physical protection

absorption

secretion

excretion

filtration

diffusion

sensory perception

1. number of cell layers related to the basement membrane

2. Surface cell shape

simple squamous- endothelia, mesothelia

simple cuboidal- grandular ducts, kidney tubules

simple columnar- intestines and gall bladder, oviduct

pseudostratified columnar epithelium- cilia and scattered mucous secreting goblet cells in the trachea 

stratified squamous- vagina, oral cavity

stratified cuboidal- rare, some large glands

transitional- urinary bladder

exocrine- secrete into ducts like sweat glands

endocrine- secrete into blood vessels (hormones)

merocrine- mild and most common (salivary glands)

apocrine-loss of apical cytoplasm (mammary glands)

holocrine- entire cell dies and is replaced (sebaceous)

"loose CT":

-areolar CT

-reticular CT

adipose tissue

'DENSE CT":

-dense regular CT

-eense irregular CT

elastic CT

hyaline

elastic

fibrocartilage

clear, glassy appearance

most abundant type

precursor for most bones

ex. rings of trachea

reinforced with collagenous fibers that withstand tension and compression

ex. intervertebral discs

abundant elastic fibers

flexible

similar to hyaline

ex. epiglottis

most rigid type of CT

2 types- dense and spongy

fluid ct

55% plasma, 45% formed elements (RBC, WBC, and thrombocytes)

made of contractile fibers

96% mesoderm

skeletal

cardiac

smooth

voluntary

striated

multinucleated fibers made of microfilaments (7 nm) forming repeating sarcomeres

involuntary

spindle shaped

one nucleus/cell

involuntary

striated

intercalated disces

one nucleus/cell

transmits impulses through body and is derived from ectoderm

2 types- neurons and glial cells

cell body

dendrites

axon

number of cellular projections

-unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar

supporting cells with 4 CNS types and 2 PNS types

CNS- astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells

PNS- schwann cells, satellite cells

skin is largest organ of body

covers 2 square meters

7% body wt.

1.4-4 mm thick

1. protection from disease

2. keratin minimizes water loss

3. temperature regulation controlled

4. metabolic reg. w/ synthesis of vit. D

5. immune system defense w/ Langerhan's cells

6. sensoru perception with curaneous receptors

7. excretion of water, salt, urea, and sebum

avascular

keratinized

stratified squamous

4-5 layers thick

.01-.12 mm thick

Epidermal layers

(from superficial to deep)

Stratum basale

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

single layer of mitotically active cells pelacing lsot cells

contact wi/ dermis via basement membrane

all living cells

stratum spinosum

(w/ stratum basale known as stratum germinativum)

several layers of polygonal cells w/ spinelike projections attaching cells together

limited mitotic activity

flattened cells w/ dark-staining keratohyaline granules

cell death of superficial layers results in keratinization

indistinct cells that appear clear

only found on thick skin

all cells are dead

20-30 layers of flattened, scalelike cells that flake off

hardened cells filled with keratin are all dead

increasing friction results in calluses

deeper and thicker

vascularized 

papillary layer (1/5 of dermis)

Meissner's copuscles reticular layer 

deepest layer of integument

not a layer of skin

vascularized

made of loose CT

found in hypodermis

fat cell

stores lipids

insulates

regualtes body temp.

features:

shaft

root

expanded bulb

anchored in hair follicle

medulla

cortex

cuticle

based on pigment

red hair from trichosiderin

lanugo- fetal hair

vellus- short, fine hair

terminal-includes definitive and angora(continuously grows) hair

1. oil-producing sebaceous glands found with hair follicles

2. sweat glands

-eccrine makes thin watery sweat used or cooling

-apocrine- thick milky sweat at puberty

3. "other"

-mammary and ceruminous glands

-milk-producing

-earwax producing

superficial periderm and deeper germinal layer

epidermis

hair,nails, glands

mesenchyme deep to germinal layer

dense, irregular CT w/ dermal papillae

dermis + hypodermis

interstitial

appositional

axial skeleton- skull, hyoid, rib cage, vertebrae

appendicular skeleton- pectoral gidle

arms, legs, pelvic girdle

1. support for soft tissues and protection for brain

2. movement for muscle attachments

3. hemopiesis- dev. of all elements of blood (spongy bone)

4. mineral storage and energy reserves, like calcium

1. long bones (limbs)

2. short bones (carpals, tarsals)

3. flat bones (scapula)

4. irregular bone ( vertebrae)

1. osteoprogenitor-stem cells derived from mesenchyme, will be osteoblast

2. osteoblast- secretes osteoid found in dev. bone and in periosteum

3. osteocyte- stellate shaped, inactive w/ cytoplasmic projections trammed in lacunae

4. oseoclast- enzyme that erodes bone tissue

produces flat bones of skull, mandible, etc.

only in a few bones

begins w/ hyaline cartilage and produces most bones

1. fibrous joints- lack joint cavity & held togther by CT

2. cartilaginous joints- lack joint cavity & held together by cartilage

3. synovial joint- has joint cavity 7 held together by ligaments

1. synarthroses- no movement, fibrous

2. amphiarthroses- slightly moveable, usually cartilaginous

3. diarthroses- freely moves, synovial

1. suture

2. synchondroses

3. gomphoses

1. synchondroses

2. symphyses

3. syndesmoses

1. joint capsule

2. synovial membrane

3. fluid-filled synovial cavity

4. articular cartilage

nonaxial- gliding, hinge, pivot

biaxial- condyloid, saddle

triaxial- ball & socket

1. excitability

2. contractility

3. extensibility

4. elasticity

1. body movement

2. temp. regulation

3. maintenace of posture

4. storage and movement of materials

5. support of organ position

endomysium

perimysium

epimysium

fascicle

fascia

Dark

thick and thin filaments

light

thin filaments

thick filaments only

halfway between z lines