Term
| What type of epithelium is in the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is in the vestibule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the epidermis? |
|
Definition
| Stratified Squamous Keratinized |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the endometrium? |
|
Definition
| Simple columnar [Pseudostratified patches in cow & sow] |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the cervix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the secretory alveoli of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
| Simple Columnar or Simple Cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the uterine tube/oviduct/fallopian tube? |
|
Definition
| Simple Columnar or Pseudostratified Ciliated |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the thyroid? |
|
Definition
| Low Cuboidal (Resting), High Cuboidal or Low Columnar (Stimulated) |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are primordial follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are primary follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the anterior epithelium of the cornea? |
|
Definition
| Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the posterior epithelium of the cornea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which germ layer are the primary tissues (epithelium & glands) of the digestive tube derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which germ layer is the connective & muscular tissue covering of the digestive system derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cephalic part of the primitive gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the caudal part of the primitive gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the middle part of the primitive gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the midgut remain temporarily attached to the yolk sac? |
|
Definition
| Vitelline Duct/Yolk Stalk |
|
|
Term
| What is the external ectodermal depression at the cranial most end of the foregut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The endoderm of the Cr end of the foregut is in contact with ectoderm of the stomodeum, thus producing a bilaminar __________ ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ectodermal depression at the caudal end of the hindgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the endoderm of the caudal hindgut & the proctodeal ectoderm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the stomodeum develop into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From where to where does the stomodeum extend? |
|
Definition
| From the oral opening to the buccopharyngeal membrane |
|
|
Term
| From where to where does the foregut extend? |
|
Definition
| From the buccopharyngeal membrane to the Cr intestinal portal |
|
|
Term
| What develops from the foregut? |
|
Definition
| Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Cr part of duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What is the longest part of the primitive gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the midgut between? |
|
Definition
| Cr & Ca intestinal portals (Later reduced to vitello-intestinal duct) |
|
|
Term
| What devlops from the midgut? |
|
Definition
| Ca part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, Cr part of colon |
|
|
Term
| From where to where does the hindgut extend? |
|
Definition
| Ca intestinal portal to cloacal membrane |
|
|
Term
| What develops from the hindgut? |
|
Definition
| Ca part of colon & rectum |
|
|
Term
| From where to where does the proctodeum extend? |
|
Definition
| Cloacal membrane to external opening |
|
|
Term
| What develops from the proctodeum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which side of the stomach grows faster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the dorsal & ventral sides of the stomach, respectively? |
|
Definition
| Greater & Lesser Curvatures |
|
|
Term
| What does the first rotation along the cranio-caudal axis shift? |
|
Definition
| Shifts greater curvature to left |
|
|
Term
| What does the second rotation along the dorso-ventral axis shift? |
|
Definition
| Shifts Ca end of stomach to R side & Cr |
|
|
Term
| What arises as a local bulge near the Cr end of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way is the greater curvature ultimately directed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way is the lesser curvature ultimately directed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the D & V mesogastrium become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From what does the spleen develop? |
|
Definition
| Mesoderm of the dorsal mesogastrium |
|
|
Term
| What joins the spleen with the greater curvature of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many gallons does the rumen hold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the greater & lesser curvatures called in the ruminant stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rumen develops as an outgrowth of the _____ surface of the _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reticulum develops as a _____ _____ bulge at the origin of the rumen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The omasum develops from the _____ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _____ part of the simple stomach forms the abomasum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the central axis from which the 4 compartments of the rumniant stomach develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In _______, the rumen & reticulum together have ~1/2 the capacity of the abomasum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ______, the combined capacity of the rumen & reticulum is equal to that of the abomasum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ______, the rumen & reticulum together have 2x the capacity of the abomasum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At ~______ yrs, the omasal capacity ~ equals the abomasal capacity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rumen comprises ____% of the large ruminant stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rumen comprises ____% of the small ruminant stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reticulum comprises ____% of the large ruminant stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reticulum comprises ____% of the small ruminant stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The omasum comprises ____% of the large ruminant stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The omasum comprises ____% of the small ruminant stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The abomasum comprises ____% of the large ruminant stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The abomasum comprises ____% of the small ruminant stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smallest chamber of the stomach in large ruminants is the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smallest chamber of the stomach in small ruminants is the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapid elongation of the gut & its mesentery results in formation of the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The intestinal loop enters the ______ in the umbilical cord b/c of insufficient space in the abd cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Cr limb of the intestinal loop develop into? |
|
Definition
| Distal Duodenum, Jejunum, part of Ileum |
|
|
Term
| What does the Ca limb of the intestinal loop develop into? |
|
Definition
| Lower Ileum, Cecum, Ascending Colon, part of Transverse Colon |
|
|
Term
| Which limb of the intestinal loop elongates more rapidly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The asymmetrical expansion of one part of the gut causes the intestinal loop to rotate ______, around the ______. |
|
Definition
| 290 degrees, Cr mesenteric a. |
|
|
Term
| As the herniated intestinal loop returns to the abd cavity, fusion occurs between the mesentery suspending the ______ & ______. |
|
Definition
| Ascending Duodenum, Descending Colon |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is the ascending colon short & straight, followed by transverse & descending colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animal does the ascending colon develop into an elongated loop which grows & coils to form proximal, spiral, & distal loops of the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ruminants, the ascending colon forms the _____,_____, & _____ loops of the colon. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animal does the spiral loop develop 2 centripetal turns, 2 centrifugal turns, & the central flexure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has 3 centripetal & 3 centrifugal turns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animal does the ascending colon form 2 limbs (V & D ascending colon)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animal does the ascending colon develop into centripetal & centrifugal coils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood supply to the foregut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood supply to the midgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the blood supply to the hindgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for local narrowing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for closure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals may experience intestinal stenosis & atresia? |
|
Definition
| Puppies, Kittens, Foals, Calves |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for imperforate anus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals may experience atresia ani? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of anal membrane to break down |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for counter-rotation of the gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an abnormality in the development of the urorectal septum that permits communication btw rectum & urogenital sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals may experience Meckel's Diverticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for persistence of the vitello-intestinal duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is failure of retraction of the midgut loop, producing a congenital hernia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the conditon allowing urine to be excreted from a tube at the umbilicus? |
|
Definition
| Patent Urachus/Urachal Fistula |
|
|
Term
| What is formed at the junction of the hindgut & allantois? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the urorectal septum separate? |
|
Definition
| Separates the cloaca into the D rectum & V urogenital sinus |
|
|
Term
| When the urorectal septum contacts the cloacal membrane, what does it separate? |
|
Definition
| D Anal Membrane & V Urogenital Membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the tissue between the D anal membrane & V urogenital membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enlarges to form the bladder? |
|
Definition
| Prox part of allantois + Cr portion of urogenital sinus |
|
|
Term
| What is the remainder of the allantois once the bladder is formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What degenerates to form the continuity with the derivatives of the proctodeum? |
|
Definition
| Anal Membrane & Urogenital Membrane |
|
|
Term
| What ruptures to form the continuity of the digestive tube from the mouth to the anus? |
|
Definition
| Buccopharyngeal & Cloacal Membranes |
|
|
Term
| What is the ventral outgrowth of the gut endoderm at the terminal part of the foregut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the hepatic bud/diverticulum develop into? |
|
Definition
| Pars Hepatica & Pars Cystica |
|
|
Term
| What develops from Pars Hepatica? |
|
Definition
| Liver Parenchyma (liver cords) & Hepatic Ducts |
|
|
Term
| What develops from Pars Cystica? |
|
Definition
| Gall Bladder & Cystic Duct |
|
|
Term
| Pars cystica is absent in what animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms hepatic sinusoids? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial liver cords intermingled w/ vitelline vv. |
|
|
Term
| What do liver cords differentiate into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Kupffer cells & CT cells of the liver derived from? |
|
Definition
| Mesoderm of the septum transversum |
|
|
Term
| What joins to form the bile duct? |
|
Definition
| Hepatic duct & Cystic duct |
|
|
Term
| Where does the bile duct open into the duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Initially, the hepatic diverticulum is from the ___ side of the foregut, & is later brought to the ___ surface of the duodenum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CT capsule & lig's of the liver derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the left lobe of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What duct enters the duodenum at the site of the dorsal pancreatic diverticulum? |
|
Definition
| Accessory Pancreatic Duct |
|
|
Term
| What forms the right lobe of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the duct of the pancreatic diverticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the pancreatic duct open into the duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the L lobe of the pancreas associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the R lobe of the pancreas associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the endocrine part of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the exocrine part of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals have a large pancreatic duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals have a small pancreatic duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animal is the pancreatic duct absent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have a large accessory pancreatic duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have a small accessory pancreatic duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals is the accessory pancreatic duct absent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The respiratory diverticulum (lung bud) appears as an outgrowth from the ___ wall of the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Internal lining & glands of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs is entirely ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cartilaginous & muscular components of the respiratory system derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are pulmonary macrophages developed from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the longitudinal diverticulum of the endodermal epithelial cells growing ventrally from the foregut in the median plane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the longitudinal diverticulum of the endodermal epithelial cells growing ventrally from the foregut in the median plane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what direction does the laryngotracheal groove grow? |
|
Definition
| Ventrally & Caudally into the splanchnic mesoderm beneath the foregut |
|
|
Term
| What is the partition formed by ridges of mesenchyme proliferating on both sides of the laryngo-tracheal groove? |
|
Definition
| Tracheo-esophageal septum |
|
|
Term
| How does the tracheo-esophageal septum divide the foregut? |
|
Definition
| Into D esophagus & V portion (Laryngo-tracheal tube & lung bud) |
|
|
Term
| In what animals does a tracheal bronchus develop on the R side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the tracheal bronchus ventilate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order of the bronchial tree? |
|
Definition
| Principal Bronchi --> Lobar Bronchi --> Segmental Bronchi --> Bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional parenchymal unit at the end of the duct system of the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the surfactant produced by alveoli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does surfactant do in alveoli? |
|
Definition
| Reduces surface tension & maintains patency of the lumen |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when the umbilical blood ceases to flow to the fetus? |
|
Definition
| Decrease of O2; Increase of CO2 in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What does the decreased O2/increased CO2 in the blood of the fetus stimulate? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory centers in the medulla |
|
|
Term
| Sudden expansion of the lungs produces a marked pulmonary _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the lungs expand, the ductus arteriosus _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the onset of inspiration, what happens to blood from the pulmonary trunk that prenatally flowed through the ductus arteriosus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What develops earlier - the heart or lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In direct flow of respiratory fluid removal from the newborn, fluid goes: |
|
Definition
| To the pharynx & oral cavity |
|
|
Term
| In absorption of fluid in the newborn, respiratory fluid goes: |
|
Definition
| into the pulmonary lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 routes of respiratory fluid removal? |
|
Definition
| Direct flow, Evaporation, Absorption |
|
|
Term
| What is the mesenchymal tissue surrounding each common cardinal v? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way do the pleuropericardial folds grow, and what is formed by their fusion? |
|
Definition
| Medially; Pleuropericardial Septum |
|
|
Term
| What is the heavy sheath surrounding the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal may experience tracheal hypoplasia or tracheal stenosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a primary defect in cartilage morphogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Tracheal Hypoplasia/Tracheal Stenosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for improper separation of the Ca portion of the laryngotracheal groove from the foregut? |
|
Definition
| Tracheo-esophageal Fistula |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the lungs not developing fully? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a cause of Respiratory Distress Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Cerebral Hypoxia caused by insufficient respiratory function |
|
|
Term
| What is a side effect of respiratory distress syndrome in foals? |
|
Definition
| Seizures & Barking sounds (Barker Foal Syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| What does the ovary produce? |
|
Definition
| Ova & Ovarian hormones (estrogen & progesterone) |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the ovary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ovary's surface epithelium derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lies immediately below the ovary's surface epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animal are the cortex & medulla of the ovary reversed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the cortex of the ovary? |
|
Definition
| Follicles & Corpora Lutea embedded in Loose CT |
|
|
Term
| What do primordial follicles consist of? |
|
Definition
| Primary Oocyte surrounded by simple sq. epith. of Follicular Cells |
|
|
Term
| What do primary follicles consist of? |
|
Definition
| Primary Oocyte + simple cuboidal epith. of Follicular Cells |
|
|
Term
| What do secondary follicles consist of? |
|
Definition
| Primary Oocyte + Str. epith. of Polyhedral Follicular Cells (Granulosa Cells) |
|
|
Term
| What do Granulosa cells do? |
|
Definition
| Secrete Zona Pellucida around the plasma membrane of Primary Oocytes |
|
|
Term
| What forms around the granulosa cells in late secondary follicles? |
|
Definition
| Theca Cells (Spindle-shaped stromal cells) |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes Tertiary/Mature/Graafian Follicles? |
|
Definition
| Development of small fluid-filled cells among the granulosa cells which join to form a large cavity (Antrum), containing Liquor Folliculi |
|
|
Term
| What is in the fibrous tunic of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the vascular tunic of the eye? |
|
Definition
| Choroid, Ciliary Body, & Iris |
|
|
Term
| What is in the nervous tunic of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sclera? Type of CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many elastic fibers are in the sclera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 layers of the cornea? |
|
Definition
| Anterior epithelium, Subepithelial basement membrane, Substantia propria, Posterior limiting membrane, Posterior epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What is in the substantia propria of the cornea? |
|
Definition
| Collagen fiber layers or lamellae |
|
|
Term
| What is the posterior limiting membrane of the cornea? |
|
Definition
| Highly refractile thick BM ("Descemet's Membrane") |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the posterior epithelium of the cornea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the anterior epithelium of the cornea? |
|
Definition
| Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum superficiale |
|
|
Term
| Which half of the fundus of the eyeball has the tapetum lucidum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has a prominent tapetum lucidum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rostral continuation of the choroid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 10 parts of the retina? |
|
Definition
| Pigment Epithelium, Photoreceptive Layer, External Limiting Membrane, Outer Nuclear Layer, Outer Plexiform Layer, Inner Nuclear Layer, Inner Plexiform Layer, Ganglionic Cell Layer, Optic Nerve Fiber Layer, Internal Limiting Membrane |
|
|
Term
| Which layers of the retina have bipolar neurons? |
|
Definition
| Outer Nuclear Layer, Inner Nuclear Layer |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the retina has multipolar neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the retina contains rods & cones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the oocyte displaced to as the antrum enlarges? |
|
Definition
| Cumulus Oophorus (a group of granulosa cells) |
|
|
Term
| What does the theca differentiate into in mature follices? |
|
Definition
| Theca Interna & Theca Externa |
|
|
Term
| Describe theca interna cells. |
|
Definition
| Characteristic of steroid-secreting cells which include abundant sER, mt, & numerous lipid droplets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consists of a thin layer of loose CT w/ fibrocytes arranged concentrically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The rupture of the follicle & release of the oocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LH secreted by anterior pituitary gland & increased P of antral fluid |
|
|
Term
| What is the small fibrous tissue scar left by the atretic follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals have interstitial endocrine cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the ruptured follicle after ovulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do granulosa cells transform into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do theca cells transform into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals have lutein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals lack lutein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which luteal cells are polygonal w/ steroid-synthesizing organelles (abundant sER & mt) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which luteal cells have more lipids & fewer steroid-synthesizing organelles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do luteal cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do luteal cells produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What replaces the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs? |
|
Definition
| Corpus luteum persists & remains active for a variable amount of time |
|
|
Term
| What animal has an accessory corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the accessory corpus luteum produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the medulla of the ovary contain? |
|
Definition
| Blood vessels, nn., lymphatics, & smooth muscle strands in loose CT |
|
|
Term
| Where are the rete ovarii present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can rete ovarii differentiate into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals have a prominent rete ovarii? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the regions of the oviduct/uterine tube/fallopian tube. |
|
Definition
| Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the propria submucosa of the oviduct. |
|
Definition
| Loose CT w/ many plasma cells, mast cells, & eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| What does the uterus consist of? |
|
Definition
| Bilateral horns, unpaired body, & neck (cervix) |
|
|
Term
| Which uterine layer is the mucosa-submucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which uterine layer is the muscularis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which uterine layer is the serosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species has caruncles in the uterus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glands are present in the uterus of most species? |
|
Definition
| Simple or branched coiled tubular |
|
|
Term
| What do the uterine glands secrete? |
|
Definition
| mucus, lipids, glycogen, and protein |
|
|
Term
| Which animal has the most uterine glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nonglandular, circumscribed thickenings of endometrium, rich in fibrocytes with an extensive blood supply |
|
|
Term
| What animal has endometrial cups? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are endometrial cups present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are endometrial cups? |
|
Definition
| Densely packed uterine glands during early pregnancy in horses |
|
|
Term
| What is btw the 2 layers of smooth muscle in the myometrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers the perimetrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are mucigenous cells located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do mucigenous cells do? |
|
Definition
| Secrete mucus during estrus; in pregnancy, the mucus thickens to form the cervical seal |
|
|
Term
| What animal has isolated foci of goblet cells in the Cr part of the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have an additional thin layer of longitudinal m. in the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have an erectile corpus cavernosum beneath the vestibular mucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the erectile corpus cavernosum of the vestibule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glands are vestibular glands? |
|
Definition
| Compound Tubuloalveolar Mucous Glands |
|
|
Term
| What layer contains vestibular glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the female homologue of the male penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the period of follicular growth, during which endometrial proliferation & increased vascularization occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the period during which ovulation occurs, & endometrial proliferation & edema are more apparent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What period is the development of corpus luteum & endometrial gland hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the phase of active corpus luteum under the influence of progesterone, w/ maximum endometrial glandular hyperplasia & secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what phase is the corpus albicans formed if pregnancy does not occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the endometrial involution (including glandular regression) occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ovary & oviduct are retained in adult birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do birds or mammals have more compact ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has a poorly developed, diffuse medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which animal does an antrum not develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animal has no corpus luteum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the avian oviduct? |
|
Definition
| Infundibulum, Magnum, Isthmus, Shell Gland (Uterus), Vagina |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the avian oviduct is a funnel-like Cr extension of the duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the avian oviduct is responsible for the deposition of egg white? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the avian infundibulum? |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified ciliated |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the avian magnum? |
|
Definition
| Ciliated & Nonciliated Columnar |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the glands of the avian magnum lined by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the glands of the avian magnum produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the avian isthmus? |
|
Definition
| Ciliated & Nonciliated Columnar |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the avian oviduct forms the shell membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the avian oviduct forms the eggshell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the avian uterus? |
|
Definition
| Intermittently ciliated pseudostratified columnar |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the avian vagina? |
|
Definition
| Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar |
|
|
Term
| Where is the sperm-host gland in the birds vagina? |
|
Definition
| At the utero-vaginal junction |
|
|
Term
| What does the sperm host gland do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glands are the endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the products of endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the hypophysis? |
|
Definition
| Adenohypophysis & Neurohypophysis |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 parts of the adenohypophysis? |
|
Definition
| Pars distalis, Pars intermedia, Pars tuberalis |
|
|
Term
| What is the largest part of the adenohypophysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the Adenohypophysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do somatotrophs produce? |
|
Definition
| Sompatotrophin or Growth Hormone |
|
|
Term
| What do Lactotrophs/Prolactin cells do? |
|
Definition
| Induce secretion of mammary gland (lactogenic activity) |
|
|
Term
| What is in the Pars Distalis of the Adenohypophysis? |
|
Definition
| Acidophils, Basophils, Chromophobes |
|
|
Term
| What hormones do acidophils secrete? |
|
Definition
| Somatotrophin/Growth Hormone & Lactogenic hormones |
|
|
Term
| What hormones do basophils of the adenohypophysis secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do thyrotrophs secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Induces the thyroid gland to release thyroxine |
|
|
Term
| What do gonadotrophs secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do corticotrophs secrete? |
|
Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporarily resting degranulated chromaphils |
|
|
Term
| What separates the Pars Intermedia from the Pars Distalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most abundant cells surrounding the colloid-filled follicles of the Pars Intermedia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do melanotropes produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are present in the Pars Tuberalis? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial cells, Gonadotrophs, Thyrotrophs |
|
|
Term
| What is the hypothalamic component of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system composed of? |
|
Definition
| Supraoptic & Paraventricular Nuclei |
|
|
Term
| What do neurosecretory granules produce? |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin & Vasopressin (ADH) |
|
|
Term
| What transports ADH & Oxytocin to the neurohypophysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for the enlarged axon terminals containing neurosecretory granules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the glial cells of the neurohypophysis? |
|
Definition
| Pituicytes & Microglial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Modified astrocytes of the neurohypophysis |
|
|
Term
| What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the lobules of the thyroid gland have? |
|
Definition
| Thyroid follicles, Parafollicular cells, Sinusoidal capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What animal has a high incidence of placenta retention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are thyroid follicles filled with? |
|
Definition
| Colloid (a gel-like substance) |
|
|
Term
| When does the colloid appear dense? Dissolved? |
|
Definition
| Dense in resting cells; Dissolved in stimulated cells |
|
|
Term
| In what animal do the parafollicular cells form groups outside the follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do parafollicular cells secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lowers blood calcium level by suppressing bone resorption |
|
|
Term
| How is the parenchyma of the parathyroid gland arranged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell types are present in the parathyroid gland? |
|
Definition
| Light (inactive) principal cells, Dark (active) principal cells, Oxyphilic cells, Transitional cells |
|
|
Term
| Which animals have oxyphilic cells in the parathyroid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is released by the parathyroid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of parathormone? |
|
Definition
| Maintains calcium & phosphorus levels in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What are the zones of the adrenal cortex? |
|
Definition
| Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis |
|
|
Term
| Which animals have a zona glomerulosa consisting of irregular clusters and cords of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals have a zona arcuata? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the zona glomerulosa cells produce? |
|
Definition
| Mineralocorticoids/Aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| What do mineralocorticoids/aldosterone do? |
|
Definition
| Maintain sodium & potassium in ECF |
|
|
Term
| What cells are involved in the production of glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
| Zona fasciculata & Zona reticularis |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
| Protein, Fat, & Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells of the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
| Chromaffin cells & Parasympathetic Ganglionic cells |
|
|
Term
| What do the 2 types of chromaffin cells do? |
|
Definition
| Cells w/ stronger chromaffin rxn secrete norepinephrine; Cells w/ less affinity to chromium salt secrete epinehrine |
|
|
Term
| When are norepinephrine & epinephrine secreted? |
|
Definition
| Physical & Psychological Stress |
|
|
Term
| What are the cell types of the Pancreatic Islets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A-cells comprise ____% of the Pancreatic islet cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-cells comprise ____% of the Pancreatic islet cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic islet cells contain secretory granules which are insoluble in alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic islet cells contain secretory granules which are soluble in alcohol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic islet cells stain red with Mason Trichrome Stain, & Gomori Aldehyde-Fuchsin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic islet cells stain deep purple with Gomori & dark orange w/ Mallory Trichrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic islet cells secrete glucagon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of glucagon? |
|
Definition
| Increase blood sugar level |
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic islet cells produce insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is caused by absence or insufficient secretion of insulin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic islet cells are nongranulated/sparsely granulated precursor cells to the other types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pancreatic islet cells are relatively rare, & produce somatostatin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of somatostatin? |
|
Definition
| Inhibitory action on secretion of insulin & glucagon |
|
|
Term
| What does the heterogenous population of precursors to pancreatic islet cells produce? |
|
Definition
| Gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit intestinal motility & bile secretion |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 layers of the skin? |
|
Definition
| Epidermis & Dermis (Corium) |
|
|
Term
| What are the skin appendages? |
|
Definition
| Hair Follicles, Sweat Glands, Sebaceous Glands |
|
|
Term
| What are the specialized skin structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
| Statum basale, S. spinosum, S. granulosum, S. lucidum, S. corneum, S. disjunctum |
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the epidermis is a single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells resting on the basal lamina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the epidermis consists of several layers of polyhedral cells tightly adhered by numerous desmosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term form S. basale + S. spinosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the epidermis consists of several layers of flattened cells having keratohyalin granules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the epidermis occurs only in non-hairy skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the epidermis consists of dead keratinized cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the cells of S. corneum contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of keratin |
|
Definition
| Provide structural support to the cell |
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the epidermis is the most superficial layer of S. corneum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the epidermis undergoes constant desquamation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are melanocytes located? |
|
Definition
| Among cells of S. basale & S. spinosum |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the dermis? |
|
Definition
| Papillary (superficial) & Reticular (deep) |
|
|
Term
| What type of CT is the papillary layer of the dermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of CT is the reticular layer of the dermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the predominant cell types in the papillary layer of the dermis? |
|
Definition
| Fibrocytes, Mast cells, Plasma cells, Macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What areas of the dermis contain smooth mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are large masses of fat in the hypodermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of the body are hairless? |
|
Definition
| Footpad, Hoof, Glans penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the free part of the hair above the surface of the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the part within the hair follicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the terminal, hollow knob of the hair root? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the hair bulb attach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the hair shaft? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the hair shaft is formed by a single layer of flat keratinized cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the hair shaft is a layer of dense compact keratinized cells w/ long axis parallel to hair shaft? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the hair shaft contains pigment granules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the hair shaft forms the center of the hair & is loosely filled w/ cuboidal or flattened cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the hair shaft medulla is solid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the hair shaft medulla has air vacuoles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the internal root sheath? |
|
Definition
| Internal root sheath cuticle, Granular epithelial layer, Pale epithelial layer |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the internal root sheath is overlapping keratinized cells? |
|
Definition
| Internal root sheath cuticle |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the internal root sheath is 1-3 layers of keratinize cells rich in trichohyaline granule? |
|
Definition
| Granular epithelial layer |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the internal root sheath is a single layer of keratinized cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the hair follicle is composed of several layers of cells similar to S. spinosum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the hair follicle is covered by a glassy membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the hair follicle is the CT directly under the hair matrix, richly supplied by blood vessels & nn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the hair follicle has cells comparable to S. germinativum & gives rise to keratinized (soft) cells to form the hair shaft? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the hair follicle consists of bundles of smooth mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the arrector pilli mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of mm are attached to the sinus/tactile hair follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mode is sebum released by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals release sebum through infraorbital, interdigital, and ingunial glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals release sebum through preputial & circumanal glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of sweat glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are the simple coiled tubular sweat glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which are the simple tubular sweat glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are in the apocrine sweat glands? |
|
Definition
| Flattened cuboidal to low cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| In what animal do apocrine sweat glands secrete abundantly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animal has merocrine sweat glands in the footpad? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animal has merocrine sweat glands in the planum nasolabiale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure is responsible for muzzle printing in cows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has merocrine sweat glands in the carpus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gland is the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fat droplets in the secretory stage of mammary glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of oxytocin in the mammary glands? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of myoepithelial cells causing letdown of milk into duct system |
|
|
Term
| Duct system of the mammary gland: |
|
Definition
| Intralobular --> Interlobular --> Lactiferous Sinus --> Teat Sinus & Papillary Duct |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the intralobular mammary duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the interlobular mammary duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the lactiferous sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the teat sinus & papillary duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many openings are in the teat sinus of sheep & goat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many openings are in the teat sinus of bitches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the mammary duct system is for milk storage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have hooves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have cornual horns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have claws/nails? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have digital pads? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are chestnut & ergot composed of? |
|
Definition
| Tubular & Intertubular Horn |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the lens? |
|
Definition
| Lens capsule, Lens epithelium, & Lens fibers |
|
|
Term
| What condition occurs in older animals, causing the lens to become cloudy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gland is the lacrimal gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have predominantly serous lacrimal glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have serous lacrimal glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have sero-mucous lacrimal glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the external ear? |
|
Definition
| Auricle (Pinna) & Ext. Auditory Canal/Ext. Acoustic Meatus |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the middle ear? |
|
Definition
| Auditory Ossicles, Tympanic Cavity, & Auditory Tube |
|
|
Term
| What are the auditory ossicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the internal ear? |
|
Definition
| Bony labyrinth & Membranous labyrinth |
|
|
Term
| What is the bony labyrinth filled with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the membranous labyrinth filled with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the vestibular/balancing mechanism? |
|
Definition
| Cristae ampullaris, macula utriculi, macula sacculi |
|
|
Term
| What is the Spiral organ? |
|
Definition
| Organ of Corti - responsible for hearing |
|
|
Term
| Where is the Ca-most part of the urogenital system derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the middle part of the urogenital system derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Cr part of the urogenital system derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the longitudinal mass running Cr-Ca of intermediate mesoderm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence of the 3 systems of the kidney, from Cr to Ca? |
|
Definition
| Pronephros, Mesonephros, & Metanephros |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of pronephric tubules form at the Cr end of the nephrogenic ridge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the pronephric tubules turn caudally & meet, what is formed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what regions of the nephrogenic ridge does the mesonephros develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the mesonephros correlated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have the smallest mesonephros (what type of placenta)? |
|
Definition
| Carnivores (endotheliochorial) |
|
|
Term
| What animals have the largest mesonephros (what type of placenta)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have an intermediate-sized mesonephros? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tubules are functional/non-fuctional in embryonic life? |
|
Definition
Functional: Mesonephric & Metanephric tubules
Non-functional: Pronephric tubules |
|
|
Term
| What tubules are functional/non-fuctional in adult life? |
|
Definition
Functional: Metanephric tubules
Non-functional: Pronephric & Mesonephric tubules |
|
|
Term
| What is the double-walled cup at the enlarged end of the mesonephric tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the tuft of capillaries derived from a series of branches of the dorsal aorta, invaginated in the BC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the glomerulus derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the mesonephros persists, and what part regresses? |
|
Definition
Persists: Mesonephric Duct
Regresses: Mesonephric Tubules (most) |
|
|
Term
| What is the permanent & functional kidney in mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the permanent & functional kidney in reptiles & birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the permanent & functional kidney in amphibians? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the permanent & functional kidney in fishes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the metanephros develop from? |
|
Definition
| Ca-most part of nephrogenic ridge |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the kidney has a dual origin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the metanephros develops into the collecting system? |
|
Definition
| Ureteric Bud (Metanephric Diverticulum) |
|
|
Term
| What does the ureteric bud induce? |
|
Definition
| Metanephric tissues to form the Metanephric Cap |
|
|
Term
| What does the Metanephric Cap develop into? |
|
Definition
| Excretory System (Nephron) |
|
|
Term
| What does the outer part of the metanephric mass form? |
|
Definition
| Capsule & interstitial tissue of kidney |
|
|
Term
| What is the excretory system of the kidney derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the excretory system of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the collecting system derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the collecting system? |
|
Definition
| Collecting tubules, major & minor calyces, Renal Pelvis, Ureter |
|
|
Term
| What does the urorectal septum divide? |
|
Definition
| Cloaca into D rectum & V urogenital sinus |
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the urogenital sinus? |
|
Definition
| Vesicular, Pelvic, & Phallic parts |
|
|
Term
| What enlarges to form the bladder? |
|
Definition
| Prox allantois + Vesicular urogenital sinus |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the remainder (other than prox) allantois? |
|
Definition
| Slowly degenerates --> Urachus |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the mesonephric duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the metanephric duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the metanephric duct open into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the urogenital sinus does the mesonephric duct become situated in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is absence of one or both kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fusion of 2 kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is failure of union btw the developing nephron & collecting tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a ureter opening into the urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals is ectopic ureter common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the indifferent stage? |
|
Definition
| Genetic sex determined, but morphologically, sex can't be determined |
|
|
Term
| What develops on the ventro-medial aspect of the mesonephros? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lines the genital/gonadal ridge? |
|
Definition
| Coelomic epithelium overlying condensed mesenchyme |
|
|
Term
| Where do the primordial germ cells originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the primordial germ cells induce the development of? |
|
Definition
| Primitive Sex Cords from the Genital Ridge |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for primordial germ cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is lateral to the genital ridge? |
|
Definition
| Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct |
|
|
Term
| What does the Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct develop into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What duct develops dorsolateral to the mesonephric duct? |
|
Definition
| Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct |
|
|
Term
| What does the Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct develop into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the indifferent stage, each embryo has: a)Mesonephric duct, b)Paramesonephric duct, c)Both |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Y chromosome contain? |
|
Definition
| Testis determining factor (TDF) genes |
|
|
Term
| When is female development established? (What conditions) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is produced by Sertoli cells in the embryo? |
|
Definition
| Mullerian Inhibitory Substance (MIS) |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by Leydig cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does testosterone stimulate in the embryo? |
|
Definition
| Development of Wolffian Duct & Regression of Mullerian Duct |
|
|
Term
| What do the testis (gonadal) cords develop into? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral part of Seminiferous Tubules & Central part of Rete Testis |
|
|
Term
| What do the primordial germ cells in males develop into? |
|
Definition
| Gonocytes (--> Spermatogonia after birth) |
|
|
Term
| What are Sertoli & Leydig cells derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What develops from the mesenchymal sheet that separates the testis cords from the coelomic epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do some persisting mesonephric tubules develop into in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the small clusters the gonadal cords break up into in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the follicles contain in female embryos? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do primordial germ cells develop into in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the majority of the follicles located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the follicles deep in the medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the tunica albugenia in the ovary. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of the follicular cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals commonly experience cryptorchidism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is accumulation of fluid within the 2 layers of tunica vaginalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mesenchymal condensation extending from the gonad to the scrotal swelling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for descent of the testis? |
|
Definition
| Swelling of Gubernaculum + Intra-abdominal Pressure |
|
|
Term
| What do the mesonephric tubules form in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the mesonephric duct form in males? |
|
Definition
| Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, Vesicular Gland |
|
|
Term
| What does the mesonephric duct form in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the paramesonephric duct form in females? |
|
Definition
| Uterine tube, Uterus, Vagina (Cr part) |
|
|
Term
| What does the paramesonephric duct form in males? |
|
Definition
| Vestigial Structures, Uterus Masculinus in Bulls |
|
|
Term
| What animal has a uterus masculinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the vesicle part of the urogenital sinus form in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the vesicle part of the urogenital sinus form in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus form in females? |
|
Definition
| Urethra, Vagina (Ca part) |
|
|
Term
| What does the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus form in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the phallic part of the urogenital sinus form in females? |
|
Definition
| Vestibule, Vestibular Gland |
|
|
Term
| What does the phallic part of the urogenital sinus form in males? |
|
Definition
| Penile Urethra, Bulbourethral Gland |
|
|
Term
| What does the urachus form in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the urachus form in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the gubernaculum form in males? |
|
Definition
| Lig. of testis & epididymis |
|
|
Term
| What does the gubernaculum form in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the urogenital fold form in males? |
|
Definition
| Urethral fold of the penile urethra |
|
|
Term
| What does the urogenital fold form in females? |
|
Definition
| Labia Minora (*Not present in most domestic animals) |
|
|
Term
| What does the genital swelling form in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the genital swelling form in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the genital tubercle form in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the genital tubercle form in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nervous system mainly derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are microglial cells derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the notochord do? |
|
Definition
| Induces surface ectoderm to thicken, forming the Neural Plate |
|
|
Term
| Is the notochord part of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lateral elevations that bind the neural plate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What allows the neural folds to become more apposed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the fusion of the neural folds form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the closure forming the neural tube begin, and to where does it extend? |
|
Definition
Begins: Cervical Region
Extends: Cr & Ca |
|
|
Term
| What are the last 2 openings to close, forming the neural tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the group of cells that detach from the neural tube? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do neural crest cells contribute to? |
|
Definition
| Ganglia (sensory & autonomic), Neurolemmal (Schwann) cells, Mesenchymal cells of the head, Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, Melanoblasts, Pia Mater, Arachnoid Mater |
|
|
Term
| What does the neural tube differentiate into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the epithelial lining of the NT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the neuroepithelium proliferate to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the processes of the neuroblasts? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral region of developing tube |
|
|
Term
| What are the processes that grow from the neuroblasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the cell bodies of neuroblasts form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the processes of neuroblasts form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Mantle Zone develop into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Marginal Zone develop into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do gliablasts differentiate into? |
|
Definition
| Astrocytes & Oligodendrocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the groove in the lateral wall of the NT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the sulcus limitans demarcate? |
|
Definition
| D (Alar Plate) & V (Basal Plate) |
|
|
Term
| What develops with combined alar & basal plates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the Alar plate sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the Basal plate sensory or motor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of neurons does the lateral plate have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the dorsal median septum & ventral median fissure separate? |
|
Definition
| White matter into D, V, & L Funiculi |
|
|
Term
| What separates the white matter into D, V, & L Funiculi? |
|
Definition
| D Median Septum & V Median Fissure |
|
|
Term
| In the spinal cord, what does the cavity of the NT become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed when the proliferation of the neuroepithelium ceases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lines the central canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the union of D & V roots? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinal nn. are formed by the union of ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the V root afferent or efferent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the D root afferent or efferent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the V root composed of? |
|
Definition
| Axons originating from the V horn |
|
|
Term
| What is the D root composed of? |
|
Definition
| Axons originating from unipolar neurons of D root ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What is the D root ganglion derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cell columns in the grey matter, from Dorsal to Ventral? |
|
Definition
| Somatic Afferent, Visceral Afferent, Visceral Efferent, Somatic Efferent |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Somatic Afferent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Somatic Efferent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in "Visceral?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in "Somatic?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the spinal nn. exit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Later in growth, how does the growth of the vertebral column compare to the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Vertebral column exceeds growth of Spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What is the tapered Ca end of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the arrangement of the Ca spinal nn. passing obliquely? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region develops into the forebrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region develops into the midbrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region develops into the hindbrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is btw the developing brain & SC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the midbrain flexure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At the level of the mesencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the Prosencephalon? |
|
Definition
| Telencephalon & Diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the derivatives of the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
| Olfactory Bulb & Cerebral Hemisphere |
|
|
Term
| What cavity is the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CrN of the telencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the derivatives of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
| Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| What cavity is the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CrN of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the derivatives of the mesencephalon? |
|
Definition
| Corpora Quadrigemina, Cerebral Peduncles |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the rhombencephalon? |
|
Definition
| Metencephalon, Pontine Flexure, Myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| What are the derivatives of the metencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the derivatives of the myelencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cavity is the mesencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CrN of the mesencephalon? |
|
Definition
| CrN 3 & 4 (Oculomotor & Trochlear) |
|
|
Term
| What are the CrN of the metencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is btw the metencephalon & myelencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are CrN of the myelencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cavity is the myelencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which meninges develop from neural crest cells? |
|
Definition
| Pia Mater & Arachnoid Mater |
|
|
Term
| Where is Dura Mater derived from? |
|
Definition
| Surrounding Mesoderm (of NCC) |
|
|
Term
| What is bifurcation of the spinal cord, caused by failure of the neuropore to fuse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a cleft in the spinal cord, cause by failure of the NT to fuse in the middle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What virus causes Cerebellar Hypoplasia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is CSF accumulating in the cavities b/c of L aperture blockage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is failure of the rostral neuropore to fuse, leading to lack of a brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the anterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the posterior pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the adenohypophysis develop from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the neurohypophysis develop? |
|
Definition
| As a V downgrowth from the floor of the diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| How does the adenohypophysis develop? |
|
Definition
| As a D evagination of stomodeum (Rathke's Pouch) |
|
|
Term
| What is the V downgrowth from the floor of the diencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When Rathke's pouch joins the infundibulum, what does it differentiate into? (*Specific Parts) |
|
Definition
| Pars Distalis, Pars Intermedia, & Pars Tuberalis |
|
|
Term
| What is the retained connection btw the neurohypophysis & hypothalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What develops from the stomodeum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the adrenal cortex develop from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the adrenal medulla develop from? |
|
Definition
| Neural Crest Cells (Ectoderm) |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells of the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the eye, what does the neuroectoderm contribute to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the eye, what develops from surface ectoderm? |
|
Definition
| Lens, Lacrimal Gland, Corneal & Conjunctival Epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Where do the remaining structures of the eye develop from (non-neuroectoderm/surface ectoderm)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the eye develops as a lateral outgrowth from the developing diencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the optic vesicle contacts the overlying ectoderm, what does it induce? |
|
Definition
| Thickening & Formation of Lens Placodes |
|
|
Term
| What is the double walled cup the optic vesicle invaginates to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The choroid fissure is for the passage of what artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2 walls of the optic cup give rise to what layers of the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the optic cup to the forebrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the optic stalk become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the detachment of the lens vesicle, what is the surface ectoderm reconstituted to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fibrous coat of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vascular coat of the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sclera & choroid derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the smooth mm. of the iris derived from? Where? |
|
Definition
| Ectoderm @ the margin of the Optic Cup |
|
|
Term
| What are ocular mm. derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is failure of the choroidal fissure to close? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an eye that is too small, resulting from intra-uterine infections such as toxoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause micro-opthalamia? |
|
Definition
| Toxoplasmosis & Vit A deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is absence of an eye as a result of exposure of the mother to toxic chemicals during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause anopthalamia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is congenital cataract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pharyngeal/branchial cleft derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pharyngeal arches derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the pharyngeal pouches derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the series of bilateral out-pocketing from the pharyngeal endoderm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the dorso-ventrally thickened masses segregated by the pharyngeal pouches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies each branchial arch? |
|
Definition
| an Aortic Arch & a specific CrN |
|
|
Term
| What develops from the surface ectoderm btw the branchial arches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From where to where do the pharyngeal pouches extend? |
|
Definition
| Buccopharyngeal membrane to commencement of esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What are the derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches? |
|
Definition
| Tympanic Cavity & Auditory Tube, Tonsillar Fossa, Parathyroid & Thymus, Ultimobranchial Body |
|
|
Term
| What does the ultimobranchial body give rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thyroid derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the thyroid bud come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which way does the thyroid bud grow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the canalization of the thyroid bud form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is left when the thyroglossal duct disappears? |
|
Definition
| Foramen Cecum of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What are the cells of the thyroid follicles derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CT components of the thyroid derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the thyroglossal duct persist or regress? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the series of grooves which demarcate the pharyngeal arches externally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the 1st pharyngeal cleft form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which clefts form the cervical sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the Cervical Sinus persist or regress? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the 1st pharyngeal arch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the 2nd pharyngeal arch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the 1st pharyngeal arch become in the skeleton? |
|
Definition
| Mandible (in part), Malleus, Incus |
|
|
Term
| What does the 2nd pharyngeal arch become in the skeleton? |
|
Definition
| Hyoid Apparatus (in part), Stapes |
|
|
Term
| What does the 3rd pharyngeal arch become in the skeleton? |
|
Definition
| Hyoid Apparatus (remaining part) |
|
|
Term
| What does the 4th pharyngeal arch become in the skeleton? |
|
Definition
| Most laryngeal cartilages |
|
|
Term
| What does the 1st pharyngeal arch become in the muscles? |
|
Definition
| Mm. of mastication, Digastricus (in part) |
|
|
Term
| What does the 2nd pharyngeal arch become in the muscles? |
|
Definition
| Mm. of facial expression, Digastricus (in part), Stapedius |
|
|
Term
| What does the 3rd pharyngeal arch become in the muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the 4th pharyngeal arch become in the muscles? |
|
Definition
| Pharyngeal & Laryngeal mm. |
|
|
Term
| Which arches contribute to the hyoid apparatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which arches contribute to the Digastricus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which arches contribute to the pharyngeal mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the 1st pharyngeal arch become in the nerves? |
|
Definition
| Mandibular division of Trigeminal n. |
|
|
Term
| What does the 2nd pharyngeal arch become in the nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the 3rd pharyngeal arch become in the nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the 4th pharyngeal arch become in the nerves? |
|
Definition
| Vagus n., Medullary part of Accessory n. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The branch of embryology concerned w/ the study of malformations/abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| What are genetic causes of abnormalities? |
|
Definition
| Mutations or inheritance of dominant or recessive genes, inbreeding may produce defects |
|
|
Term
| What are environmental agents that cause abnormal development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are physical teratogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are chemical teratogens? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin A Deficiency (Microphthalmia in pigs) |
|
|
Term
| What animals experience microphthalmia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are drug teratogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are susceptible to thalidomide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are infectious teratogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by panleukopenia virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of teratology is from environmental agents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of teratology is from mutant genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of teratology is from chromosomal abnormalities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of teratology is from multifactorial inheritance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of teratology is from unknown etiology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what period is an organism most susceptible to teratogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the face develop around? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the division of the mandibular arch? |
|
Definition
| Maxillary & Mandibular Processes |
|
|
Term
| What appears dorsally as the result of growth of the mesenchymal cells around the forebrain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are abnormalities of fusion of the maxillary & mandibular processes? |
|
Definition
| Microstomia & Macrostomia |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 local ectodermal thickenings that appear in the covering ectoderm bounding the oral depression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the nasal placodes invaginate to form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the proliferating regions on either side of the nasal pits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do mandibular processes develop into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the fusion of the maxillary process w/ the M nasal process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms by the fusion of the mandibular & maxillary processes at the corner of the mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the groove btw the L nasal process & maxillary process develop into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which pharyngeal arches are involved in the development of the auricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What region of the pharyngeal arches does the auricle develop from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the external acoustic meatus develop from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the 1st pharyngeal pouch give rise to? |
|
Definition
| Auditory Tube & Tympanic Cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is the tympanic membrane derived from? |
|
Definition
| Ectoderm of 1st cleft + Endoderm of 1st pouch |
|
|
Term
| What is the thickening of surface ectoderm at the level of the rhombencephalon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed when the otic placode invaginates & detaches from the surface ectoderm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Otic Vesicle develop into? |
|
Definition
| Membranous Labyrinth (Utericle, Saccule, Endolymphatic Duct, Semicircular & Cochlear Duct) |
|
|
Term
| How does the bony labyrinth develop? |
|
Definition
| Chondrification & Ossification of the surrounding Mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| What part of the tongue develops from the ventral part of the 1st pharyngeal arch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the Ca 1/3 of the tongue develop from? Which arches? |
|
Definition
| Hypobranchial Eminence (Copula), from pharyngeal arches 2, 3, 4 |
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the Ca 1/3 of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lines the rostral part (body) of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates the rostral & caudal parts of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lines the Ca part of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the striated mm. of the tongue develop from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What develops as a thickened ridge of the oral ectoderm along the length of the upper & lower jaw? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the dental lamina give rise to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of the enamel cup? |
|
Definition
| Outer & Inner Dental Epithelium w/ Central Core |
|
|
Term
| What is the central core of the enamel cup? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of the mesenchyme of the teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the mesenchyme of the teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized cells of the dental papilla that form dentine |
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the dental papilla cells that do not contribute to dentine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do mesenchymal cells located outside of the tooth & in contact w/ the root differentiate into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the mesenchyme give rise to outside the cement layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the 2nd pharyngeal pouch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the 3rd pharyngeal pouch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the 4th pharyngeal pouch? |
|
Definition
| Parathyroid & Ultimobranchial Body |
|
|
Term
| What is failure of the palatine processes to fuse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is failure of fusion of the M Nasal process/Maxillary process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the periods of susceptibility to teratogens, from most to least susceptible? |
|
Definition
| Embryonic>Fetal>Pre-Differentiation |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the oral cavity up to the non-glandular stomach? |
|
Definition
| Stratified squamous (K & Non) |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the glandular stomach up to the rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the anal canal & anus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have keratinized lips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have keratinized lips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have non-keratinized lips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glands are labial glands? (S/M/SM) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer are the labial glands distributed in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer contains the orbicularis oris m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have conical buccal papillae in the cheeks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer are the buccal glands located in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glands are the buccal glands? (S/M/SM) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the transverse ridges in the hard palate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals have particularly thick keratinized str sq epithelium in the hard palate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glands are the palatine glands? (S/M/SM) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals does the dental pad consist of a heavily keratinized str sq epith, overlying DICT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the propria submucosa or the soft palate? |
|
Definition
| Branched, Tubuloacinar, M or SM Palatine Glands, Lymphatic tissues |
|
|
Term
| What type of mm are the palatine mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the oral cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| Which surface of the tongue is keratinized? Non? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glands (S/M/SM) are the lingual glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which surface of the tongue bears lingual papillae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 functions of lingual papillae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papillae facilitate the movement of ingesta? |
|
Definition
| Lenticular, Conical, Filiform |
|
|
Term
| Which papillae contain taste buds? |
|
Definition
| Fungiform, Vallate, Foliate |
|
|
Term
| What animals have well-developed filiform papillae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have fine, keratinized filiform papillae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have conical papillae on the root of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have conical papillae on the torus linguae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have conical papillae w/ a core of lymphatic tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have lenticular papillae on the torus linguae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lingual papillae have a core of DICT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papillae have taste buds on the upper surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have sparse fungiform papillae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have abundant fungiform papillae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have numerous fungiform papillae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papillae are surrounded by an epithelium-lined sulcus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papillae have taste buds on the papillary side of the sulcus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papillae have taste buds on the sides of the folds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals lack foliate papillae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals have rudimentary foliate papillae w/o taste buds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell types are in the taste bud? |
|
Definition
| Sustentacular, Gustatory, & Basal |
|
|
Term
| What type of n. fibers are the taste receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cord-like structure in the tongue of carnivores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lyssa composed of? |
|
Definition
| White adipose, Skeletal m., BVs, nn., DICT |
|
|
Term
| What part of the ruminant tongue is the torus linguae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has dorsal lingual cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dorsal lingual cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Mid-D fibroelastic cord w/ hyaline cartilage, skeletal m., & white adipose |
|
|
Term
| What is the mineral:organic ratio for enamel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mineral:organic ratio for dentine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the central part of the tooth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hardest substance in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What minerals are in enamel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What minerals are in dentine? |
|
Definition
| Hydroxyapatite, Carbonate, Magnesium, Fluoride |
|
|
Term
| What is produced by odontoblasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the tooth resembles bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occupies the lacunae of cementum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anchors the tooth in the alveolus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What extends from the alveolar bone into the cementum? |
|
Definition
| Sharpey's/Cemento-alveolar Fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of brachydont teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the crown covered with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the root covered with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are examples of brachydont teeth? |
|
Definition
| All of Carnivores, Incisors of Ruminants |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of hypsodont teeth? |
|
Definition
| Cheek teeth of Ruminants, Permanent teeth of Horses, Canine teeth of Pigs |
|
|
Term
| What is beneath the enamel & cementum of brachydont teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of hypsodont teeth, from outer to inner? |
|
Definition
| Cementum, Enamel, Dentine |
|
|
Term
| What is the enamel invagination of hypsodont teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major salivary glands, & which one is only in carnivores*? |
|
Definition
| Parotid, Mandibular, Sublingual, Zygomatic* |
|
|
Term
| What are the minor salivary glands, & which one is only present in cats*? |
|
Definition
| Labial, Lingual, Buccal, Palatine, Molar* |
|
|
Term
| Which salivary gland is predominantly serous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have isolated M secretory units in the parotid salivary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gland is the parotid, structurally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fills the apex of the acinar cells in the parotid salivary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is present btw the secretory cells & BM of the parotid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the intercalated ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the striated ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the interlobular ducts? |
|
Definition
| Simple to Stratified Columnar |
|
|
Term
| What type of gland is the mandibular (S/M/SM)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gland is the mandibular, structurally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gland is the sublingual (S/M/SM)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gland is the mandibular, structurally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have M sublingual glands w/ few serous demilunes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have sublingual glands w/ clusters of serous acini? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals have sublingual glands w/o prominent striated & intercalated ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals have sublingual glands w/ well-developed striated & intercalated ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the main duct of sublingual salivary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the longitudinal ridge in the hard palate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the intrinsic lingual mm. arranged? |
|
Definition
| Longitudinal, Transverse, & Perpendiular |
|
|
Term
| Which animals have an entoglossal bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the entoglossal bone associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the parotid acini acidophilic, basophilic, or neutral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the precursor to mucous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 2 salivary glands have a similar duct system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Discuss intercalated & striated ducts in the zygomatic salivary gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the zygomatic salivary gland (S/M/SM)? |
|
Definition
| Predominantly Mucous w/ Small Flattened Serous Demilunes |
|
|
Term
| What is the zygomatic salivary gland, structurally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What salivary gland is located near the commissure of the lips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What salivary gland has ducts opening into the oral vestibule opposite to molar teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of tubular organs, from closest to the lumen to outer most? |
|
Definition
| Tunica Mucosa, Tunica Submucosa, Tunica Muscularis, Tunica Serosa/Adventitia |
|
|
Term
| What are the laminas of the tunica mucosa? |
|
Definition
| Lamina Epitheliaris, Lamina Propria, Lamina Muscularis |
|
|
Term
| Which layer may be absent, leading to the formation of a Propria Submucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the submucosal plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the myenteric plexus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have nonkeratinized esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have slightly keratinized esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have highly keratinized esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of mm. are in the lamina muscularis of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have seromucous glands at the pharyngoesophageal junction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have seromucous glands in the Cr 1/2 of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have seromucous glands throughout the length of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 layers of the tunica muscularis in the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| Inner Circular & Outer Longitudinal layer |
|
|
Term
| What animals have an entirely striated tunica muscularis in the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have a tunica muscularis with the Cr 2/3 skeletal m. in the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have a tunica muscularis in the esophagus with the Cr 4/5 skeletal m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have an especially prominent cardiac sphincter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer is the cardiac sphincter in? |
|
Definition
| Inner Circular layer of Tunica Muscularis |
|
|
Term
| What region of the esophagus has tunica adventitia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regions of the esophagus have tunica serosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have a simple stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have a compound stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have 3 chambers in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals lack a nonglandular stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have a small nonglandular stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has a margoplicatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure that separates the glandular from the nonglandular stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the non-glandular stomach is characterized by small tongue shaped papillae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of capillaries lie beneath the BM of the rumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is absent in the rumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers the tunica serosa of the rumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the non-glandular stomach is characterized by reticular folds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers the mucosa btw the folds of the reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located in the upper part of the reticular fold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From where to where does the reticular groove extend? |
|
Definition
| Cardia to Reticulo-Omasal Orifice |
|
|
Term
| What is the reticular groove bordered by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What allows milk to bypass the rumen & reticulum in young animals? |
|
Definition
| Smooth m. layers of the labia of the reticular groove |
|
|
Term
| What part of the non-glandular stomach is characterized by "leaves?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What studs the omasal leaves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the omasal papillae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the non-glandular stomach has a very thin submucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer continues into the omasal laminae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 regions of the glandular stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the small surface invaginations in the glandular stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the lamina muscularis of the glandular stomach. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the gastric glands located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has the most developed cardiac gland region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of product do the cardiac glands release? (S/M/SM) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cardiac glands, structurally? |
|
Definition
| Short, Simple Branched, Coiled, Tubular |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the cardiac gland cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the cardiac glands empty into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the fundic glands, structurally? |
|
Definition
| Straight, Branched Tubular |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the fundic glands? |
|
Definition
| Neck (short), Body (long), Blind End (slightly dilated) |
|
|
Term
| What are the cell types of the fundic gland region? |
|
Definition
| Mucus Neck, Chief/Zymogen, Parietal, Endocrine |
|
|
Term
| Which fundic cells are basophilic? |
|
Definition
| Mucus Neck & Chief/Zymogen |
|
|
Term
| What are the most numerous cells of the fundic gland region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do the Chief/Zymogen cells stain basophilic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is secreted by Chief/Zymogen cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transforms pepsinogen into pepsin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fundic gland cells stain with eosin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fundic gland cells have a granular appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the granular appearance in the parietal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is produced by parietal cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do parietal cells contain that helps in the formation of HCl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the products of endocrine cells? |
|
Definition
| GIT Hormones (Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the endocrine cells located? |
|
Definition
| Wedged btw BM & Chief Cells |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the endocrine cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the hormones of the endocrine cells released? |
|
Definition
| Directly into the capillaries |
|
|
Term
| How does the size of the pyloric glands compare to other regions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the gastric pits of the pyloric glands compare to other regions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are pyloric glands, structurally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the cells of the pyloric gland region S/M/SM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the pyloric gland region forms the pyloric sphincter? |
|
Definition
| Middle Circular layer of Tunica Muscularis |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the stomach helps in the emptying of the glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the glandular stomach has 3 layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the SI contains plicae circulares? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the finger-like projections of the SI mucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What further increases the absorptive surface of the SI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the # of goblet cells at the tip of the villi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the # of goblet cells as you move Ca along the SI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the sER in the SI Tunica Mucosa? |
|
Definition
| Synthesis of Triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the Golgi in the Tunica Mucosa of SI? |
|
Definition
| Digestive Enzyme Secretion |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the rER in the Tunica Mucosa of SI? |
|
Definition
| Digestive Enzyme synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What has Goblet cells (SI/LI/Both)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has Paneth cells (SI/LI/Both)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has Crypts of Lieberkuhn (SI/LI/Both)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has villi (SI/LI/Both)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells line the Crypts of Lieberkuhn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals have Paneth cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of granules are in the Paneth cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Paneth cells produce? |
|
Definition
| Peptidase, Lysozyme (antibacterial) |
|
|
Term
| What forms the core of SI villi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the # of lymphatic nodules toward the ileum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lymphatic capillary in the center of each villus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has a complete, thick lamina muscularis in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What extends into the tip of the villi in the SI? |
|
Definition
| Smooth mm. from lamina muscularis |
|
|
Term
| Where are Brunner's glands located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glands are the Brunner's glands? |
|
Definition
| Tubuloalveolar submucosal |
|
|
Term
| What animals have mucous Brunner's glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have serous Brunner's glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have mixed Brunner's glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Peyer's Patches? |
|
Definition
| Large aggregated lymph nodules |
|
|
Term
| Where are Peyer's Patches located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has the thickest tunica muscularis in the SI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site for microbial action on ingesta, absorption, & secretion of mucus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the glands in the LI, as compared to the SI? |
|
Definition
| Longer, less coiled, simple tubular |
|
|
Term
| SI/LI/Both? Plicae circulares |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have taenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the zones of the anal canal in pigs & carnivores? |
|
Definition
| Columnar, Intermediate, Cutaneous |
|
|
Term
| Which zone of the anal canal has longitudinal folds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which zone of the anal canal is a narrow strip btw columnar & cutaneous zone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which zone of the anal canal is lined by Str Sq NonK epith, & has tubuloalveolar sweat glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which zone of the anal canal is lined by keratinized Str Sq epith? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have anal sacs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the anal sacs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest gland in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the liver |
|
|
Term
| What is chronic inflammation w/ extensive fibrosis, degeneration, & necrosis of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is accumulation of fat globules in hepatocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is inflammation of the bile duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are stones in the gall bladder or bile ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the CT capsule of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have distinct interlobular CT septa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hepatic a., Portal v., Bile duct, Lymphatics |
|
|
Term
| What is the anatomical unit of the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the center of the classic lobule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape are classic lobules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the portal area in relation to classic lobules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional unit in relation to bile secretion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of a portal lobule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the center of a portal lobule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the functional unit in relation to metabolic activity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of a liver acinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many central vv. are in the liver acinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many central vv. are in the portal lobule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 surfaces of hepatocytes? |
|
Definition
| Microvillus, Canalicular, Contact |
|
|
Term
| What type of connections are at the contact surface of hepatocytes? |
|
Definition
| Gap Junctions & Desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is the bile canaliculus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the course of bile flow? |
|
Definition
| B Canaliculi, B ductules, Interlobular B ducts, Hepatic ducts, B duct |
|
|
Term
| What is the flow of bile compared to blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the bile ductules and smaller interlobular bile ducts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the larger interlobular bile ducts, hepatic ducts, and bile duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bv brings blood from the intestine to the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bv supplies oxygenated blood to the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What carries blood from the terminal br's of the hepatic a. & portal v. to the central v.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Kupffer cells located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Kupffer cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the flow of blood from the sinusoids? |
|
Definition
| Central v., Hepatic v., Ca VC |
|
|
Term
| What animals have no gall bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the GB? |
|
Definition
| Storage, concentration, acidification, & delivery of bile |
|
|
Term
| What epithelium is the GB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have goblet cells in the GB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have S or M glands in the propria submucosa of the GB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gland is the pancreas, structurally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the pancreas produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are centroacinar cells located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is produced by centroacinar cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does bicarbonate do to intestinal pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the pancreas, are the intralobular ducts striated or non? In the parotid? |
|
Definition
Pancreas: Non
Parotid: Striated |
|
|
Term
| Where are Paccinian corpuscles located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have lamellar (Paccinian) corpuscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lines the oral cavity, tongue, & esophagus in birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of avian salivary glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sac-like diverticulum of esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the crop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is secreted by the crop during brooding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Desquamated lipid-laden cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the chambers of the avian stomach? |
|
Definition
| Glandular Proventriculus & Muscular Ventriculus/Gizzard |
|
|
Term
| Where are oxynticopeptic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is produced by oxynticopeptic cells? |
|
Definition
| Pepsin & Hydrochloric Acid |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the gizzard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lines the ventriculus? |
|
Definition
| Koilin/cuticle (keratinoid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A secretory product of the mucosal gland |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the gizzard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What, structurally, are the mucosal glands of the gizzard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ceca do birds have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is present at the cecal orifice in birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the proximal part of the avian ceca & colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 divisions of the cloaca? |
|
Definition
| Coprodeum, Urodeum, Proctodeum |
|
|
Term
| What lines the cloaca? (epith) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diverticulum of the proctodeum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Common urogenital opening in birds |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important role of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the secondary role of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals is the cooling function of the respiratory system especially important? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 regions of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| Cutaneous, Respiratory, Olfactory |
|
|
Term
| What is the rostral part of the cutaneous region of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What epithelium is the nasal vestibule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What epithelium is the mid-vestibule of the cutaneous region of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What epithelium is the transitional zone of the cutaneous region of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| Str Cuboidal or Nonciliated Pseudo |
|
|
Term
| What animal has a nasal diverticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lines the nasal diverticulum? |
|
Definition
| Hair, Sebaceous glands, Sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| What part of the nasal cavity is the respiratory region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 cell types of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| Ciliated, Secretory, Brush, Basal |
|
|
Term
| What part of the nasal cavity is the olfactory region? |
|
Definition
| Dorsocaudal portion occupied by ethmoidal labyrinth |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 cell types of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| Neurosensory, Sustentacular, Basal |
|
|
Term
| What is the paired duct located on either side of the base of the nasal septum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the vomeronasal organ open into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the vomeronasal duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the vomeronasal gland? |
|
Definition
| Sexual Behavior (by detection of odor of opp. sex) |
|
|
Term
| What epithelium is the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified Ciliated |
|
|
Term
| What portion of the nasopharynx has prominent lymphatic nodules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the aggregation of lymphatic nodules in the D portion of the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines the laryngeal mucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is in the epithelium over the epiglottis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cartilage is the thyroid cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cartilage is the cricoid cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cartilage is the epiglottic cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cartilage is the cuneiform process of the arytenoid cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines the trachea? |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified Ciliated |
|
|
Term
| Where are neuroendocrine cells located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure has a variety of migratory cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of the hyaline cartilage rings of the trachea in mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have external smooth muscles on the trachea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have internal smooth muscles on the trachea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Visceral/Pulmonary Pleura |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is pulmonary pleura? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have the thickest pulmonary pleura? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have the thinnest pulmonary pleura? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the intrapulmonary conducting airways? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the gas exchange areas of the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, Alveolar Sacs, Alveoli |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines the bronchi? |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified Ciliated |
|
|
Term
| What structures contain Clara cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of glands are Clara cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do bronchioles terminate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines bronchioles? |
|
Definition
| Simple Columnar or Cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is absent in the bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the focus of most lung disorders? |
|
Definition
| Transition Zone/Respiratory Bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| What is different about the epithelium of respiratory bronchioles (compared to terminal bronchioles)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have extensive respiratory bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have short or absent respiratory bronchioles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do alveolar ducts arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines the alveolar ducts & sacs? |
|
Definition
| Simple cuboidal or Squamous |
|
|
Term
| What % of pneumocytes are Type I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What % of pneumocytes are Type II? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is secreted by Type II pneumocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the air-blood barrier composed of? |
|
Definition
| Basal Border of Pneumocyte I cell, Basal Lamina of Capillary Endothelial cells, Plasmalemma of RBC |
|
|
Term
| What is different about cartilaginous rings in birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What epithelium lines the tympanic membranes of the syrinx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What epithelium lines avian primary bronchi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What epithelium lines avian secondary bronchi? |
|
Definition
| Simple Columnar or Cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| Where does gas exchange take place in birds? |
|
Definition
| Air Capillaries of Parabronchi |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are avian atria? |
|
Definition
| Simple Squamous or Cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are avian parabronchi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are avian air capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many air sacs do most birds have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which avian air sacs are paired? |
|
Definition
| Cr Thoracic, Cd Thoracic, Abdominal |
|
|
Term
| Which avian air sacs are unpaired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are avian air sacs? |
|
Definition
| Simple Squamous or Cuboidal |
|
|
Term
| Do avian air sacs participate in gaseous exchange? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is secreted by JG cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is the renal cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is the renal medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have multilobar/multipyrimidal kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have unilobar/unipyrimidal kidneys? |
|
Definition
| Carnivores, Horse, Sheep, Goat |
|
|
Term
| What is the renal indentation which bv's, nn, & the ureter pass through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structural & functional unit of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the nephron consist of? |
|
Definition
| Renal Corpuscle, PCT, PST, Thin Tubule (desc & asc), DST, DCT |
|
|
Term
| What are the connecting tubules of the collecting duct system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the straight collecting tubules of the collecting duct system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 collecting ducts? |
|
Definition
| Cortical, Medullary, & Papillary |
|
|
Term
| What is the uriniferous/renal tubule? |
|
Definition
| Nephron + Collecting Duct Sys |
|
|
Term
| Where do the arterioles enter/leave the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the PCT begin in the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lines the capillaries of the glomerulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located btw the glomerular capillaries? |
|
Definition
| Mesangial/Intercapillary Cells |
|
|
Term
| What do the glomerular mesangial cells synthesize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is btw the parietal & visceral layers of the glomerular capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the parietal (capsular) layer of BC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the parietal (capsular) layer of BC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the parietal (capsular) layer of BC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the parietal (capsular) layer of BC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cells of the visceral/glomerular layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the secondary processes of podocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the narrow spaces btw pedicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thin electron-dense layer that bridges the filtration slits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the filtration barrier composed of? |
|
Definition
| Glomerular endothelium, Glomerular BM, Glomerular Epithelium (Visceral BC) |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines the PCT/PST? |
|
Definition
| Simple Cuboidal or Columnar |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines the DCT/DST? |
|
Definition
| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What type of cytoplasm do the PCT/PST have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is present in the PCT/PST but lacking int the DCT/DST? |
|
Definition
| Brush Border (microvilli) |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the basal striations in the PCT/PST? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has more distinct brush borders - PCT or PST? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the thin tubules form? |
|
Definition
| Desc & Asc limbs of L of H |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the thin tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are longer - DCT or PCT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do PCT or DCT have larger lumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do PCT or DCT have smaller, flatter cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the JG Apparatus consist of? |
|
Definition
| Macula Densa, JG Cells, Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the modified segment where the distal tubule establishes contact w/ the vascular pole of the renal corpuscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are in the macula densa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are MD cells sensitive to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the macula densa regulate? |
|
Definition
| Rate of glomerular filtration |
|
|
Term
| What are the modified smooth m. cells of the afferent arteriole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes vasoconstriction of arterioles & raises BP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the extraglomerular mesangial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Extraglomerular Mesangial cells btw? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the DCT to a collecting duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ducts have 2-layered epithelium that is transitional toward the opening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines the arched collecting ducts and smaller collecting ducts of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines the larger collecting ducts of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the collecting ducts of the kidney a major component of? |
|
Definition
| Urine Concentrating Mechanism |
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence of aa. of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| Renal a., Interlobar a., Arcuate a., Interlobular a. |
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence of vv. of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| Interlobular v., Arcuate v., Interlobar v., Renal v. |
|
|
Term
| What is the sequence of vasculature of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| Afferent arteriole, Glomerulus, Efferent Arteriole, Descending Vasa Recta, Peritubular Capillary Network, Ascending Vasa Recta (venules) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the interstitial cells of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the interstitium of the kidney sparse? Where is it plentiful? |
|
Definition
Sparse: Cortex
Plentiful: Inner Medulla |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium lines the urinary passages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have mucous glands under the epithelium of the calyces & renal pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer is absent in the ureter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has tubuloalveolar M glands in the propria submucosa of the ureter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the tunica muscularis in the ureter? |
|
Definition
| Inner & Outer Longitudinal, Middle Circular |
|
|
Term
| What animals have a lamina muscularis in the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
| Horses, Ruminants, Dogs, Pigs |
|
|
Term
| What animals have no lamina muscularis in the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the smooth mm. of the tunica muscularis in the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the detrusor mm. composed of? |
|
Definition
| Irregularly shaped interweaving bundles |
|
|
Term
| Where do the avian kidneys extend Cr? Cd? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 divisions of avian kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of avian nephrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What male genital structure produces spermatozoa & hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What male genital structure transports & matures spermatozoa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What male genital structure transports spermatozoa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What male genital structure produces seminal plasma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What male genital structure is a continuation of the urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What capsule encloses the testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What covers the tunica albuginea? |
|
Definition
| Visceral layer of Tunica Vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| What is in the interior surface of the tunica albuginea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CT trabeculae that extend from the tunica albuginea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many seminiferous tubules are in each lobule of testicular parenchyma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the septuli testis continuous with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What CT area contains the rete testis & bv's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What CT area contains the rete testis & bv's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have a well developed mediastinum testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have a poorly developed mediastinum testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
| Lamina Propria, Sustentacular/Sertoli cell, Spermatogenic cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 portions of each seminiferous tubule? |
|
Definition
| convoluted (tubuli contorti) & straight (tubuli recti) |
|
|
Term
| What are the flat cells in the lamina propria of the seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of peritubular cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the joining of adjacent sertoli cells by tight junctions constitute? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is produced by Sertoli cells? |
|
Definition
| Mullerian Inhibitory Hormone |
|
|
Term
| What do sertoli cells secrete which is used for sperm transport? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the spermatogenic cells? |
|
Definition
| Spermatogonia, Primary Spermatocytes, Secondary Spermatocytes, Spermatids, Spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| What are the largest spermatogenic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which spermatogenic cells are difficult to observe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ undergo spermiogenesis & form _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for interstitial cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the product of Leydig cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the convoluted tubules to the rete testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the straight tubules (male repro) |
|
Definition
| Simple Sq to Simple Columnar |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the rete testis? |
|
Definition
| Simple Sq to Simple Columnar |
|
|
Term
| What does the rete testis produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the rete testis produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects the rete testis to the ductus epididymis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the ductuli efferentes? |
|
Definition
| Simple Columnar (Ciliated & Non) |
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the epididymis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 regions of the epididymis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lines the ductus epididymis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 cell types in the ductus epididymis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the long branched microvilli of the epididymis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the head & body of the epididymis? |
|
Definition
| Maturation of spermatozoa |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the tail of the epididymis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the ductus deferens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers of the tunica muscularis of the ductus deferens? (No Ampulla) |
|
Definition
| Intermingled Circular, Longitudinal, & Oblique |
|
|
Term
| What animals do not have an ampullated ductus deferens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the accessory sex glands? |
|
Definition
| Ampulla of DD, Vesicular Gland, Prostate, Bulbourethral |
|
|
Term
| Which accessory sex gland is paired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has no bulbourethral gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has no Pars Disseminata of prostate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has no Prostate body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has all the accessory sex glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has no vesicular gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gland is the vesicular gland, structurally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is the vesicular gland? |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified Columnar |
|
|
Term
| What epithelium are the main & intralobular ducts of the vesicular gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have true vesicles in the vesicular gland, with a wide central lumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have a compact, lobulated vesicular gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of gland is the prostate, structurally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the prostate? |
|
Definition
| Compact (Body) & Disseminate |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the prostate surrounds the pelvic urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the prostate is in the propria submucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the prostate is surrounded by striated urethral m.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium are the alveoli & intraglandular duct of the prostate? |
|
Definition
| Simple Cuboidal or Columnar |
|
|
Term
| What is the bulbourethral gland, structurally? |
|
Definition
| Compound Tubular/Tubuloalveolar |
|
|
Term
| What covers the bulbourethral gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What epithelium lines the collecting ducts of the bulbourethral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What epithelium lines the large intraglandular ducts of the bulbourethral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the urethra has erectile tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the endothelium-lined caverns in the pelvic urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cavernous spaces in the penile urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 parts of the penis? |
|
Definition
| Corpora Cavernosa Penis, Corpus Spongiosum Penis, Glans Penis |
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the penile urethra & is composed of erectile tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the penis is surrounded by tunica albuginea & divided by a median septum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have a well developed glans penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the penis contains erectile tissue & highly vascularized areolar tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium covers the glans penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the avian tunica albuginea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has no mediastinum testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal has no septa or lobulation in the testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the avian epididymis compare to mammalian? |
|
Definition
| Smaller, Less conspicuous, No head, body, & tail |
|
|
Term
| What animal has no accessory sex glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is at the Ca end of the DD in some birds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the seminal glomus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the avian homologue of the mammalian penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the avian phallus locate? |
|
Definition
| Crest of the V lip of the vent |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the M phallic body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the paired lateral phallic body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in birds at the moment of ejaculation? |
|
Definition
| Phallus protrudes & discharges semen from papillae of DD into M groove @ same time V tip of phallus is applied to protruded vent of female |
|
|
Term
| What is the course of sperm travel? |
|
Definition
| Tubuli Contorti, Tubuli Recti, Rete Testis, Efferent Ducts, Ductus Epididymis, DD, Urethra |
|
|
