Term
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Definition
- Spectrin regulates the shape of the membrane and is connected to an internal cytoskeleton (actin)
- Cell shape is governed by a network of proteins (spectrin, Band 3 protein) that adhere to the inner side of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
- A novel protein, SHROOM, regulates the assembly of actin and microtubules in epithelial cells
- An Actin-binding protein, shroom, recruits both actin and tubulin to the apical surface of an epithelial cell and causes elongation of microtubules. This leads to an overall elongation of an epithelial cell.
- Shroom1 expression is sufficient to elicit apical accumulation of {gamma}-tubulin in naive epithelial cells
- Shroom3 is required for assembly of discrete arrays of parallel MTs in elongating neural epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
- When Apical Actin Causes Apical Cell Constriction, Cells Become More “Pie-Shaped,” And Automatically Form a Tube!
- Spectrin, in turn, is connected to the actin cytoskeleton
- An Actin-binding protein, shroom, recruits both actin and tubulin to the apical surface of an epithelial cell and causes elongation of microtubules. This leads to an overall elongation of an epithelial cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| - An Actin-binding protein, shroom, recruits both actin and tubulin to the apical surface of an epithelial cell and causes elongation of microtubules. This leads to an overall elongation of an epithelial cell. |
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Term
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Definition
- In some cells (e.g. RBCs), membrane asymmetry is lost as they age (due to scramblase enzymes)
- The presence of PS on the outer surface (E leaflet) triggers phagocytosis of these aged cells by macrophages
- PLs and GLs can move in the plane of the membrane, but "flip-flops" are rare (unless scramblases are present) |
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Term
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Definition
- Phospholipid component Found in C leaflet
- The presence of PS on the outer surface (E leaflet) triggers phagocytosis of these aged cells by macrophages (in the spleen)
- In some cells (e.g. RBCs), membrane asymmetry is lost as they age (due to scramblase enzymes). |
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Term
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Definition
- Example of a single pass transmembrane protein
o Notch and its ligand both are single pass transmembrane proteins
- Notch is on cell 1—external part is cleaved and bound to notch ligand
- Ligand is on cell 2– Bound Notch is internalized |
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Term
| Epidermal growth factor receptor |
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Definition
- Tyrosine kinase signaling steps:
- 1. Ligands (EGF) bind to receptors
- 2. Receptors form dimers
- 3. Dimers cross-phosphorylate their cytoplasmic tails
- 4. Tyrosine kinase domains activated
- 5. Other proteins phosphorylated
- 6. Cell proliferation stimulated |
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Term
| Glycosyl-phospatidyl inositol (GPI) anchored proteins |
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Definition
o Functions: has receptors, enzymes,
o Always on Extra cellular
o Alkaline phosphate is an example of one |
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Term
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Definition
- Alkaline phosphatase is a GPI-linked protein
o In osteoblast membranes (bone forming cells)
o Increases the local concentration of free phosphate
→ calcium phosphate in bone |
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Term
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Definition
| - Dystrophin anchors actin filaments in skeletal muscle cells to a complex of proteins in the muscle cell membrane. This protein is defective in Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy and the cell membrane becomes damaged leading to the death of the muscle cell. |
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Term
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Definition
- the glycocalyx is the CHO layer on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
- Glycocalyx (sugar coat) is composed of carbohydrate (sugar) groups attached to protein or a lipid on the outside of the plasma membrane (asymmetrical). This sugar coat gives a “fuzzy appearance” in the electron microscope (EM). When attached to a protein, they are called glycoproteins and when attached to a lipid, glycolipid.
- Functions: cell recognition, enzymatic activity, contain recpetors for antibodies, hormones, bacteria, and viruses |
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Term
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Definition
- Lipid rafts are like islands present in cellular membranes. They are rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Membranes with lipid rafts contain a higher concentration of glycoshpingolipids and cholesterol than do non-raft parts of the membrane. Lipid rafts in cell membrane could serve as communication hubs by recruiting proteins that need to come together in order to transmit a signal.
- These lipid rafts could control membrane permeability by reducing average "fluidity" and free volume |
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Term
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Definition
- Some rafts are invaginated to form caveolae
o The protein caveolin help them form their characteristic flask-like shape
- Insulin receptors are localized to lipid rafts and caveolae
- Lipid rafts are microdomains within the plasma membrane enriched (2X) in cholesterol and sphingolipids. These may be flat or form pockets (caveolae)
- Many signaling molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| • Targeting protein aspect of a newly formed polypeptide. It sends the proteins to its designated place via its singal sequence |
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Term
| Signal recognition peptide (SRP) |
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Definition
| • The SRP binds to the ER specific signal sequence to have facilitation of the whole protein strand into the lumen of the ER. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Membrane lipid. (in the inside of membrane of rER) that is the source of carbohydrates added to proteins Asparagine residue via N linkage. |
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Term
| Coatamer (COP1, COP2) proteins |
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Definition
• COP1 proteins help shape the vesicles that bud off of the rER and move to the Golgi stacks
- COP2 is the signal of the vesicle from the golgi and back to the rER |
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Term
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Definition
• Are two proteins that cover the cytoplasmic surfaces of vesicles that travel between the Golgi stacks and plasma membrane
• Adaptin helps direct the vesicle to the to the proper place |
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Term
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Definition
• Lysosomal Enzymes Are Sorted to the Proper Destination Because They Are Attached to
Mannose-6-phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| • chaperone protein binds to hydrophobic regions of misfolded proteins within the lumen of the rER that wold normally be unaccessible. |
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Term
| Sec 61 translocation channel |
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Definition
| • pore protein that allows entry of proteins into the rER lumen |
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Term
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Definition
• When too many misfolded proteins bind to BiP, this allows IRE1 proteins to dimerize and become activated
• The activated IRE1protein, in turn cleaves an intron from the mRNA for a master commanding protein called the X-box binding protein
• When this altered mRNA is translated into a protein, the protein moves to the nucleus and activates the transcription of many genes required for expansion of the rER and for protein secretion |
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Term
| X-box binding protein (Xbp) |
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Definition
| • Is a transcription factor that activates the genes necessary for the synthesis of rER membranes proteins and thus there is more Bip . |
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Term
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Definition
● Reticuln protein is limited to the sER and may influence its morphology
● rER does not have reticulum protein. |
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Term
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Definition
• ATP synthesis from oxidative metabolism of nutrients
• Calcium storage
• Synthesis of steroid hormones |
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Term
| Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) |
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Definition
| Is dependant off the ATP synthase for the production of ATP to allocate a ligand to VDAC and from there exit the cell and stimulate Hexokinase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Don't know why its not on ppt for Mitochondria. But research shows that progesterone regulate mitochondria for aging purposes somehow........................................ |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the by product of glucose catabolism via glycolysis, resulting to two pyruvate. Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA when it gets into the Mitochondria. |
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Term
| Superoxide dismutase (SOD) |
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Definition
| Basically are inherited and may cause Lou Gehrig disease. A death of motor neurons of the spinal cord characterizes this. SOD involves MISFOLDED action that blocks VDAC. Remember that voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC), this causes a block of ATP being exported from Mitochondria, which is needed for motor neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| TOM and TIM are good friends and help bring protein into the Mitochondria. TOM brings Hsc70 protein thru the outer most membrane of the Mitochondria and TIM brings the rest thru the INNER MOST membrane to the matrix!!! |
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Term
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Definition
| Cholesterol is imported into the mitochondria under the influence of this STAR protein to under the first step in steroid synthesis. PLEASE NOTE; that steroid synthesizing cells have mitochondria with TUBULAR CRISTAE ( be able to identify on Electron Microscrope shot) |
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Term
| AMP-Activated Protein kinase (AMPK) |
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Definition
| AMPK is the cell fuel sensor if low to depeleted levels of ATP is reach in the mitochondria. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) is activated by an increase in the AMP/ATP ratio, by starvation or by increased phosphocreatine. |
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Term
| Nuclear Respiratory Factor (NRF) |
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Definition
| AMPK activates Nuclear Respiratory Factor-1 Mrna (NRF) in a low fuel state of a cell. Which in return regulate the transcription of many mitochondrial genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the role of mitochondria in a state of APOPTOSIS; cytochrome c activates CASPASE. This leads to activation of the caspase proteolytic cascade, by which other caspases, which are proteolytic enzymes are activated. This results in massive protein degradation. Activation of the caspase cascade also leads to the destruction of the nuclear lamins. |
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Term
| Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) |
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Definition
| When the caspase cascade is activated the AIF is translocated to the nucleus, and induces DESTRUCTION OF THE CHROMATIN. |
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Term
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Definition
| re subunits of protein that make the Microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a molecule that bind to microtubules that depresses microtubule assembly and as a result fall apart. Essentially then taken up by neutrophils, which has become suppressed as a TREATMENT FOR GOUT!!! |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a motor protein molecule that bind to microtubules to promote movement to the minus end of a microtubule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a motor protein molecule that bind to microtubules to promote movement to the positive end of a microtubule. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the main structural unit of CILIA. It is composed of 9 doublets of Microtubules and two center Microtubule that make a circular unit and contract and move in a synchronize harmonic movement to establish the movement of a typical cilia. |
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Term
|
Definition
- Due to Abnormal Ciliary Dynein.
- Symptoms include:
o Respiratory system abnormalities (because cilia not moving the mucus)
o Situs Invertus – thoracic and abdominal organs are on the wrong side of the body; because ciliary movement aids in organogensesis in the early embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| - Non-Labile (hard to break down once made) intermediate filament found in epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - Non-Labile intermediate filament found in muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| - Non-Labile intermediate filament found in connective tissue cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| - Non-Labile intermediate filament found in nerve cells |
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Term
| Glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP) |
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Definition
| - Non-Labile intermediate filament found in Astrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| - Non-Labile intermediate filament found in the nucleus and governs the shape of the nucleus and interconnects nuclear pores |
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Term
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Definition
- Binds LDL and brings it into the cell.
- The LDL may be broken down and reused but the receptor is always recycled back to the membrane for re-use |
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Term
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Definition
- Provides an area for the maximum cluster of certain types of receptors on the cell membrane
- These clathrin coated regions form pits which eventually pinch off to form vesicles |
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Term
| Epidermal growth factor (EGF) |
|
Definition
- Binds to EGFr and is brought into the cell.
- Both the ligand and receptor are degraded. This is important because you need to keep the EGF signaling otherwise you will have uncontrolled growth leading to the formation of tumors/cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| - When the clathrin coated vesicles brings material into the cell is may be taged with ubiquitin signaling degradation instead of recycling. The receptor can also be ubiquinated. |
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Term
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Definition
| - IgA is brought across the cell membrane from the interstitial space into the lumen of the intestines (basal to apical Transcytosis). |
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Term
|
Definition
- Found in peroxisomes and is responsible for converting hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into harmless water.
- Hydrogen peroxide is the product created by oxidative enzymes found in peroxisomes |
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Term
|
Definition
- Major component of myelin. Synthesized by peroxisomes
- A peroxisomal defect may prevent you from making myelin which may cause a defect in synaptic transmission
Peroxisomes are important regulators of lipid metabolism |
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Term
|
Definition
| lysosomal storage disease caused by a defective N-acetyl-hexosaminidase. It is fatal in childhood due to the acculmulation of undigested glycolipids, particularly in neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic adapter protein family found in cell-to-cell adhesive junctions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Transmembrane adhesive protein family that are calcium-ion dependent. They are found in cell-to-cell junctions (zonula adherens, desmosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmembrane adhesive protein family (4 pass membrane proteins); also known as occludin or junctional adhesive molecule (interact homotypically with proteins in adjacent cell). They are found in tight or occluding junctions; mostly at apical end of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Integral membrane protein found in gap or communicating junctions; different members of family result in differences in permeability. |
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Term
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Definition
| formed from six connexins and has a central canal thru which the passage of small signaling molecules and ions is possible. The group of one cell connects to the group of an adjacent cell to form a hydrophilic channel. Tens to hundreds of these aligned pairs are hexagonally packed in gap junctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmembrane protein family (heterodimers with alpha and beta subunits) found in cell-to ECM adhesive junctions (hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions). Binds to ECM protein fibronectin, laminin, and collagen |
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Term
Collagen: ECM protein of about 19 varieties, with five particularly important types.
-Type I: found in tendons, bone, and ligaments; most abundant
-Type II: cartilage; forms hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage (*type II collagen and elastic fibers)
-Type III: reticular fibers
-Type IV: basal lamina/basement membrane; mesh-like
- Type VII: anchoring fibrils; component of the basal lamina/basement membrane of skin |
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Definition
Collagen: ECM protein of about 19 varieties, with five particularly important types.
-Type I: found in tendons, bone, and ligaments; most abundant
-Type II: cartilage; forms hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage (*type II collagen and elastic fibers)
-Type III: reticular fibers
-Type IV: basal lamina/basement membrane; mesh-like
- Type VII: anchoring fibrils; component of the basal lamina/basement membrane of skin |
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Term
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Definition
| ECM glycoprotein of the basal lamina/basement membrane that binds to the integrin transmembrane protein family in hemidesmosomes and focal adhesion |
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Term
|
Definition
| found in tendons, bone, and ligaments; most abundant |
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Term
|
Definition
cartilage; forms hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage (*type II collagen and elastic fibers)
-Type III: reticular fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| basal lamina/basement membrane; mesh-like |
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Term
|
Definition
| anchoring fibrils; component of the basal lamina/basement membrane of skin |
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Term
|
Definition
| ECM glycoprotein of the basal lamina/basement membrane that binds to the integrin transmembrane protein family in hemidesmosomes and focal adhesion |
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Term
|
Definition
| basal lamina/basement membrane ECM protein that binds to the integrin transmembrane protein family in focal adhesive junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| intranuclear variety of intermediate filaments; interact with DNA, transcription regulating factors (Rb protein) and the inner nuclear envelope to regulate nuclear shape and function. Inherited abnormalities of a type of this filament causes progeria syndrome (has symptoms of accelerated aging) |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA plus histones; 2.5 turns of DNA around each histone |
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Term
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Definition
| core protein in chromatin; DNA is wrapped around this protein and organized to form nucleosomes |
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Term
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Definition
• 456 individual protein molecules are found in each pore; there are about 30 varieties of nucleoporins
• Function to bind and import proteins into the nucleus (examples?)
o DNA, RNA polymerases
o Transcription factors, histones
o Nuclear proteins contain a sequence of basic amino acids termed a Nuclear Localization Sequence
• Function to transport out of the nucleus proteins that bind to mRNA molecules
• Function to export ribosomal subunits, which are assembled within the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| • A transcription depressant that interacts abnormally with abnormally farnesylated Lamin-A proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| • A complex of proteins attached to each chromosome at the centromere. During anaphase this complex has motor capability, allowing the chromosomes to travel down microtubules. |
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Term
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Definition
| • The centrally located portion of an interphase chromosome that is composed of highly repeating sequences |
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Term
|
Definition
| • Highly repeating sequences located at both ends of an interphase chromosome; form caps. |
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Term
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Definition
| • This protein exhibits recombinase activity in mammals and is analogous to Rec-A in yeast |
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Term
|
Definition
| • In cells from females, one of each X chromosome must become condensed and inactive. Often, the condensed X-chromosome becomes attached to the nucleolus. In some cells (eg., white blood cells) the condensed X-chromosome is visible as a dark spot (“drumstick”). This allows the identification of a cell as coming from a female. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Nuclear staining that is denoted by dark staining and condensed, transcriptionally inactive DNA. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• Nuclear staining that is denoted by pale staining nuclei and uncondensed DNA
Cyclin dependent kinase |
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Term
|
Definition
| • The enzyme responsible for initiating DNA synthesis by phosphorylating retinoblastoma protein. This enzyme must bind a cyclin protein to become active. |
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Term
|
Definition
| • The protein that binds chromosomes together, preventing their separation during metaphase. |
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Term
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Definition
| • Designation for each chromosome duplicated during the S phase (Synthesis phase) of the cell cycle; DNA synthesis takes place at thousands of sites called replication origin. |
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Term
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Definition
| • A specific binding protein that identifies the beginning of each gene, plus RNA polymerases and associated co-factors |
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Term
| TRF (transcription regulatory factor) |
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Definition
| • This component is recruited by the TATA box to increase the activity of binding proteins needed for DNA transcription. Every cell produces its own subset of this component, leading to a unique pattern of DNA transcription in each cell. |
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Term
| TRF (transcription regulatory factor) |
|
Definition
| • This component is recruited by the TATA box to increase the activity of binding proteins needed for DNA transcription. Every cell produces its own subset of this component, leading to a unique pattern of DNA transcription in each cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| • The most abundant type of collagen; present in tendons, ligaments, and bone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| • This hydroxylation product is involved in intracellular synthesis of collagen. In addition to prolyl hydroxylase, this product requires vitamin C as a co-factor; deficiency causes scurvy. |
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Term
|
Definition
A Cofactor that is needed by Prolyl and Lysyl hydroxylase when making Intracellular Collagen
Defiency= Scurvy |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for removing the non-helical domain of procollagen to make tropocollagen |
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Term
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Definition
| Made by RER and packaged and secreted by the Golgi. Goes on to form Tropocollagen after enzymatic removal of most of the nonhelical domain by Peptidase. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Made once Procollagen is removed of most of its nonhelical domain by Procollagen Peptidase. Goes on to form collagen fibrils |
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Term
|
Definition
Its crosslinking in causes elasticity.
Can be found in the innermost layer of arteries |
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Term
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Definition
If Abnormal will cause Marfans
is a glycoprotein, which is essential for the formation of elastic fibers found in connective tissue Fibrillin is secreted into the extracellular matrix by fibroblasts and becomes incorporated into the insoluble microfibrils, which appear to provide a scaffold for deposition of elastin |
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Term
|
Definition
Symptoms:
Unusually Tall Stature
Poor Elasticity of Connective Tissue
Ruptures of Blood Vessels Enriched in Elastin and Fibrillin |
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Term
|
Definition
Found in aggrecan/proteoglycan
Backbone of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
Attaches to Hyaluronate |
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Term
|
Definition
Aggrecan (proteoglycan); contains chondroitin sulfate, core proteins, and link proteins that bind to hyaluronic acid, a very long sugar polymer
• Numerous negative charges on the GAG components attract and immobilize water molecules
• Same charges account for the metachromasia (red color) of cartilage matrix after staining by toluidine blue |
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Term
| Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
|
Definition
Its Negative components attract and immobilize water molecules.
The water molecules assist the resiliency of the cartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
| When adipose cells that are composed of triglyceride broken down by lipoprotein lipase it releases; one glycerol and three fatty acid tails. These “Free Fatty Acid” (FFA’s) and glycerol attach to a Fatty Acid protein and travel via capillaries. The Glycerol is taken into the body as a fuel source that feeds into glycolysis via “AQUAPORIN” water channel. |
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Term
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Definition
| is secreted by fat cells to regulate the hypothalamic control of feeding. Leptin decreases the firing of NPY+ neurons in the hypothalamus and dimishes appetite. Leptin also influences the timing of puberty. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is an enzyme that breaks down triglycerol from adipose tissue to a glycerol and 3 fatty acids for metabolic needs of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as TNF; Macrophages secrete TNF to cause apoptosis of tumors. TNF decreases fat deposition and can also decrease blood pressure and cause migration of leukocytes into organs: SEPTIC SHOCK = “blood poisoning”. TNF also stimulates lymphocytes may play a role in arthritis and lupus erythematosus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is also known as blood poisoning. Arises with decrease levels of blood pressure in response of high levels of TNF. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is enhanced attachment, refers to the antibody molecules IgG, IgE and the complement proteins C3b and C4b attaching antigens to phagocytes. This results in much more efficient phagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Principal Ig in secondary immune response; the longest half life and activates the complement system (opsonization) which in return stimulates chemotaxis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates mast cells to release histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| inds to vessel histamine receptors, causes a RAPID increase in permeability; role in ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK. Note that histamines are released from mast cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| From mast cells that bind to vessel receptors, cause a SLOW AND PROLONGED increase in permeability |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused from severe histamine release that causes an abnormal allergic reaction, causing contraction of smooth muscles in the pulmonary airways. This causes a blockage of breathing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| proteoglycan); Major extracellular component that contains chondroitin sulfate, core proteins, and link proteins that bind to hyaluronic acid, a very long sugar polymer |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is a subunit of an aggrecan that is part of the glycoaminoglycans (GAG’s). A polymer of sulfated aminosugars |
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Term
| Hylauronic acid (hyaluronate |
|
Definition
| Is the main molecule that constitutes an agrecan aggregate. Its where the chondroitin sulfate and keratin sulfate attached to. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Is a protein of the extracellular matrix. Functions as an inhibitor of angiogenesis and so accounts for the avascular nature of cartilage. |
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Term
|
Definition
Inorganic phosphate that is highly concentrated in cartilage used to inhibit calcification
Extra: In endochondral bone formation the hypertrophied chondrocytes make an enzyme called Alkaline Phosphatase (GPI: membrane structure and function ppt) will be used to reduce pyrophosphate levels and calcify your cartilage turning it into bone. |
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Term
|
Definition
Characterized by a loss of articular cartilage (cause is unknown)
Affect 50% of people 65 years old
Calcified deposits occur in joints (in some forms of osteoarthritis )
Up regulation of protease secretion by chondrocytes
TREATMENTS: Anti-inflamatory agents or joint replacement
Extra: Mouse model
Mutation in gene ANK (Ankylosing Spondylitis) that provokes a decrease in pyrophosphate (calcification inhibitor) in cartilage. |
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Term
|
Definition
Autoimmune disease, also with a loss of articular cartilage
Synovial membrane is inflamed
MMP (Matirx Metallaprotienases) and other digestive enzymes are secreted by cells in the synovial membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| is one of the non-collagen proteins of the bone matrix, used to bind integrin’s in cell membranes to bone matrix – Unregulated in some cancers. |
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Term
| Transforming Growth Factor (TGF): |
|
Definition
| Growth factor found in the bone matrix and is normally inactivated by binding to other proteins. |
|
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Term
| Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: |
|
Definition
Also a growth factor found in the bone matrix.
In Endochondral Ossifciation: Chondrocytes in primary center of ossification make Bone Morphogenetic Protien which stimulates mitosis and differentiation
In the Bone Marrow, Megakaryocytes (osteoblast proliferation) synthesize Bone Morphogenetic Protein |
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Term
|
Definition
Inorganic phosphate that is highly concentrated in cartilage used to inhibit calcification ( U don’t want your cartilage calcified)
Extra: In endochondral bone formation the hypertrophied chondrocytes make an enzyme called Alkaline Phosphatase (GPI: membrane structure and function ppt) will be used to reduce pyrophosphate levels and calcify your cartilage turning it into bone. |
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Term
|
Definition
Mineral part of the bone matrix make up of a calcium phosphate compound
Extra: osteoclast secrete acid to dissolve hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate compound) |
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Term
|
Definition
A master gene (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR) that controls dozens of genes specific for osteoblast differentiation
Deletion of RUNX2= complete loss of bone formation |
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Term
|
Definition
secreted by OSTEOCLAST to dissolve bone matrix proteins.
Extra: Osteoclast tightly adhere to surface bone forming a fluid filled space in region of ruffled border, secrete acid into this space to dissolve hydroxyapatite. |
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Term
|
Definition
A hormone that binds to the receptor of the osteoclast and stimulates bone resorption.
Extra: Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast and osteoprotegrin (protein from osteoblasts) depress osteoclasts differentiation . |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hormone that inhibits osteoclast from bone resorption. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protein from osteoblast that depress osteoclast differentiation. |
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Term
| VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) |
|
Definition
promotes vascular invasion
involved in endochondral ossification
one of the factors made by hypertrophic chondrocytes (chondrocytes of the zone of hypertrophy/calcification) which also make factors that promote calcification (i.e. alkaline phosphatase, matrix vesicles)
PRO-angiogenesis factor in epiphyseal cartilage
VEGF is an angiogenesis factor
Produced by chondrocytes
VEGF INCREASES as chondrocytes hypertrophy |
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Term
|
Definition
ANTI-angiogenesis factor in epiphyseal cartilage
Produced by chondrocytes
DECLINES as chondrocytes hypertrophy
PREVENTS growth of capillaries in bone matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
found in A band
Consist of 2 identical heavy chains, each contribute to the head and tail of the molecule, and 2 pairs of light chains, with one of each type bound to each head of the molecule
Forms bipolar polymer of individual myosin molecules, thick filaments
Found in M band(line)
Held in place by protein causing dark line down middle
Has a head and a tail
Head: can interact with myosin as well as hydrolyze ATP
Tail: allows individual molecules to assemble into filaments |
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found in I band
forms thin filaments
Consist of 2 strands of F-actin forming a helix around which tropomysoin filaments wrap |
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Stabilizes the thin filament
Serves as a site of attachment for troponin |
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Calcium binding in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Attached to tropomyosin
Has 3 components:
1. Troponin T (attaches to tropomyosin)
2. Troponin C (which bind calcium), when cytosolic calcium increases, it binds to Troponin C
3. Troponin I (inhibits interaction of actin and myosin) |
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Z-line contains alpha-actinin
anchors the (+) end of the thin filaments |
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Link adjacent myofibrils at adjacent Z lines
Keeps myofibrils aligned |
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| Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) (???) |
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found mainly in the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle
play a key role in the intracellular energy transport from mitochondria to myofibrils and other sites of energy utilization.
typically occur in elevated levels in the blood following injury to brain or muscle tissue |
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iron and oxygen binding protein found in muscle
the only time it’s found in the bloodstream is when released after muscle injury |
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functions as an immediate reserve source of available glucose for muscle cells
Made primarily by liver and muscle cells
Found in the form of granules in the cytosol of muscle
Can be called upon when sudden need for glucose |
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a defect in dystrophin, leading to muscle damage, and muscle cell death
rod-shaped cytoplasmic protein
part of a protein complex that connects the cytoskeleton of a muscle fiber to the surrounding extracellular matrix through the cell membrane |
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| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
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Secreted by atrial cells in response to stretch
Hormone which lowers blood pressure
-located in the atrium of the heart
-hormone that lowers blood pressure (causes sodium & water excretion, etc.) |
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Calcium binding in smooth muscle
causes phosphorylation of light chains, activating a myosin light chain kinase |
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| Required in relaxation of smooth muscle, along with decrease in intracellular calcium |
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| Calcium, released from caveolae, binds to calmodulin. The Ca2+-calmodulin complex activates myosin light-chain kinase, which phosphorylates one of the myosin light chains, altering its conformation. This causes the free terminus of the light meromyosin to be released from the S1 moiety. ATP binds to the S1, and the resultant interaction between actin and myosin is similar to that of skeletal (and cardiac) muscle. |
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| Decrease in the sarcoplasmic calcium level results in the dissociation of the calmodulin-calcium complex, causing inactivation of myosin light chain kinase. The subsequent dephosphorylation of myosin light chain, catalyzed by the enzyme myosin phosphatase, brings about masking of the myosin's actin binding site and the subsequent relaxation of the muscle. |
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| Keratohyaline granules contain aggregations of a highly basophilic protein precursor called profilaggrin |
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| a highly basophilic protein precursor. Profilaggrin is first highly phosphorylated; when it is cleaved into FILAGRRIN, phosphate groups are removed |
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The keratin-synthesizing machinery shuts down after keratinocytes enter the stratum granulosum. The cells in this layer produce filaggrin, a protein thought to help assemble keratin filaments into still coarser bundles.
(Gartner, Leslie P.. Color Textbook of Histology, 3rd Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 122006. p. 336). |
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| The stratum granulosum cells Also make lamellar bodies- membrane bound structures filled with lipids, the cells that make these lamellar bodies cause them (the lamellar bodies) to move to the cell surface. A lipid-rich secretion is expelled from lamellar bodies that helps waterproof the skin |
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Causes depigmented areas of the skin
Occurs in about 1% of the population
Due to an auto-immune attack upon melanocytes
Caused by an attack on melanocytes by lymphocytes |
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endosomes specialized for phagocytosis
a particular type of endosomes found in Langerhans cells |
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| Antibacterial protein produced by the dark cells of the eccrine sweat gland |
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| Aquaporin proteins form pours in the membrane for the passage of small polar molecules like water. In fat cells they allow for the import of glycerol. |
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| In alopecia areata (2% of population) an autoimmune attack upon hair follicles can cause complete hair loss |
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Capsaicin stimulates heat-sensitive Ca+ channels in pain sensitive nerve endings
Vanilloid receptors |
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| MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) |
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| Damage of skin cells by UV light causes the keratoncytes to make mRNA for melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). They secrete the MSH into their environment which binds to the melanocytes and stimulates them to make more melanin. |
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