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Histo: Male Reproductive System
Morrow 5/5/11 lecture 2 hrs
181
Histology
Undergraduate 4
05/04/2011

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Term
testes
Definition
name the male gonads
Term
1) duct system
2) blood vessels
3) nerves
4) lymphatics
Definition
what migrates with the testes from the urogenital ridge on posterior wal of the abdomen to the scrotum during development?
Term
a testicular artery
Definition
what blood vessels supplies each testis?
Term
venous pampiniform plexus
Definition
what is the name of the veins accompanying each testicular artery?
Term
1) testicular artery
2) venous pampiniform plexus
3) ductus deferens
4) testicular nerve(s)
5) lymphatic vessels
Definition
what are the contents of the spermatic cord?
Term
rete = net in latin
it is the same things as the venous pampiniform plexus and serves as a countercurrent heat exchanger
Definition
what is the purpose of the rete mirable?
Term
because spermatogenesis requires temperatures 2-3 degress below body temp
Definition
why do you need a countercurrent heat exchanger in the testes?
Term
tunica vaginalis testis
Definition
what is the outer testicular covering that also goes into the spermatic cord?
Term
tunica vaginalis testis
Definition
extension of ther peritoneum with visceral and parietal layers that forms a sack/bag around the testes
Term
tunica albuginea testis
Definition
thick fibrous connective tissue capsule (serosa) that adheres to the testes
Term
extensions of the tunica albuginea testis extend into the body of the testes forming the CT septa
Definition
what forms the septa between the lobules of a testicle
Term
sheath of a sword
Definition
what does vagina translate to from latin?
Term
within each lobule of the testes
Definition
where are seminiferous tubules found?
Term
stratified epithelium
Definition
what type of epithelium is found on seminiferous tubules?
Term
spermatogenic cells & Sertoli cells
Definition
what are the 2 cell types found in seminiferous tubules?
Term
spermatogenic cells
Definition
cells of the testes that replicate and differentiate into sperm
Term
Sertoli cells (Morrow says they are more like pyramidal or wedge shaped)
Definition
"columnar" supporting or sustentacular cells in the testes
Term
in the basal epithelium of the tubules
Definition
what part of the seminiferous tubules contains the Sertoli cells?
Term
they are large cells with a triangular nucleus and a prominent nucleolus
Definition
describe the nucleus/nucleolus of Sertoli cells
Term
anti-Mullerian hormone, prevents development of Mullerian ducts & female reproductive system
Definition
what do Sertoli cells secrete during fetal development? what does this do?
Term
they act as support or "nurse" cells for the devlopming spermatogonia
Definition
what is the purpose of Sertoli cells after puberty?
Term
gap junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes & Junctional complexes
Definition
how are Sertoli cells bound together?
Term
junctional complexes between Sertoli cells
Definition
what divides the seminiferous tubules into a basal and luminal compartment?
Term
1)they have an extensive ER with lots of flat cisternae (makes membrane)
2) hexagonally arranged actin filaments between the ER and plasma membrane to help maintain structure
Definition
what supports the giant cell membrane of Sertoli cells?
Term
basal layer of the seminiferous tubules
Definition
where does spermatogenesis occur? where are primary spermatocytes restricted to?
Term
luminal compartment (As separated by the sertoli cells)
Definition
what layer of the seminiferous tubules are mature spermatocytes and spermatics found in?
Term
the sertoli cell junctional complex

- this allows physiological compartmentalization of the seminiferous epithelium so pre-mature spermatogonia & their antigens do not get out into the circulation
Definition
what forms the blood testes barrier? what is its function?
Term
production of sperm specific antibodies, remember the purpose of the barrier is to keep sperm from being attacked by the body
Definition
what happens if the blood-tesis barrier fails?
Term
endo: secrete inhibin which regulates FSH release from the anterior petuitary

exo: secrete androgen binding protein to concentrate testosterone in the seminiferous tubules
Definition
what are the endocrine functions of Sertolic cells? what are the exocrine functions?
Term
FSH
Definition
what hormone is necessary for ABP secretion?
Term
Testosterone and ABP
Definition
what stimulates Sertoli cells to initiate spermatogenesis at puberty?
Term
myofibroblasts (they have some contractile action and are found around glandular ascini)
Definition
what cells surround the seminiferous tubules that produce collagen & elastin fibers for structural support?
Term
interstitial or Leydig cells
Definition
what cells, found in the interstitial space between seminiferous tubules secrete sex hromones?
Term
LH from the posterior petuitary mostly
Definition
what causes Leydig cells to secrete testosterone?
Term
1) important for normal embryological develoment of male reproductive tract

2) also does growth and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
Definition
why is testosterone important during male develoment?
Term
1) accessory glansd
2) genetalia
3) increased muscle mass and repair
4) increased bone deposition (osteogenic)
5) increased RBC production (increases hematocrit)
Definition
describe some of the secondary sex characteristics
Term
ABP (androgen binding protein)
Definition
why is the level of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules 200 x more than the circulating blood levels?
Term
Leydig cells of adult, male mammals

their function is unknown
Definition
where are crystals of Reinke found?
Term
the rete testis
Definition
where do seminiferous tubules converge?
Term
the rete testis
Definition
where do seminiferous tubules converge?
Term
simple cuboidal
Definition
what type of epithelium is found in the rete testes?
Term
they go to efferent ductules lined by
1) ciliated columnar epithelium &
2) nonciliated columnar epithlium that resorbs excess seminal fluid to help concentrate it
Definition
where do sperm go from the rete testes and what type of epithelial cells are found there?
Term
ductus epididymus
Definition
where do sperm become motile?
Term
ductus epididymus
Definition
collecting/storage area for mature spermatazoa
Term
epi-on top of
didymus-the twins
Definition
what does epididymus mean?
Term
head, body, tail
Definition
name the 3 parts of the epididymus
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing principle cells
Definition
what kind of epithelia lines the ducts of the epididymus?
Term
epididymus & the ear
Definition
where are the 2 places int he body sterocilia are found?
Term
stereocilia
Definition
long modified microvilli found on principle cells
Term
principle cells
Definition
what cells are involved in the resorption of seminal fluid and secrete glycerophosphocholine?
Term
inhibits capacitation of sperm in the male reproductive tract
Definition
function of glycerophosphocholine
Term
secretion, absorption, phagocytosis
Definition
functions of the epithelium in the epididymus
Term
ductus deferens(vas deferens)
Definition
what the epididymus empties into
Term
ductus deferens
Definition
conducts sperm from the epididymus to the urethra
Term
there is a gradual transition from tall, pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the head to shorter pseudostratified epithelium in the tail
Definition
what kind of epithelia lines the vas deferens
Term
ampulla
Definition
name the dilated distal portion of the ductus deferens that unites wiht the ducts from the seminal vessicles
Term
ejaculatory ducts
Definition
what does the ampulla of the ductus deferencs turn into when the seminal vessicles ducts join it
Term
has 3 smooth muscle layers
inner and outer longitudinal with intermediate circular layer
Definition
describe the muscularis externa of the ducts from the ampulla to the urethra (ejaculatory duct)
Term
sympathetics cause the peristaltic contractions here during ejaculation
Definition
how is the muscluaris externa of the ejaculatory ducts innervated?
Term
mitosis (usually in somatic cell division)
Definition
formation of two daughter cells that are identical to the original diploid parent cell
Term
mitosis (usually in somatic cell division)
Definition
formation of two daughter cells that are identical to the original diploid parent cell
Term
meiosis/gametogenesis
Definition
in this process four genetically unique daughter cells are produced called gametes
Term
polar bodies
Definition
in females 2 or 3 gametes degenerate to form this
Term
zygote
Definition
fusion of a male and female gamete leads to this
Term
testosterone and FSH
Definition
what hormones control spermatogenic cells?
Term
1) diet
2) infections
3) increased testicular temperature
4) steroid hormones
5) various drugs, toxins and mutagens
Definition
besides hormones what affects spermatogenesis?
Term
herbicides and pesticides decrease sperm count
Definition
why do men in rural communities have lower sperm counts?
Term
spermatogonia
Definition
what are the primordial germ cells of males called?
Term
mato: when spermatogonia undergo meiosis and differentiate to form male gametes

MIO: when spermatozoa become motile
Definition
what is sperMATOgenesis? what is sperMIOgenesis?
Term
70 days
Definition
how long does it take for a spermatogonia to fully mature?
Term
the basal layer
Definition
where are spermatogonia found in the seminiferous epithelium?
Term
abundant cytoplasm, large round/oval nuclei
Definition
describe the cytoplasm and nuclei of spermatogonia
Term
1) spermatogonial phase
2) spermatocyte phase
3) spermatid phase
Definition
what are the 3 phases of sperMATOgenesis?
Term
mitotic amplification involving spermatogonia
Definition
what happens in the spermatogonial phase of spermatogenesis?
Term
meiosis involving primary and secondary spermatocytes
Definition
what happens in the spermatocyte phase of spermatogenesis?
Term
spermiogenesis involving spermatids which turn into motile spermatozoa
Definition
what happens in the spermatid phase of spermatogenesis?
Term
1) Type A dark(Ad)
2) Type A pale(Ap)
3) Type B
Definition
what are the 3 types of spermatogonia?
Term
nuclei: ovoid
nucleolus: peripheral
stain: dark basophillic chromatin
Definition
describe the nuclei, staining properties and nucleolus of Type A dark spermatogonia
Term
nuclei: ovoid
nucleolus: peripheral
stain: pale staining chromatin
Definition
describe the nuclei, staining properties and nucleolus of Type A pale spermatogonia
Term
nuclei: spherical
nucleolus: central
stain: dispersed, pale chromatin
Definition
describe the nuclei, staining properties and nucleolus of Type B spermatogonia
Term
Type Ad (A dark)
Definition
which spermatogonia are thought to be undifferentiated stem cells?
Term
Ap (Type A pale)
Definition
which spermatogonia are committed to differentiate into sperm?
Term
they are connected by thin, cytoplasmic bridges that remain intact throughout the spermatocyte phase and most of the spermatid phase
Definition
when type A pale spermatogonia undergo mitosis to increase cell number, how are the cells connected, and how long?
Term
type B
Definition
what type of spermatogonia is formed after several mitotic divisions?
Term
Type A dark -> Type A pale -> Type B
Definition
describe the progression of types of spermatogoina
Term
primary spermatocytes
Definition
what are spermatogonia called when they enter the first phase of meiosis?
Term
aka pachytene spermatocytes

nuclei have a grainy appearance due to condensed chromatin in prophase 1
Definition
describe the nuclei of primary spermatocytes, what is another name for them?
Term
thick
Definition
what does pachy mean?
Term
prophase 1
Definition
when do homologous chromosomes form tetrads that are formed from 4 tetrads that do crossing over?
Term
no
Definition
do sperm have an s phase?
Term
3 weeks, then called secondary spermatocytes
Definition
how long does the first meiotic division of a sperm take to complete? what are the primary spermatocytes called at this point?
Term
they enter prophase 2 with no new DNA synthesis
Definition
what do secondary spermatocytes do immediately after they are made?
Term
forms 4 haploid spermatids
Definition
what are secondary spermatocytes called at the end of the second meiotic division?
Term
small cytoplasma, small, round, dark staining nuclei
Definition
describe the cytoplasm/nucleus of spermatids
Term
estrogen and FSH
Definition
what hormones control the spermatid phase(spermiogenesis)?
Term
the spermatid phase
Definition
what occurs when the spermatids are physically attached to Sertoli cells?
Term
spermatozoa
Definition
non-motile, haploid spermatids from the second meiotic division undergo further development to become what?
Term
they become smaller and more elongate (bullet shaped)
Definition
when spermatids become spermatozoa, what happens to the nuclei?
Term
Golgi phase
Definition
in what part of the spermatid phase do spermatids develop a head and tail?
Term
pro-acrosomal granules containing glycoproteins coalesce into the acrosomal vesicle adjacent to the nucleus and this becomes the anterior (head) end of the spermatid
Definition
how does the head of a sperm form?
Term
centrioles migrate to the posterior end of the spermatid and initiate synthesis of microtubules to form the axonemal complex (which moves to form the flagellum of the tail)
Definition
how does the tail end of the sperm form?
Term
cap phase
Definition
in what part of the spermatid phase does the beginning of the acrosome form?
Term
nuclear contents condense then the acrosomal vesicle spreads and undergoes a conformational change to form the acrosomal cap which contains carbohydrates and hydrolytic enzymes
Definition
how does the acrosomal cap form?
Term
acrosomal reaction
Definition
the reaction that occurs when the sperm first contacts the zona pellucida of the egg that facilitates sperm penetration
Term
the acrosomal (last) phase
Definition
in what part of the spermatid phase do the mid piece and acrosome of the sperm completely form?
Term
they are embedded in Sertoli cells with the tails in the lumen of seminiferous tubules
Definition
where are the heads of spermatids embedded?
Term
the acrosome
Definition
when the nucleus elongates and large granules diffuse throughout the acrosomal cap, what structure is completely formed?
Term
manchette
Definition
____ assists in spermatid elongation when microtubules surround the posterior portion of acrosome and extend caudally into the cytoplasm they arrange into a sheath called the _______
Term
centrioles migrate, becomes the connecting piece/neck region of the spermatid
Definition
what migrates the the posterior margin of the nucleus to form the axoneme of the tail? what does the axoneme become modified into?
Term
middle piece, principle piece, and endpiece
Definition
what are the parts of the tail of a sperm?
Term
mitochondria migrate to form a helical sheath around the axoneme
Definition
what happens in the sperm when the manchette disappears?
Term
the mitochondria forming the helical sheath around the axoneme
Definition
what does the midpiece of the sperm form from?
Term
a fibrous sheath surrounding the bulk of the flagellum (except the caudal most end piece)
Definition
what forms the principle piece of a sperm?
Term
1) golgi phase
2) cap phase
3) acrosomal phase
4) maturation phase
Definition
list the phases of the spermatid phase
Term
in the body of the epididymus (not the testis)
Definition
where does the maturation phase occur for spermatids?
Term
release of spermatozoa
Definition
what happens when excess cytoplasm is pinched off as a residual body, along with intercellular bridges which are phagocytosed by the Sertoli cells?
Term
2 weeks, in the epidydimis
Definition
how long does it take a spermatoazoa to become motile? where does this occur?
Term
after capacitation in the female reproductive tract (removal of the glycocalyx)
Definition
when do sperm become capable of ferilization?
Term
glycerophosphocholine secreted by the epididymus
Definition
what inhibits capacitation in the male reproductive tract?
Term
60 um long and 3 um wide at the head
Definition
how long/wide is a mature sperm?
Term
head
Definition
part of the sperm anatomy made primarily of the nucleus and acrosomal vesicle
Term
neck of the sperm
Definition
short segment of the sperm anatomy that contains centrioles and gives rise to the axoneme that produces flagellum of the tail
Term
midpiece
Definition
part of sperm anatomy that contains large numbers of mitochondria for locomotion
Term
tail
Definition
par of the sperm anatomy that contain flagellum and microtubules of axonemal complex for locomotion
Term
semen
Definition
contains mature sperm and secretory products of accessory sex glands
Term
high, it is alkaline to neutralize the acidic pH of the female reproductive tract
Definition
what is the pH of semen?
Term
3.5 mL or 1 tsp
Definition
what is the average volume of ejaculate?
Term
50-100 million sperm/ml so ~420 million sperm/ejaculate
Definition
what is the average amount of sperm per mL, per ejaculate?
Term
20 million sperm or less per ejaculate (can't do medieval warfare with one guy with a flag, have to storm the castle)
Definition
what is considered infertile?
Term
5
Definition
how many calories per ejaculate are there on average?
Term
1-4 mm/min
Definition
what is the average sperm velocity?
Term
25% & 25% for a total of 50% of sperm being functionless
Definition
how many sperm have abnormal morphology, how many are immotile?
Term
males: several weeks
females: just 2-3 days
Definition
how long do sperm live in the epididymis in males? how long do they live in females?
Term
sperm have to take their coat off to go faster (capacitation)
Definition
what is the origin of streaking?
Term
cryptorchidism
Definition
what is the term for undescended abdominal testes?
Term
there is degeneration of tubular epithelium, possibly due to high intra-abdominal temperature
Definition
why does cryptorchidism lead to sterility?
Term
seminoma
Definition
name for a tumor of the germinal epithelium
Term
seminoma
Definition
what is the most common type of testicular tumor?
Term
seminoma (forms a teratoma)
Definition
what type of testicular tumor can differentiate into any tissue type, as the cells are totipotent?
Term
leydig/interstitial cell tumor
Definition
rare tumor that can increase testosterone production 100X depending on whether the tumor is functional or not
Term
Sertoli cell tumor
Definition
rare tumor associated with intra-abdominal testis, that may present clinically with elevated estrogen production, sometimes with feminization
Term
muscularis externa
Definition
all accessory sex glands have this for contraction following sympathetic stimulation during ejaculation
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Definition
what kind of epithelia lines seminal vesicles?
Term
seminal vessicles
Definition
what secretes a yellowish, viscid, alkaline fluid rich in sugars (esp. fructose)?
Term
1) sugars (esp. fructose)
2) amino acids
3) ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
4) prostaglandins
Definition
what is found in the product of seminal vesicles?
Term
seminal vesicles
Definition
what structure has a honeycomb appearance on histological examination?
Term
the prostate
Definition
what is the largest male accessory sex gland?
Term
1-2" in diameter
Definition
how big is the prostate normally?
Term
tubuloalveolar gland with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with thick fibroelastic capsule and an incomplete septa
Definition
what kind of glands/epithelium is found in the prostate?
Term
transitional, the rest is stratified squamous
Definition
what kind of epithelium lines the prostatic urethra? what about the rest of the urethra?
Term
urethra crest, aka seminal colliculus, aka verumontanum
Definition
raised floor of the prostatic urethra forms a ridge called the ___ ____
Term
about half of it
Definition
how much of the seminal fluid is produced by the prostate?
Term
thin, milky secretion rich in citric acid & hydrolytic enzymes(fibrinolysin), and acid phosphatase
Definition
describe the secretion product of the prostate
Term
liquifies semen
Definition
what does fibrinolysin do?
Term
corpora amylacea aka prostatic sand
Definition
inspissated or calcified prostatic concretions that may develop with age
Term
corpora amalacia
Definition
coencentric, lamellated bodies formed by precipitation of secreted material that can be several mm in diameter
Term
benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia
Definition
tendency of the prostate to enlarge with age under the influence of testosterone
Term
the prostate has a thick inflexible capsule and can't expand outward so it presses in on the urethra
Definition
why does enlargement of the prostate cause urinary issues?
Term
orchiotomy, or castration
Definition
how do you treat benign prostatic hypertrophy?
Term
BPH is smooth enlargement, adenocarcinoma causes the prostate to be lumpy/bumpy on rectal digital exam
Definition
what is the difference between BPH and adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
Term
rectal palpation or PSA (prostate specific antigen)
Definition
how are prostate adenocarcinomas detected?
Term
adenoma
Definition
which is more benign, adenocarcinoma or adenoma?
Term
Cowper's glands
Definition
another name for bulbourethral glands
Term
bulbourethral glands
Definition
paired pea-sized glands located in the urogenital diaphragm
Term
they are tubuloalveolar glands with simple columnar epithelium
Definition
what kind of epithelium do the bulbourethral glands have?
Term
pre-seminal fluid rich in sugars, that provide energy for sperm
Definition
describe the product of the bulbourethral glands?
Term
penis
Definition
contains 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue surrounded by dense connective tissue tunic
Term
tunica albuginea
Definition
what is the CT tunic directly around the erectile tissues of the penis?
Term
corpora cavernosum (paried) & corpus spongiosum (with the urethra)
Definition
name the erectile tissues of the penis, which contains the urethra?
Term
stratified columnar epithelium
Definition
what epithelium lines the penile urethra
Term
the distal expansion of the corpus spongiosum
Definition
what forms the glans penis?
Term
paraurethral mucus glands
Definition
what lubricates the penile urethra
Term
urethral meatus
Definition
what is the external opening of the urethra on the glans called
Term
a thin layer of smooth muscle continuous with the dartos and skin(prepuce/foreskin)
Definition
what covers the glans of the penis?
Term
the helicine artery
Definition
what supplies the vascular sinuses of the corpora in the penis?
Term
parasympathetics
Definition
what branch of the ANS does dilation of the arteries and engorgement of the vascular sinuses of the penis leading to erection?
Term
sympathetic
Definition
what branch of the ANS when stimulated causes ejaculation?
Term
hypodermis
Definition
loose CT beneath the skin of the penis
Term
erectile dysfunction
Definition
characterized by inability to develop or maintain erection
Term
hormonal, neurological, psychogenic factors or HTN
Definition
what can cause erectile dysfunction?
Term
Viagra!
Definition
what does Morrow say the treatment for ED is?
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