Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
1) duct system 2) blood vessels 3) nerves 4) lymphatics |
|
Definition
what migrates with the testes from the urogenital ridge on posterior wal of the abdomen to the scrotum during development? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
what blood vessels supplies each testis? |
|
|
Term
venous pampiniform plexus |
|
Definition
what is the name of the veins accompanying each testicular artery? |
|
|
Term
1) testicular artery 2) venous pampiniform plexus 3) ductus deferens 4) testicular nerve(s) 5) lymphatic vessels |
|
Definition
what are the contents of the spermatic cord? |
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|
Term
rete = net in latin it is the same things as the venous pampiniform plexus and serves as a countercurrent heat exchanger |
|
Definition
what is the purpose of the rete mirable? |
|
|
Term
because spermatogenesis requires temperatures 2-3 degress below body temp |
|
Definition
why do you need a countercurrent heat exchanger in the testes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what is the outer testicular covering that also goes into the spermatic cord? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extension of ther peritoneum with visceral and parietal layers that forms a sack/bag around the testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thick fibrous connective tissue capsule (serosa) that adheres to the testes |
|
|
Term
extensions of the tunica albuginea testis extend into the body of the testes forming the CT septa |
|
Definition
what forms the septa between the lobules of a testicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what does vagina translate to from latin? |
|
|
Term
within each lobule of the testes |
|
Definition
where are seminiferous tubules found? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what type of epithelium is found on seminiferous tubules? |
|
|
Term
spermatogenic cells & Sertoli cells |
|
Definition
what are the 2 cell types found in seminiferous tubules? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
cells of the testes that replicate and differentiate into sperm |
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|
Term
Sertoli cells (Morrow says they are more like pyramidal or wedge shaped) |
|
Definition
"columnar" supporting or sustentacular cells in the testes |
|
|
Term
in the basal epithelium of the tubules |
|
Definition
what part of the seminiferous tubules contains the Sertoli cells? |
|
|
Term
they are large cells with a triangular nucleus and a prominent nucleolus |
|
Definition
describe the nucleus/nucleolus of Sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
anti-Mullerian hormone, prevents development of Mullerian ducts & female reproductive system |
|
Definition
what do Sertoli cells secrete during fetal development? what does this do? |
|
|
Term
they act as support or "nurse" cells for the devlopming spermatogonia |
|
Definition
what is the purpose of Sertoli cells after puberty? |
|
|
Term
gap junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes & Junctional complexes |
|
Definition
how are Sertoli cells bound together? |
|
|
Term
junctional complexes between Sertoli cells |
|
Definition
what divides the seminiferous tubules into a basal and luminal compartment? |
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|
Term
1)they have an extensive ER with lots of flat cisternae (makes membrane) 2) hexagonally arranged actin filaments between the ER and plasma membrane to help maintain structure |
|
Definition
what supports the giant cell membrane of Sertoli cells? |
|
|
Term
basal layer of the seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
where does spermatogenesis occur? where are primary spermatocytes restricted to? |
|
|
Term
luminal compartment (As separated by the sertoli cells) |
|
Definition
what layer of the seminiferous tubules are mature spermatocytes and spermatics found in? |
|
|
Term
the sertoli cell junctional complex
- this allows physiological compartmentalization of the seminiferous epithelium so pre-mature spermatogonia & their antigens do not get out into the circulation |
|
Definition
what forms the blood testes barrier? what is its function? |
|
|
Term
production of sperm specific antibodies, remember the purpose of the barrier is to keep sperm from being attacked by the body |
|
Definition
what happens if the blood-tesis barrier fails? |
|
|
Term
endo: secrete inhibin which regulates FSH release from the anterior petuitary
exo: secrete androgen binding protein to concentrate testosterone in the seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
what are the endocrine functions of Sertolic cells? what are the exocrine functions? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what hormone is necessary for ABP secretion? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what stimulates Sertoli cells to initiate spermatogenesis at puberty? |
|
|
Term
myofibroblasts (they have some contractile action and are found around glandular ascini) |
|
Definition
what cells surround the seminiferous tubules that produce collagen & elastin fibers for structural support? |
|
|
Term
interstitial or Leydig cells |
|
Definition
what cells, found in the interstitial space between seminiferous tubules secrete sex hromones? |
|
|
Term
LH from the posterior petuitary mostly |
|
Definition
what causes Leydig cells to secrete testosterone? |
|
|
Term
1) important for normal embryological develoment of male reproductive tract
2) also does growth and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
why is testosterone important during male develoment? |
|
|
Term
1) accessory glansd 2) genetalia 3) increased muscle mass and repair 4) increased bone deposition (osteogenic) 5) increased RBC production (increases hematocrit) |
|
Definition
describe some of the secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
ABP (androgen binding protein) |
|
Definition
why is the level of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules 200 x more than the circulating blood levels? |
|
|
Term
Leydig cells of adult, male mammals
their function is unknown |
|
Definition
where are crystals of Reinke found? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where do seminiferous tubules converge? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where do seminiferous tubules converge? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what type of epithelium is found in the rete testes? |
|
|
Term
they go to efferent ductules lined by 1) ciliated columnar epithelium & 2) nonciliated columnar epithlium that resorbs excess seminal fluid to help concentrate it |
|
Definition
where do sperm go from the rete testes and what type of epithelial cells are found there? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where do sperm become motile? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collecting/storage area for mature spermatazoa |
|
|
Term
epi-on top of didymus-the twins |
|
Definition
what does epididymus mean? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
name the 3 parts of the epididymus |
|
|
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing principle cells |
|
Definition
what kind of epithelia lines the ducts of the epididymus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where are the 2 places int he body sterocilia are found? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long modified microvilli found on principle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what cells are involved in the resorption of seminal fluid and secrete glycerophosphocholine? |
|
|
Term
inhibits capacitation of sperm in the male reproductive tract |
|
Definition
function of glycerophosphocholine |
|
|
Term
secretion, absorption, phagocytosis |
|
Definition
functions of the epithelium in the epididymus |
|
|
Term
ductus deferens(vas deferens) |
|
Definition
what the epididymus empties into |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conducts sperm from the epididymus to the urethra |
|
|
Term
there is a gradual transition from tall, pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the head to shorter pseudostratified epithelium in the tail |
|
Definition
what kind of epithelia lines the vas deferens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
name the dilated distal portion of the ductus deferens that unites wiht the ducts from the seminal vessicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what does the ampulla of the ductus deferencs turn into when the seminal vessicles ducts join it |
|
|
Term
has 3 smooth muscle layers inner and outer longitudinal with intermediate circular layer |
|
Definition
describe the muscularis externa of the ducts from the ampulla to the urethra (ejaculatory duct) |
|
|
Term
sympathetics cause the peristaltic contractions here during ejaculation |
|
Definition
how is the muscluaris externa of the ejaculatory ducts innervated? |
|
|
Term
mitosis (usually in somatic cell division) |
|
Definition
formation of two daughter cells that are identical to the original diploid parent cell |
|
|
Term
mitosis (usually in somatic cell division) |
|
Definition
formation of two daughter cells that are identical to the original diploid parent cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in this process four genetically unique daughter cells are produced called gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in females 2 or 3 gametes degenerate to form this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fusion of a male and female gamete leads to this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what hormones control spermatogenic cells? |
|
|
Term
1) diet 2) infections 3) increased testicular temperature 4) steroid hormones 5) various drugs, toxins and mutagens |
|
Definition
besides hormones what affects spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
herbicides and pesticides decrease sperm count |
|
Definition
why do men in rural communities have lower sperm counts? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what are the primordial germ cells of males called? |
|
|
Term
mato: when spermatogonia undergo meiosis and differentiate to form male gametes
MIO: when spermatozoa become motile |
|
Definition
what is sperMATOgenesis? what is sperMIOgenesis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how long does it take for a spermatogonia to fully mature? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where are spermatogonia found in the seminiferous epithelium? |
|
|
Term
abundant cytoplasm, large round/oval nuclei |
|
Definition
describe the cytoplasm and nuclei of spermatogonia |
|
|
Term
1) spermatogonial phase 2) spermatocyte phase 3) spermatid phase |
|
Definition
what are the 3 phases of sperMATOgenesis? |
|
|
Term
mitotic amplification involving spermatogonia |
|
Definition
what happens in the spermatogonial phase of spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
meiosis involving primary and secondary spermatocytes |
|
Definition
what happens in the spermatocyte phase of spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
spermiogenesis involving spermatids which turn into motile spermatozoa |
|
Definition
what happens in the spermatid phase of spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
1) Type A dark(Ad) 2) Type A pale(Ap) 3) Type B |
|
Definition
what are the 3 types of spermatogonia? |
|
|
Term
nuclei: ovoid nucleolus: peripheral stain: dark basophillic chromatin |
|
Definition
describe the nuclei, staining properties and nucleolus of Type A dark spermatogonia |
|
|
Term
nuclei: ovoid nucleolus: peripheral stain: pale staining chromatin |
|
Definition
describe the nuclei, staining properties and nucleolus of Type A pale spermatogonia |
|
|
Term
nuclei: spherical nucleolus: central stain: dispersed, pale chromatin |
|
Definition
describe the nuclei, staining properties and nucleolus of Type B spermatogonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which spermatogonia are thought to be undifferentiated stem cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which spermatogonia are committed to differentiate into sperm? |
|
|
Term
they are connected by thin, cytoplasmic bridges that remain intact throughout the spermatocyte phase and most of the spermatid phase |
|
Definition
when type A pale spermatogonia undergo mitosis to increase cell number, how are the cells connected, and how long? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what type of spermatogonia is formed after several mitotic divisions? |
|
|
Term
Type A dark -> Type A pale -> Type B |
|
Definition
describe the progression of types of spermatogoina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what are spermatogonia called when they enter the first phase of meiosis? |
|
|
Term
aka pachytene spermatocytes
nuclei have a grainy appearance due to condensed chromatin in prophase 1 |
|
Definition
describe the nuclei of primary spermatocytes, what is another name for them? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when do homologous chromosomes form tetrads that are formed from 4 tetrads that do crossing over? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
do sperm have an s phase? |
|
|
Term
3 weeks, then called secondary spermatocytes |
|
Definition
how long does the first meiotic division of a sperm take to complete? what are the primary spermatocytes called at this point? |
|
|
Term
they enter prophase 2 with no new DNA synthesis |
|
Definition
what do secondary spermatocytes do immediately after they are made? |
|
|
Term
forms 4 haploid spermatids |
|
Definition
what are secondary spermatocytes called at the end of the second meiotic division? |
|
|
Term
small cytoplasma, small, round, dark staining nuclei |
|
Definition
describe the cytoplasm/nucleus of spermatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what hormones control the spermatid phase(spermiogenesis)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what occurs when the spermatids are physically attached to Sertoli cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
non-motile, haploid spermatids from the second meiotic division undergo further development to become what? |
|
|
Term
they become smaller and more elongate (bullet shaped) |
|
Definition
when spermatids become spermatozoa, what happens to the nuclei? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in what part of the spermatid phase do spermatids develop a head and tail? |
|
|
Term
pro-acrosomal granules containing glycoproteins coalesce into the acrosomal vesicle adjacent to the nucleus and this becomes the anterior (head) end of the spermatid |
|
Definition
how does the head of a sperm form? |
|
|
Term
centrioles migrate to the posterior end of the spermatid and initiate synthesis of microtubules to form the axonemal complex (which moves to form the flagellum of the tail) |
|
Definition
how does the tail end of the sperm form? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in what part of the spermatid phase does the beginning of the acrosome form? |
|
|
Term
nuclear contents condense then the acrosomal vesicle spreads and undergoes a conformational change to form the acrosomal cap which contains carbohydrates and hydrolytic enzymes |
|
Definition
how does the acrosomal cap form? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the reaction that occurs when the sperm first contacts the zona pellucida of the egg that facilitates sperm penetration |
|
|
Term
the acrosomal (last) phase |
|
Definition
in what part of the spermatid phase do the mid piece and acrosome of the sperm completely form? |
|
|
Term
they are embedded in Sertoli cells with the tails in the lumen of seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
where are the heads of spermatids embedded? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when the nucleus elongates and large granules diffuse throughout the acrosomal cap, what structure is completely formed? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
____ assists in spermatid elongation when microtubules surround the posterior portion of acrosome and extend caudally into the cytoplasm they arrange into a sheath called the _______ |
|
|
Term
centrioles migrate, becomes the connecting piece/neck region of the spermatid |
|
Definition
what migrates the the posterior margin of the nucleus to form the axoneme of the tail? what does the axoneme become modified into? |
|
|
Term
middle piece, principle piece, and endpiece |
|
Definition
what are the parts of the tail of a sperm? |
|
|
Term
mitochondria migrate to form a helical sheath around the axoneme |
|
Definition
what happens in the sperm when the manchette disappears? |
|
|
Term
the mitochondria forming the helical sheath around the axoneme |
|
Definition
what does the midpiece of the sperm form from? |
|
|
Term
a fibrous sheath surrounding the bulk of the flagellum (except the caudal most end piece) |
|
Definition
what forms the principle piece of a sperm? |
|
|
Term
1) golgi phase 2) cap phase 3) acrosomal phase 4) maturation phase |
|
Definition
list the phases of the spermatid phase |
|
|
Term
in the body of the epididymus (not the testis) |
|
Definition
where does the maturation phase occur for spermatids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what happens when excess cytoplasm is pinched off as a residual body, along with intercellular bridges which are phagocytosed by the Sertoli cells? |
|
|
Term
2 weeks, in the epidydimis |
|
Definition
how long does it take a spermatoazoa to become motile? where does this occur? |
|
|
Term
after capacitation in the female reproductive tract (removal of the glycocalyx) |
|
Definition
when do sperm become capable of ferilization? |
|
|
Term
glycerophosphocholine secreted by the epididymus |
|
Definition
what inhibits capacitation in the male reproductive tract? |
|
|
Term
60 um long and 3 um wide at the head |
|
Definition
how long/wide is a mature sperm? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of the sperm anatomy made primarily of the nucleus and acrosomal vesicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
short segment of the sperm anatomy that contains centrioles and gives rise to the axoneme that produces flagellum of the tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of sperm anatomy that contains large numbers of mitochondria for locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
par of the sperm anatomy that contain flagellum and microtubules of axonemal complex for locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains mature sperm and secretory products of accessory sex glands |
|
|
Term
high, it is alkaline to neutralize the acidic pH of the female reproductive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what is the average volume of ejaculate? |
|
|
Term
50-100 million sperm/ml so ~420 million sperm/ejaculate |
|
Definition
what is the average amount of sperm per mL, per ejaculate? |
|
|
Term
20 million sperm or less per ejaculate (can't do medieval warfare with one guy with a flag, have to storm the castle) |
|
Definition
what is considered infertile? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how many calories per ejaculate are there on average? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what is the average sperm velocity? |
|
|
Term
25% & 25% for a total of 50% of sperm being functionless |
|
Definition
how many sperm have abnormal morphology, how many are immotile? |
|
|
Term
males: several weeks females: just 2-3 days |
|
Definition
how long do sperm live in the epididymis in males? how long do they live in females? |
|
|
Term
sperm have to take their coat off to go faster (capacitation) |
|
Definition
what is the origin of streaking? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what is the term for undescended abdominal testes? |
|
|
Term
there is degeneration of tubular epithelium, possibly due to high intra-abdominal temperature |
|
Definition
why does cryptorchidism lead to sterility? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
name for a tumor of the germinal epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what is the most common type of testicular tumor? |
|
|
Term
seminoma (forms a teratoma) |
|
Definition
what type of testicular tumor can differentiate into any tissue type, as the cells are totipotent? |
|
|
Term
leydig/interstitial cell tumor |
|
Definition
rare tumor that can increase testosterone production 100X depending on whether the tumor is functional or not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rare tumor associated with intra-abdominal testis, that may present clinically with elevated estrogen production, sometimes with feminization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all accessory sex glands have this for contraction following sympathetic stimulation during ejaculation |
|
|
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
what kind of epithelia lines seminal vesicles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what secretes a yellowish, viscid, alkaline fluid rich in sugars (esp. fructose)? |
|
|
Term
1) sugars (esp. fructose) 2) amino acids 3) ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 4) prostaglandins |
|
Definition
what is found in the product of seminal vesicles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what structure has a honeycomb appearance on histological examination? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what is the largest male accessory sex gland? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how big is the prostate normally? |
|
|
Term
tubuloalveolar gland with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with thick fibroelastic capsule and an incomplete septa |
|
Definition
what kind of glands/epithelium is found in the prostate? |
|
|
Term
transitional, the rest is stratified squamous |
|
Definition
what kind of epithelium lines the prostatic urethra? what about the rest of the urethra? |
|
|
Term
urethra crest, aka seminal colliculus, aka verumontanum |
|
Definition
raised floor of the prostatic urethra forms a ridge called the ___ ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how much of the seminal fluid is produced by the prostate? |
|
|
Term
thin, milky secretion rich in citric acid & hydrolytic enzymes(fibrinolysin), and acid phosphatase |
|
Definition
describe the secretion product of the prostate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what does fibrinolysin do? |
|
|
Term
corpora amylacea aka prostatic sand |
|
Definition
inspissated or calcified prostatic concretions that may develop with age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coencentric, lamellated bodies formed by precipitation of secreted material that can be several mm in diameter |
|
|
Term
benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia |
|
Definition
tendency of the prostate to enlarge with age under the influence of testosterone |
|
|
Term
the prostate has a thick inflexible capsule and can't expand outward so it presses in on the urethra |
|
Definition
why does enlargement of the prostate cause urinary issues? |
|
|
Term
orchiotomy, or castration |
|
Definition
how do you treat benign prostatic hypertrophy? |
|
|
Term
BPH is smooth enlargement, adenocarcinoma causes the prostate to be lumpy/bumpy on rectal digital exam |
|
Definition
what is the difference between BPH and adenocarcinoma of the prostate? |
|
|
Term
rectal palpation or PSA (prostate specific antigen) |
|
Definition
how are prostate adenocarcinomas detected? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
which is more benign, adenocarcinoma or adenoma? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
another name for bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
paired pea-sized glands located in the urogenital diaphragm |
|
|
Term
they are tubuloalveolar glands with simple columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
what kind of epithelium do the bulbourethral glands have? |
|
|
Term
pre-seminal fluid rich in sugars, that provide energy for sperm |
|
Definition
describe the product of the bulbourethral glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue surrounded by dense connective tissue tunic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what is the CT tunic directly around the erectile tissues of the penis? |
|
|
Term
corpora cavernosum (paried) & corpus spongiosum (with the urethra) |
|
Definition
name the erectile tissues of the penis, which contains the urethra? |
|
|
Term
stratified columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
what epithelium lines the penile urethra |
|
|
Term
the distal expansion of the corpus spongiosum |
|
Definition
what forms the glans penis? |
|
|
Term
paraurethral mucus glands |
|
Definition
what lubricates the penile urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what is the external opening of the urethra on the glans called |
|
|
Term
a thin layer of smooth muscle continuous with the dartos and skin(prepuce/foreskin) |
|
Definition
what covers the glans of the penis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what supplies the vascular sinuses of the corpora in the penis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what branch of the ANS does dilation of the arteries and engorgement of the vascular sinuses of the penis leading to erection? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what branch of the ANS when stimulated causes ejaculation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loose CT beneath the skin of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characterized by inability to develop or maintain erection |
|
|
Term
hormonal, neurological, psychogenic factors or HTN |
|
Definition
what can cause erectile dysfunction? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what does Morrow say the treatment for ED is? |
|
|