Term
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Definition
| study of tissues referring to light microscopy |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism |
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Term
| Steps preparing for light microscopy |
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Definition
| Fixation, Embedding, Clearing, Sectioning, Staining or Electron Microscopy |
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Term
| Concepts of acid-base staining |
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Definition
| Hematoxylin is basic; it turns acidic structures purple (Nucleic Acids/Ribosomes) Eosin is acidic, it stains basic structures pink (proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| Periodic acid Schiff: It stains carbohydrates reddish pink |
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Term
| What is Metal Impregnation? |
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Definition
| Depositing metal salts (Silver or Chromium) in tissues. This blocks light and makes the structures appear black |
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Term
| How does Electron Microscopy work? |
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Definition
| The microscope magnifies an electron beam that goes through tissue with magnetic lenses. This appears black and white with darker parts being more dense. |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic unit of life. Can divided into Membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus |
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Term
| What are the four TYPES of tissues? |
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Definition
| Epithelial (cover surfaces and form glands), Connective (provide support and holds things together), Muscle (contracts to cause movement), and Nervous (allows communication) |
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Term
| What are the common features of epithelium? |
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Definition
| Adhere close together, exhibit polarity, create a selective barrier, are avascular, and are renewable. |
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Term
| What is simple classification? |
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Definition
| One layer of cells that touch both the surface AND the basement membrane |
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Term
| What is stratified classification? |
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Definition
| not all cells attach to the basement, non border the basement and surfaceand , not all border the surface |
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Term
| What is pseudostratified classification? |
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Definition
| All are irregular, all attach to the basement, not all border the surface |
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Term
| What are the shapes classifications of epithial cells? |
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Definition
| Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cubed), and Columnar (taller than wider) |
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Term
| What part of the eye does simple squamous cover? |
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Definition
| The corneal endothelium which lines the posterior surface of the cornea |
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Term
| What parts of the eye do simple cuboidal epithelium cover? |
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Definition
| Anterior lens epithelium, Anterior myoepithelium of the iris, pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body |
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Term
| What two parts of the eye do simple columnar epithelium cover? |
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Definition
| Posterior pigmented epithelium of the iris, and non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body |
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Term
| What example of Pseudostratified epithelium is in the eye? |
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Definition
| There are no occurrences of pseudostratified epithelium in the eye |
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Term
| What examples of non-keratinized stratified squamous are in the eye? |
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Definition
| puncta and canaliculi of the lacrimal system, corneal epithlium(outer surface), bulbar conjunctiva near the limbus (most of outside of sclera), and palpebral conjunctiva near the lid margin (most of inside of eyelids) |
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Term
| What are examples of keratinized stratified squamous? |
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Definition
| epidermis of the skin (including eyelid) |
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Term
| What is the junction between non-keratinized and keratinized epithelium in the skin called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of Stratified Cuboidal in the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of stratified columnar in the eye? |
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Definition
| conjuctival epithelium of the fornix, palpebral conjunctiva adjacent to fornix, bulbar conjunctiva adjacent to fornix (largest ducts of glands) |
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Term
| What is transitional epithelium and where is it found in the body? |
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Definition
| The number of layers of cells changes depending on physiological demands. The only place in the body it is found is in the urinary tract where it is referred to as urothelium (bladder) |
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Term
| What is the apical domain of epithelium? |
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Definition
| the surface side of epithelial cells, it can contain enzymers, ion channels and carrier proteins or structures like microvilli for more surface area |
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Term
| How are the (9+2) and (9+3) classifications different? |
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Definition
| 9+2 has nine doublets of two cilium in a circle are one doublets of ciliu. 9+3 has nine triplets of cilium around an empty middle section. |
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Term
| What is a Tight (occluding) junction? |
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Definition
| It is impermeable to molecules; most common is a zonula occludens, they form a belt around the apical portion of the cell |
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Term
| What is an anchoring (adhering) junction and what types are there? |
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Definition
| Anchor cells together; Zonula adherens (form a belt under the zonula occludens), Fascia adherens (only seen in cardiac muscle as part of the intercalated disk), and Desmosome or macula adherens (stronger and smaller 'spot welds' that do not completely encircle the cell |
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Term
| What are gap junctions (or nexus)? |
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Definition
| Make transmembrane channels or pores called connexons that allow passage of small molecules (i.e. water, ions) to communication between cells |
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Term
| What are the layers of the basement membrance produced by epithelial cells? |
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Definition
| lamina lucida (attached to cells), lamina densa or basal lamina (ty |
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Term
| What are the layers of the basement membrance produced by epithelial cells? |
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Definition
| lamina lucida (attached to cells), lamina densa or basal lamina (type IV collagen provides strength), fibroreticular lamina (produced by fibroblasts of CT, contains type III collagen, anchors basement membrane to CT) |
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Term
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Definition
| an aggregate of cells or cell that is specialized to secrete materials not related to normal metabolic needs |
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Term
| What are the four types of glands? |
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Definition
| Exocrine (secrete onto a surface, Endocrine (secrete into connective tissue/bloodstream), Paracrine (secretion affects nearby cells), Autocrine (secretion affects itself) |
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Term
| What are the modes of secretion? |
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Definition
| Merocrine (secretion delivered through vesicle, Apocrine (secretion delivered with partial part of cell), Holocrine (secretion delivered as whole cell) |
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Term
| What is a goblet cell, what does it secrete and how? |
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Definition
| Unicellular gland which is columnar shaped, mucus secreting cell which is positioned with other columnar cells. Must be stained with PAS since mucus is glycosylated protein. Found in conjunctiva as mucus part of tear film. Delivers via merocrine usually, apocrine during stressful events |
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Term
| What types of multicellular exocrine gland exist? |
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Definition
| cell sheet, simple tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple branched tubular, simple acinar/alveolar, simple branched acinar, compound tubular, compound acinar, compound tubuloacinar |
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Term
| What are the differences between mucous and serous acini secretions? |
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Definition
| mucous secretion does not stain well with H&E but does with PAS due to glycosylation of proteins, Serous secretion is less slippery and more watery because of less glycosylation and will stain darker due to RER machinery with purple portions |
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Term
| What are the four types of gland ducts? |
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Definition
| Intercalated duct (simpe cuboidal), Intralobular (striated) duct (simple columnar), Interlobular duct (stratified cuboidal), Main duct of gland (stratified columnar) |
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Term
| What is a sebaceous gland? |
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Definition
| oil glands in the hair follicles of the eyebrow. Secrete sebum. Simple branched acinar. Mode of secretion is holocrine |
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Term
| What are the Glands of Zeis? |
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Definition
| Specialized sebaceous glands near the eyelid margin at the eyelashes. sebum-like material is secreted to waterproof eyelashes. Simple branched acinar. Holocrine mode of secretion |
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Term
| What are the Meibomian (tarsal) Glands? |
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Definition
| Modified sebaceous gland vertically oriented in the tarsal plates of the eyelid posterior to the lashes. Simple branched acinar. Mode of secretion is holocrine. Secretion is the lipid (oily) layer of the tear film (prevents evaporation of tears. |
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Term
| What are the eccrine sweat glands of the eyelid? |
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Definition
| Simple coiled tubular. Merocrine mode of secretion. Secretion is typical sweat |
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Term
| What are the glands of Moll? |
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Definition
| Another type of apocrine sweat gland. Simple coiled tubular. Secretion of sweat that is more lipid that regular sweat. Mode of secretion is merocrine for proteinaceous portion and apocrine for lipid portion. Found anterior to glands of Zeis |
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Term
| what are the lacrimal glands? |
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Definition
| Compound tubuloacinar. Secrete aqueous layer of tear film via merocrine. Two sets: glands of wolfring are inferior to the glands of krause in the upper fornix |
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Term
| What are the three components of all connective tissues? |
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Definition
| Cells, Fibers, Ground substance (mostly water) |
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Term
| What are the three classifications of connective tissues? |
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Definition
| Embryonic CT (mesenchyme), Connective tissue proper (loose and dense), Specialized connective tissue (blood, bone, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| pluripotential (can be any kind of CT). embryonic |
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Term
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Definition
| Only found in umbilical cord known as Wharton's jelly |
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Term
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Definition
| abundant ground substance, loosely arranged fibers, and fewer cells than most CT. Can be found in iris stroma, stroma of ciliary body, bulbar conjunctiva, palpebral conjunctiva |
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Term
| What is dense irregular CT? |
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Definition
| little ground substance, many fibers, few cells. not arranged parallel |
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Term
| what is dense regular CT? |
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Definition
| many fibers, little ground substance, few cells. fibers are densely packed and arranged in a parallel manner. found in stroma of cornea, tendons, and ligaments |
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Term
| What is a collagen fiber? |
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Definition
| large caliber, unbranched; eosinophilic (stains pink), composed of tropocollagen fibrils, triple helix arrangement (chinese handcuffs) |
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Term
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Definition
| small caliber, unbranched; type III collagen fibers, network (web), must stain with PAS or metal, high CHO content. Found in basement membranes, loose ct, fat cells, small blood vessels, nerve fibers, muscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| medium caliber, branched; combination of elastin and fibrillin, found in dense irregular ct of the sclera and palpebral conjunctiva. |
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Term
| Where is Type I collagen located? |
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Definition
| all loose CT, Dense CT, Bone, and fibrocartilage (most abundenct collagen in body) |
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Term
| Where is type II collagen located? |
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Definition
| Vitreous, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage |
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Term
| Where is type III collagen located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are type IV collagen fibers located? |
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Definition
| exclusively basement membranes |
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Term
| What is the difference between Extra cellular matrix and ground substance? |
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Definition
| ground substance is a part of ECM. it is a hydrated gel containing mostly water and GAG (glycosaminoglycans) |
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Term
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Definition
| produces fibers, stains RER purple (ribosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| develop from bone marrow. perfroms phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Trigger inflammation and allergic reactions. releases histamines |
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Term
| what is a Mesenchyme cell? |
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Definition
| CT stem cell. identical to fibroblasts |
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Term
| What are wandering CT cells? |
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Definition
| White blood cells: Lymphocytes, plasma cells (cartwheel cells), neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes |
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Term
| What is white adipose tissue? |
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Definition
| energy storage, insulation, shock absorption, source of leptin. highly metabolic, found in orbit, heart, kidneys, mesenteries (belly fat), superficial fascia (under skin is where a majority is) |
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Term
| What is the difference between brown and white adipose tissue? |
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Definition
| Brown has larger amount of cytochrome oxidase is the mitochondria. Brown contains more than one fat droplets. brown is more vascular. Browns main function is heat production for animals that hibernate. Negligible brown fat in adult humans. |
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Term
| Why is cartilage considered a specialized connective tissue? |
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Definition
| It is composed of cells, fibers, and ground substance. |
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Term
| What are the basic components of cartilage? |
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Definition
| Avascular, cells called chondrocytes, extracellular matrix is solid (lacunae), GAG's stain purple/blue due to not washing away |
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Term
| What are the three types of cartilage? |
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Definition
| Hyaline (no visible fibers), elastic (haphazard arrangement), and fibrocartilage (linear arrangement) |
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Term
| What is the perichondrium? |
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Definition
| dense irregular CT that has a fibrous and cellular layer. Perichondrium is vascular and have appositional growth (growth from inside) |
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Term
| What is the difference between appositional growth and interstitial growth? |
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Definition
| appositional occurs from within a perichondrium while interstitial occurs when chrondrocytes become mitotic and divide themselves to make isogenous groups |
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Term
| What is an isogenous group and how are they formed? |
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Definition
| Cells that originated from each other in cartilage during interstitial growth. Come in close clusters |
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Term
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Definition
| Cartilage cell found in lacunae, stains purple/blue: basophilic |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce or even turn into chondrocytes. |
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Term
| What is hyaline cartilage? |
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Definition
| consists of type II collagen fibrils in a haphazard arrangement in ground substance. Fibers are not visible. Most abundent cartilage, found in bone growing, synovial joints, costal carilage, nasal cartilage, etc |
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Term
| Territorial vs Interterritorial matrix? |
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Definition
| Territorials is 'new' extracellular matrix made by the chondrocytes. Interterritorial is all other ECM that is not 'new' |
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Term
| why do synovial joints not have a perichondrium? |
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Definition
| the dense connective tissue would rub too much and end up tearing with movement of the joints |
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Term
| What is elastic cartilage? |
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Definition
| Perichondrium is always present. Contains easily visible elastic fibers in a haphazard arrangement. Found in the auditory tube, epiglottis, and larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| Strongest type of cartilage. combination of dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage. type I collagen arranged in a pristine parallel manner. never has a perichondrium. Found in symphysis joints (intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis) also in menisci of the knee and mandibular joint |
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