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aka glial cells; brace and protect neurons
CNS: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells
PNS: Schwann cells and satellite cells |
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| most abundant CNS neuroglia; control the chemical environment around the neurons |
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| defensive phagocytes of the CNS that eat debris |
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| line CSF-filled cavities and help with its production |
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| myelinate axons in CNS for faster conduction of action potentials |
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| myelinate axons of the PNS, but isn't continuous like oligodendrocytes-creates saltatory propagation |
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| surround cell bodies of neurons in the PNS and control the chemical environment around them |
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| neuron cell bodies make up |
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nuclei-clusters making up gray matter in the CNS
ganglia-clusters in the PNS |
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| white matter: tracts in the CNS and nerves in the PNS |
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Term
| What structures are found in the cytoplasm of the neuron cell body, besides the nucleus? |
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Definition
neurofibrils (provide support for the cell and a means of substance transport)
Nissl bodies (darkly staining, elaborate rough ER involved in cell metabolic activity) |
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| receptive processes that have receptors for neurotransmitters released by axon terminals of other neurons |
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| nerve fibers that form the action potential conducting region of the neuron |
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| slightly enlarged cell body structure, just before the axon begins |
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| aka axon collaterals; where the axon may first branch to form one or more processes at the end of the presynaptic cell |
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| aka telondendria; where the axon branches off of the collateral branches at the absolute end |
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| aka myelin sheath gap; gaps between the myelin sheath formed by Schwann cells on the axons of PNS neurons |
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| tight core of plasma membrane made by Schwann cells encompassing an axon of the PNS |
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| structural classification neuron types |
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| multipolar, bipolar, unipolar (pseudounipolar) |
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| has central and peripheral processes on different sides of the cell body, with only the most distal part of the peripheral process acting as a receptor, and the rest being an axon along with the central process |
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| What do unipolar neurons do? |
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| they are sensory neurons that conduct impulses toward the CNS (afferent); nearly all neurons that conduct impulses toward the CNS are unipolar |
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| Why are unipolar neurons more accurately known as pseudounipolar? |
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| they are derived from bipolar neurons |
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| have one process coming from each side of the cell body, one being the dendrite, and the other being the axon |
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| Where are bipolar neurons found? |
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| they are quite rare- as a part of the receptor apparatus of the eyes, ear, and olfactory mucosa |
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| many processes issue from the cell body, all of them being dendrites except for the axon issuing from the other side |
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| Where are multipolar neurons located? |
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| most neurons in the brain and spinal cord and those whose axons carry impulses away from the CNS are multipolar |
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| functional classification neuron types |
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| sensory (or afferent), motor (or efferent), and interneurons |
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| aka afferent neurons; carry impulses from sensory receptors in the internal organs, skin, skeletal muscles, joints, or special sensory organs |
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| Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons typically located? |
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| in the ganglion outside the CNS |
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| What types of neurons are sensory neurons, usually? |
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| aka efferent neurons; carry impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or body muscles and glands |
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| What type of neurons are motor neurons, usually? |
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| Where are the cell bodies of motor neurons typically located? |
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| aka association neurons; situated b/w and contribute to pathways that connect sensory and motor neurons |
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| What type of neurons are interneurons? |
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Definition
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| Where are interneuron cell bodies always located? |
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| What type of nerves are the ventral roots of the spinal cord? |
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| Most nerves of the body, including all of the ____, are what type? |
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| Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue sheath called a(n) ____, which insulated it from the other neuron processes adjacent to it. |
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| Groups of axons are bound by a coarser connective tissue called the _____, forming bundles of fibers called _____. |
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| All of the fascicles are bound together by a white, fibrous connective tissue sheath called the _____, forming the cordlike _____. |
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| aka axon terminals; the bulb end of an axon where neurotransmitters are stored and released |
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| site of ribosomal RNA synthesis |
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