic nerve fibers |
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Term
| NCB cells form ______ projections into bronchiole lumen. They have what function(s)? |
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Definition
-dome-like projections
-precursors of other brionchiolar epi cells, produce one components of surfactant, contain enzymes that detoxify noxious substances |
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Term
| NCB cells are also known as _______ and have apical ______ |
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Definition
-Clara cells
-secretory granules |
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Term
| What are the differences between bronchi and bronchioles? |
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Definition
-Bronchus: cartilage ring or plates, mucus glands (sebaceous glands in submucosa), pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi, goblet cells
-Brionchiole: no cartilage rings/plates, no seromucous glands in submucosa, simple ciliated short columnar to cuboidal epi, non-ciliated bronchiolar cells |
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Term
| Respiratory brionchioles are also known as _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the epi of the respiratory bronchioles |
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Definition
-simple cuboidal epi
-partially ciliated
-few NCB cells (Clara cells) |
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Term
| How do you histologically differentiate between alveolar duct and respiratory bronchiole? |
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Definition
-AD: more than 50% of wall is lined by epi
-less than 50% of wall is interrupted by alveoli |
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Term
| Each alveolar duct terminates in a/an ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the alveolar sac? |
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Definition
| -site of gas exchange between inspired air and blood |
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Term
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Definition
| -a group of alveoli which share a common opening into the lumen of a duct |
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Term
| Definition: Alveolar pores |
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Definition
| -small openings in the alveolar wall that allows passage of air between adjacent alveoli |
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Term
| What are the components of an alveolar wall? |
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Definition
-alveolar surface epi
-capillary endothelium
-interstitial tissue between them )basement membrane, minimal collagen fibers, etc) |
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Term
| What forms a plexus around each alveolus? What is special about the BM of surface epi of alveoli? |
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Definition
-capillaries
-capillary BM is often in contact (fused) with BM of surface epi |
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Term
| Describe the interstitial tissue of the alveoli |
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Definition
| -fine fibers: reticular, collagen, and elastic fibers with occasional fibroblasts |
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Term
| What is the barrier to diffusion between alveolar air and blood? |
|
Definition
-Air-blood barrier
-alveolar epi (type I pneumocyte), basal lamina of pneumocyte, basal lamina of endothelial cell, endothelial cell |
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|
Term
| Describe a Type I Pneumocyte |
|
Definition
-simple squamous epi
-extremely thin exceptat the nucleus
-attached to each other by tight junctions |
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|
Term
| Type I Pneumocytes cover __% of alveolar surface and Type II Pneumocytes cover __% of alveolar surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Type II Pneumocytes |
|
Definition
| -rounded cells, make up 60% of cells in lining epi |
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|
Term
| What is the function(s) of a Type II Pneumocyte? |
|
Definition
-secrete pulmonary surfactant
-retian ability to divide
-can differentiate into type I pneumocyte |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| -complex mixture rich in phospholipid that reduces surface tensions and keeps alveoli from collapsing during expiration |
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Term
| Alveolar epithelial cells lie on the convex or concave side of BM? Endothelial cells? |
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Definition
-AEC= convex side
-Endothelial cells lie on concave side |
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|
Term
| Alveolar macrophages aka what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of alveolar macrophages? |
|
Definition
| -primary defense against particulate matter (dust and bacteria) that reaches alveolus |
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|
Term
| True or False: Alveolar macrophages are fixed cells that cannot move across the surface of the alveolar wall. |
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Definition
| FALSE; they are free cells that can move across the surface of the alveolar wall |
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|
Term
| Outline the function of alveolar macrophages (how it happens) |
|
Definition
| -they phagocytose debris and eventually carried up airways to pharynx, where they are swallowed and digested in the stomach |
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|
Term
Definition: Pleura
-what is the special name for the pleura covering the lungs? the wall of the thoracic cavity? |
|
Definition
-a thin layer of collagenous tissue covered by a layer of mesothelial cells (simple squamous epi)
-over lungs= visceral pleura
-over thoracic cavity wall= parietal pleura |
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|
Term
| Visceral and parietal pleura are separated by a ______ that contains a small amount of _____ |
|
Definition
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